A low-K-tolerant soybean line (You06-71) and a low-K-sensitive line (Hengchun04-11) were selected as plant materials to study the expression level of GmKAB1 in low potassium stress condition. RNA was extracted at 0.5h, 2h, 6h, 12h, 3d, 6d, 9d and 12d after stress treatment, and Real-time PCR was carried out respectively. The results showed that the expression of GmKAB1 in roots were lasted longer than that in shoots, and the relative expression levels in roots were significantly higher than that in shoots, and the highest level in roots was up to 3.5 times. Homology and bioinformatics analysis after cloning the target sequencing from the two lines indicated that comparing with GmKAB1, there were 45 homologous genes with more than 30% similatity, and Glyma20g19000 was the closest to GmKAB1 in the phylogenetic tree. The protein encoded by GmKAB1 was stable and soluble, which contained two conversed structural domains, possessed multiple phosphorylation sites. These indicated that GmKABl polypeptide formed a close physical association with β subunit and α subunit to control voltage-gated K+ channel. In conclusion, GmKAB1 might have played a pivotal role in potassium absorption in soybean and had important value in research.
To enhance rapeseed germplasm and improve rapeseed variety with resistance to tribenuron-methyl, seeds of Zhongshuang 9 (Brassica napus) were treated with 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% of EMS（ethyl methan-sulfonate）solution respectively. Results showed that (1) 1.0% of EMS was optional for mutagenesis and the phe-notype variation in four M2 populations were 11.26%, 14.82%, 27.19% and 12.38% respectively. (2) Different concentrations of EMS had different effects on organs. (3) Three mutants with resistance to tribenuron-methyl were with mutation frequency about 0.0001. The M2 mutant library, including mutants of cotyledons, leaves, flow-ers, plant-types, siliques, was available for genetic studies and breeding in rapeseed.
In this study, a core sesame germplasm consisting of 215 accessions from 8 provinces along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley were used to analyze the content of sesamin and sesamolin. The results showed that the sesamin content ranged in 0.88-11.05mg/g with an average of 5.24mg/g, and the coefficient of variation was 38.56%. The sesamolin content varied from 0.93 to 6.96mg/g with an average of 3.30mg/g, its coefficient of variation was 22.68％. The two components are correlated with each other positively and significantly, and both of them exhibited normal distribution in content. Association analysis was performed to detect the potential loci that related to the two components with SSR, SRAP, AFLP markers. By GLM model, a total of 33 loci significantly were associated with sesamin and sesamolin with 26 associated with sesamin and 8 assosiated with sesamolin respectively. In contrast, the MLM model detected fewer loci with 4 associated with sesamin and 4 associated with sesamolin respectively. Among these loci, there were 4 associated with sesamin by the two models, and 4 associated with sesamolin respectively. Locus SSI182-3 was significantly associated with sesamin and sesamolin in the models, which may be one of the useful markers for maker-assisted selection.
Isotope 15N labeling method was used to study the intrinsic relationship between the precocious of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and nitrogen nutrition including N absorption, distribution and redistribution. Compared to medium-late matured cultivar Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11), early matured Zhongyou 116 (ZY116) has about 5 days and 4 days shorter in vegetative and reproductive stages respectively, and thus matured 9 days earlier than ZS11. Absorbed nitrogen in whole life of ZY116 was transported more to grain than that of ZS11, and less to silique in flowering period, and more to grain in podding period. Their differences above reached significant levels. In the later period, redistribution speed of nitrogen absorbed in vegetative growth stage of ZY116 was significantly faster, with the redistribution speed of 3.22mg/d from flowering period to podding, and of 3.71mg/d from podding to harvesting, and the corresponding speeds of ZS11 were 2.48mg/d and 3.10mg/d respectively.
