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Construction and zoning of climatic index system for Camellia abundance: Example of ordinary Camellia in Hunan
Ling-yao GUO, Yuan-hua JIANG, Mao-song LI, Dong-sheng DU, Tian-ying WANG
CHINESE JOURNAL OF OIL CROP SCIENCES ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5) : 1042-1052.
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Construction and zoning of climatic index system for Camellia abundance: Example of ordinary Camellia in Hunan
Climatic conditions are one of the most important factors affecting Camellia oleifera yield. A Camellia productive climate index system was established. Based on yield data of ordinary Camellia in Hunan Province, also with the daily meteorological observation data from the nearby meteorological stations （2006-2016）, 33 climatic indicators involving 7 phenological periods were filtered from 1128 seared climatic indicators by correlation analysis, principal component analysis, yield trend analysis, numerical simulation, kernel density estimation and frequency integration of importance levels of climatic indicators. Results showed that the most important factors were climatic conditions at flowering, followed by those at the first fruit expansion, at the peak of oil conversion and accumulation, at the fruit ripening, at the spring budding, at the peak fruit expansion, and at the flower bud ripening. The spatial hierarchical structure and spatial correlation analysis among 33 key climate indicators were carried out. The indicators included duration with daily minimum temperature ≤ 0℃ at flowering, duration with precipitation at the first fruit expansion period, daily difference of average temperature at the key period of peak fruit expansion, and duration with high temperature at the peak of oil conversion and accumulation. They were selected to be representative and independent, and coupled with yield to establish the climatic zoning index of Camellia abundance. Based on the 500 m × 500 m meteorological grid data of Hunan Province from 1991-2020, the grid point zoning index was counted to obtain the climatic zoning of Camellia. Results showed that the climatic conditions of 90% Hunan were in favour of Camellia production. The most suitable climatic zones were mainly located in the hilly areas below 800 m in elevation, which was consistent with the spatial distribution of average yield in counties with Camellia area above 666.7 hm2 in Hunan Province from 2017 to 2020. It was found that the main climatic conditions affecting yield in Hunan were not annual scale climatic conditions, but those at key phenological periods, from spring （budding） period of the last year. Each phenological period had its own specific conditions.
Camellia oleifera Abel. / abundant production / climate / zoning index / division / Hunan {{custom_keyword}} /
Table 1 Camellia phenological periods /（m/d）表1 油茶物候期时间段 |
| 物候期名称 Phenological period name | 起止时间 Start and end time | 关键期 Critical period |
|---|---|---|
| 年周期 Annual cycle | 上年2.19-当年11.23 Last Feb. 19 - this Nov. 23rd | |
| 当年 This year | 1.1-11.23 | |
| 春梢萌动期 Spring sprout period | 2.19-3.12 | 2.19-3.6 |
| 果实第一次膨大期 First expansion | 2.19-4.21 | 2.28-3.31 |
| 春梢生长期 Spring shoot growth period | 3.12-5.25 | 3.12-5.25 |
| 花芽分化前期 Early stage of flower bud differentiation | 4.20-5.22 | 4.20-5.22 |
| 花芽现形期 Flower bud emergence period | 5.21-6.22 | 5.21-6.22 |
| 夏梢生长期 Summer shoot growth period | 5.21-7.20 | 6.1-8.10 |
| 果实膨大高峰期 Peak of fruit enlargement | 6.5-8.8 | 6.5-7.8 |
| 油脂转化和积累高峰期 Peak of fat conversion and accumulation | 8.7-10.23 | 9.15-10.23 |
| 花芽成熟期 Flower bud maturity | 9.15-10.23 | 9.15-10.15 |
| 果实成熟期 Fruit ripening | 10.8-11.23 | 10.8-10.25 |
| 开花期 Flowering period | 10.8-翌年1.10 Oct. 8th - next Jan. 10th | 10.28-12.20 |
Table 2 Name of climate indicators表2 气候指标名称 |
| 气候指标名称 Climate indicator name | 气候指标名称 Climate indicator name |
|---|---|
| 平均气温 Average temperature | 20 cm地温 20 cm earth temperature |
| 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | 降水量 Precipitation |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | 降水日数 Precipitation days |
| 极端最高气温 Extreme maximum temperature | 日降水量≥ 1 mm日数 Days of daily precipitation above 1 mm |
| 极端最低气温 Extreme minimum temperature | 日降水量≥ 10 mm日数 Days of daily precipitation above 10 mm |
| 气温日较差 Diurnal temperature range | 日降水量≥ 25 mm日数 Days of daily precipitation above 25 mm |