In order to detect the appropriate temperature and moisture in field for late-sowing oilseed rape, two varieties, i.e. Huaza 62 and Huashuang 5, were used to study the effects of temperatures and water potential on seed germination during seed imbibition in soil and PEG solution. Results showed that the temperature and soil moisture had significant impacts on rapeseed germination. Under 5℃ to 15℃, seed vigor increased with increasing temperature. Under 10℃ and 15℃, the appropriate moisture for seed germination was 58.6% of soil relative water content and -0.1 MPa of water potential. An appropriate lower water potential in soil was conducive to seed germination under 5℃. Rapeseed showed imbibitional chilling injury under low temperature. Under low temperature and high water potential, Huaza 62 seed vigor decreased, water absorption rate and K+ concentration increased, but Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio decreased in the seed soaking solution. On the contrary, Huashuang 5 seed had a greater tolerance to imbibitional chilling injury and was less affected by water potential when imbibed under lower temperature.
The suspension cell apoptotic rate and mitochondria viability of two peanut varieties (99-1507Al-tolerant and ZH2 Al-sensitive) treated by different concentration aluminum (0, 20, 100, 400 μmol/L) were examined by fluorescence microscope and Flow Cytometry. The results showed that after Al treatment for 12h, the fluorescent light produced by FDA （Fluorescein diacetate）decreased; but increased by PI（Propidium Iodide）with the increase of Al concentration, which indicated that peanut cytoactive decreased. Content of O2•- and H2O2 in mitochondria increased, and both mitochondrial membrane potential of two peanut varieties decreased, decrement of ZH2 was higher than 99-1507. 50μmol/L and above Al could significantly induce peanut suspension cultures programed cell death. With the increase of Al concentration, the number of programed death cell induced by Al increased. The number was higher in ZH2 than in 99-1507. There were significant differences between the two peanut varieties. By using Flow Cytometry, the apoptotic of peanut suspension cell could be inspected accurately. There was a negative correlation between cell apoptpsis rate and Al-resistance of peanut.
Field experiment was carried out to comparative study yield formation and canopy physiological parameter of oil-sunflower hybrid Xinkui20 population between spring sowing and stubble-field. The results showed that: the growth days of spring sowing sunflowers was 97d，biological yield, seed yield, harvest index was 9 271.9, 4 349.0kg/hm2 and 47% respectively. Correspondingly，sunflowers in stubble-field was 94d，1 4413.5, 4 and 106.4 kg/hm2, 34.7%, respectively. LAImax of sunflower in spring sowing and in stubble-field were 4.54, 5.52. LAD per hectare of spring sowing sunflower was 93.25m2d, and after flowering was 77.6%; LAD per hectare of sunflowers in stubble-field was 94.12m2d, and after flowering was 82.9%; Average of NAR during whole growth days of spring sowing sunflower and sunflowers in stubble-field respectively were 3.67, 5.26g/m2 d. Using early-maturing variety and earlier sowing date, the grain-filling stage could be earlier. In the meantime, applying plant growth regulator could transfer photosynthesis product to seeds more efficiently and improve yield in stubble-field.
Tow soybean cultivars of different density-tolerance were selected as material in different planting density conditions, and the effect of density for different types of leaf traits were studied. The results showed that: the yield of density-tolerance cultivar Kenfeng 16 was greater than non density-tolerance cultivar Suinong 14 especially in high density condition. The difference reached a significant level. The density-tolerance varieties cultivated kenFeng 16 was slower than non density-tolerance cultivar Suinong 14 on reducing rate of photosynthetic and water use efficiency with the increasing density. The variation of petiole length of density-tolerance varieties kenFeng 16 was not as great as Suinong 14 with the variation of planting density; and in high density canopy, kenFeng 16 had fewer leaves in lower part of the plant which was beneficial to ventilation and light efficiency. Along with the increased density, the peak value of leaf color appeared earlier in non density-tolerant variety Suinong 14, but no significantly change on density-tolerance varieties cultivated Feng 16. The leaf color values of density-tolerant variety was higher than the common varieties at late growth stage. The small changes of leaf color peak value and the staying-green ability of late leaf was an important characteristics of density-tolerance varieties. In three different density conditions, the leaf index of density-tolerance variety Kenfeng 16 was higher than Suinong14, it had better ventilation and light efficiency. In these three density conditions, the results of yield, photosynthetic rate, water efficiency, leaf color, leaf shape index value variation and petiole length all indicated that Ken Feng16 was more suitable for high density planting.
Sesame roots were inoculated with Piriformospora indica (Pi) fungus at seedling stage, to study the effects of Pi fungus on the growth promotion and drought resistance in sesame under field and greenhouse conditions. Yield traits of sesame were investigated under field condition, and morphological traits and physiological characteristics of sesame were also evaluated in greenhouse after drought treatment at the primary flowering stage. The results showed that the difference of leaf length, leaf width, plant height were highly significant (P < 0.01); and the number of expanded leaves, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll concentration, and root collar diameter of sesame plants were significant (P < 0.05) between the inoculated group and uninoculated group with Pi fungus, both before and after drought treatment. Under the condition of artificial drought, sesame plants that inoculated Pi fungus, comparing to the uninoculated sesame, could maintain higher activity of catalase (CAT), higher content of proline (Pro), but lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA), which would preserve osmotic balance in sesame and alleviate the damage of drought stress. For two yield traits of grain weight and grain weight per plant, the differences between the treatment of inoculated and uninoculated were significant (P < 0.05), both under the condition of field and greenhouse. Thus, vaccination of Pi fungus could not only promote the growth of sesame seedlings, but also boost drought resistance, and further significantly improve the yield of sesame.
To determine the best leaf position for nitrogen diagnosis in rapeseed with SPAD meter, field experiments were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen levels on spatial distribution of SPAD value of rapeseed leaves on main stem, and the correlations were analysed between SPAD values and chlorophyll concentration, leaf nitrogen, plant nitrogen and yield respectively. Results indicated remarkable spatial-temporal differences of SPAD values among the first four fully expanded leaves from the top of the main stem. At high nitrogen rates, the SPAD values increased and the spatial-temporal differences decreased. During the six-leaf stage and bolting stage, the fourth leaf from the top (TL4) had the highest N-sensitivity. On the contrary, during the early and full flowering stages, TL1 was the most sensitive. Simultaneously, the SPAD values at different leaf position increased with increasing N supply, and the order of those values from high to low were the top position, the central position and the base position on the TL4. The sensitivity of the central part on the fourth leaf to N was the highest at six-leaf stage and early flowering stage. During the bolting stage, the base position was more sensitive and the roof responded slowly. So the optimal location for N nutritional diagnosis was the central position of the fourth fully expanded leaf from the top of the main stem. There were significant relationships between SPAD values and chlorophyll concentration, leaf nitrogen, plant nitrogen and yield, thus SPAD values was suitable for rapid diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition.
To investigate the effect of N application methods on N uptake and utilization efficiency in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a field experiment was conducted with three N application rates (N, 210, 270 and 310 kg•hm-2, which is considered as three N treatments, and denoted as A1, A2 and A3, respectively) and four fertilization applied distances (the distance between the fertilization dot and the narrow row corn of four treatments are 0、15、30、45cm, denoted as B1, B2, B3 and B4, respectively.). The results showed that at the treatments of A1 and A2, the number, dry weight and the potential nitrogen fixation of nodules for each plant were higher than those of conventional N application rate (A3) at the stages of R2 and R5. At the same time, the nodules nitrogenase ability of treatment B2 was more than those of other treatments. With the increasing of nitrogen application rates, the grain yield, N uptake and N use efficiency of maize and soybean increased, then dropped. The maximum values of the indices occurred at the treatment of A2. The application distance of fertilization significantly affected the yield, nutrient uptake and utilization of maize and soybean. The fertilization effect was optimal when the distance is between 15 and 30 cm. As the amount of N fertilizer decreased by 18% (A2), the grain yield of maize, soybean and the intercropping system, N uptake of plants, N utilization efficiency and the total nitrogen content of soil improved significantly with B2 and B3 treatments, comparing with the conventional fertilization of B1 treatment, N contribution rate of soil reduced significantly.
To lyze Plasmodiophora brassicae spores and control clubroot disease of cruciferous crops, endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from canola root tissue. The strains were identified by morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16S RNA gene sequencing. The biocontrol function of the strains was proved through spores lysis and pot experiment. Fifty-one strains were obtained from roots of two canola varieties, KT1004 and Y05-84-5-1. Among the strains, YN201305 and YN201310 had outstanding effects on lysing P. brassicae spores and clubroot- control. In pot experiments, YN201305 and YN201310 were used to drench Chinese cabbage (B. rapa cv Hongyuan 83) after seeding and emergency for 4 times every 6d. At 45-day seedling stage, the bio-control efficiencies of YN201305 and YN201310 were 65.12% and 77.92% respectively. Identification results showed that YN201305 was Bacillus pumilus and YN201310 was B. subtilis respectively.
The genetic diversity of Leptosphaeria biglobosa, causing phoma stem canker on oilseed rape, was analyzed using ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) marker. 84 blackleg isolates were collected from China and 15 from the United Kingdom, Canada and Poland were used as control. A total of 241 bands generated by the ISSR-PCR with 24 selected primers were polymorphic (99.62%). The dendrogram constructed with 99 individuals using UPGMA (unweighted pair group mean analysis) showed that Chinese isolates were clustered into different groups with the ones from Canada and Europe. Meanwhile, Chinese isolates from 7 provinces were almost divided into 5 groups according to their geographical locations only isolates from the Jiangsu Province distributed into other groups. Nei’s gene diversity ranged from 0.254 7 in Jiangsu and to 0.108 1 in Sichuan, with the order of Jiangsu>Hubei>Anhui>Inner Mongolia>Shanghai>Sichuan. Shannon’s information index were from 0.157 5 to 0.372 6. The Nei’s gene identity ranged from 0.783 9 between the China and Canada isolates, to 0.834 3 between China and the United Kingdom isolates.
Sunflower verticillium wilt has become a severe disease in China in recent years. In order to understand the variation and differentiation of the pathogen, 120 Verticillium dahliae strains were obtained from plants which showed typical verticillium wilt symptoms collected from Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hebei, Shaanxi Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Furthermore, vegetative compatibility, pathogenicity of these strains were analyzed. 120 strains could be classified into three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) based on complementation tests of Nitrate-non-utilizing (nit) mutants. There were 89, 13, and 7 strains in these three different VCGs. In addition, there were 11 unclassified strains . Pathogenicity differentiation of these strains of V. dahliae tested with three sunflower differential hosts was clear. The 120 strains were classified into three pathogenicity types: 7.3% strains were characterized as TypeⅠwith strong pathogenicity, 52.7% as TypeⅡwith medium pathogenicity, 40% as Type Ⅲ with weak pathogenicity. The results indicated that there was no correlation between vegetative compatibility and geographical origin, but VCGs might be correlated with pathogenicity.
The objective of the study was to establish a rapid and effective technique of inoculating sunflower heads with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field condition. In this experiment, the inoculation period, the best inoculum and its concentration used for inoculation of sunflower head rot in field condition were screened, and their disease resistance was evaluated in 52 cultivars in the same way. The results showed that both inocula could make the susceptible variety to generate typical heads rot symptom. The differences between resistant and susceptible varieties of sunflower could be distinguished by the inoculum concentration with 7.5 to 15.0 g/L in PDA mycelium suspension inoculation. The effect of inoculation (DSI and morbidity) in beginning flowering stage was better than that in full-bloom stage. At the same time, 5 sunflower varieties with resistance to S. Sclerotiorum were screened out by this technique. The method for evaluation of resistance to S. sclerotiorum in the field condition could effectively identify the pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum and screen the resistance to S. sclerotiorum for sunflower breeding.
In order to establish a pretreatment method of samples to match the immune analysis, different quantity of calcium chloride were added in methanol aqueous solution, their effects on extraction and rapid detection of AFB1 in peanut was studied. Samples were detected by IC strip test and ELISA after adding AFB1 to medium of peanut samples. The results showed that methanol aqueous solution with 1% CaCl2 was most suitable for pretreatment of peanuts. Samples extracted by methanol aqueous solution with 1% CaCl2 were determined by IC strip test and ELISA. Meanwhile, we compared the results with that obtained by HPLC method. The coincidence rate of results obtained by both IC strip test and HPLC method was 90%; the correlation coefficient of results obtained by both indirect competitive ELISA and HPLC method was 0.996. The results demonstrated this method could accurately measure the content of AFB1 in peanut and provide technical support for further development of pretreatment method for aflatoxin detection.
The cold-pressed flaxseed oil (CFO) was obtained from the flaxseed by cold-pressing. The physicochemical index of CFO was analyzed, and the static and dynamic rheological properties were investigated. Also the Casson, Herschel-Bulkley and Bingham models were used to describe the rheological behavior of CFO, and thermodynamic parameters were derived from the Arrhenius equation. The results showed that CFO behaved gradually from non-Newtonian fluid to Newtonian fluid within the shear rates of 200s-1. When the shear rates were greater than 10 s-1, CFO indicated a Newtonian behavior. Moreover, the CFO’s energy of activation for viscosity was 3095.4 cal/mol. Furthermore, Viscosities, shear rate, loss modulus, the plastic consistency coefficient, higher shear limiting viscosity and consistency coefficient of CFO decreased with the increasing temperature, but the storage modulus of CFO had no significant change by temperature. Furthermore, the Bingham model was suitable to describe the rheological behavior of CFO.
Aspergillus spp. such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus can infect oil-rich crop seeds and subsequently lead to aflatoxin contamination, which has important impact on economic loss and health risk. Recent studies have revealed the role of lipoxygenases and their derivatives in signalling cross-kingdom communication between crop seeds and toxigenic Aspergillus spp. The metabolites of plant lipoxygenase pathway has a significant effect on differential processes such as HPODE, methyl jasmonate and aldehyde, which may either inhibit or stimulate fungal development and aflatoxin production. This paper reviewed the concerned research progress on lipoxygenases and their correlation with aflatoxin contamination.
Using a Japanese variety RiB with (αˊ+α) -subunits deficiency of 7S globulin as the donor parent, and Dongnong47 with higher protein and oil content as recurring parent, characteristic of α-subunit deficiency was successfully induced into Dongnong47 by the methods, which combined with SSR marker assistance and values of agronomic and quality traits based on crossing and backcrossing. A new elite α- null-containing mutant line (Cb80), showing greater than 90% recurring parent genome content, with higher protein and oil content had been developed in BC2F4. The protein and total amino acids contents of Cb80 were 44.1% and 41.95, which were higher than the recurring parent Dongnong 47 whose ratios were increased by 3.5% and 3.76% respectively.
Lodging causes yield loss and quality deficiency severely in oilseed rape. To mapping QTLs related to lodging resistance, 243 lines of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F2:6 and F2:7) of Brassica napus L. were tested at two locations in two consecutive years. The RIL population was derived from Zheping 1 (lodging resistant) × Gaojie 1 (lodging susceptible). Results showed 11 QTLs for plant pressure resistance (PPR) using inclusive composite interval mapping from 4 trials. Their phenotype variation and LOD value ranges were 4.41%-52.64% and 2.68-26.58 respectively. Among QTLs, qRP16-1 was co-localized by 3 trials (Nanjing-2012, Lishui-2012 and Lishui-2013). qRP1, qRP4 and qRP8-1 were co-localized by 2 trials (Lishui-2012 and Lishui-2013). And qRP2-1, qRP2-2, qRP8-2, qRP8-3, qRP16-2, qRP3 and qRP8-4 were only localized by one trial. QTLs for PPR were co-localized more easily at single location in each year than those in single year at each location. Two QTLs for thickness of pod-set layer were identified from 2 trials, qTPL15 which on LG15 was co-localized by 2 trials.