| 日平均气温≥ 0℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 0℃ | 日降水量≥ 50 mm日数 Days of daily precipitation above 50 mm |
| 日平均气温≥ 5℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 5℃ | 最长连续降水日数 Longest continuous precipitation days |
| 日平均气温≥ 10℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 10℃ | 最长连续无降水日数 Longest continuous no precipitation days |
| 日平均气温≥ 15℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 15℃ | 日照时数 Sunshine hours |
| 日平均气温≥ 20℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 20℃ | 有日照日数 Sunshine days |
| 日最高温气温≥ 35℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 35℃ | 无日照日数 Days without sunshine |
| 日最高温气温≥ 37℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 37℃ | 最长连续有日照日数 Longest continuous sunshine days |
| 日最高温气温≥ 39℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 39℃ | 最长连续无日照日数 Longest continuous without sunshine days |
| 日最高温气温≥ 40℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 40℃ | 平均相对湿度 Average relative humidity |
| 日最低气温≤ 0℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below 0℃ | 最小相对湿度 Minimum relative humidity |
| 日最低气温≤ -4℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below -4℃ | 蒸发量 Evaporation |
| 日最低气温≤ -7℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below -7℃ | 无霜日数 Frost-free days |
| 日最低气温≤ -9℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below -9℃ | 降雪日数 Snowfall days |
| 日最低气温≤ -11℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below -11℃ | 冰冻日数 Frozen days |
| 0 cm地温 0 cm earth temperature | 平均风速 Average wind speed |
| 5 cm地温 5 cm earth temperature | 日平均风速≤ 3.3 m/s日数 Days of daily average wind speed below 3.3 m/s |
| 10 cm地温 10 cm earth temperature | 日平均风速＞3.3 m/s日数 Days of daily average wind speed above 3.3 m/s |
| 15 cm地温 15 cm earth temperature |
Table 3 Key climate indicators for each phenological period表3 各物候期候关键气候指标 |
| 序号 Serial number | 开花期 Flowering period | 果实第一次 膨大期 First expansion | 油脂转化和积累高峰期 Peak of fat conversion and accumulation | 果实成熟期 Fruit ripening | 春梢萌动期 Spring sprout period | 果实膨大高峰期 Peak of fruit enlargement | 花芽成熟期 Flower bud maturity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | 气温日较差 Diurnal temperature range | 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | 最长连续降水日数 Longest continuous precipitation days | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | 日平均气温≥0℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 0℃ |
| 2 | 平均地面温度 Average earth's surface temperature | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | 日平均气温≥15℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 15℃ | 最长连续无日照日数 Longest continuous without sunshine days | 日最低气温低于0℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below 0℃ | 日平均气温≥0℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 0℃ | 平均地面温度 Average earth's surface temperature |
| 3 | 有日照日数Sunshine days | 日降水量≥ 1 mm的日数 Days of daily precipitation above 1 mm | 日最高温气温≥35℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 35℃ | 气温日较差 Diurnal temperature range | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | 平均地面温度 Average earth's surface temperature | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature |
| 4 | 日最低气温低于0℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below 0℃ | 日平均气温≥ 15℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 15℃ | 累计降水量 Total precipitation | 日最高温气温≥35℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 35℃ | |||
| 5 | 气温日较差 Diurnal temperature range | 累计日照时数 Cumulative sunshine hours | 无日照日数 Days without sunshine | 气温日较差 Diurnal temperature range | |||
| 6 | 冰冻日数 Frozen days | 降水日数 Precipitation days | 平均相对湿度 Average relative humidity | ||||
| 7 | 降水日数 Precipitation days |
Table 4 Key meteorological indicators affecting Camellia yield表4 影响油茶产量的关键气象指标 |
| 关键物候期 Key phenological period | 关键气象指标 Key meteorological indicators | 约定代码 code | 物候期时段 Phenological period | 物候期关键时段 Key period of phenology | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 减产条件 Production reduction conditions | 丰产条件 High yield conditions | 减产条件 Production reduction conditions | 丰产条件 High yield conditions | |||
| 开花期 Flowering period | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature /℃ | Ph9_1，ph9_1_key | ≤ 15.2 | ≥ 17.2 | ≤ 14.9 | ≥ 18 |
| 有日照日数 Sunshine days /d | Ph9_2，ph9_2_key | ＜42 | ＞57 | ＜26 | ＞36 | |
| 日最低气温≤ 0℃日数 Days of daily minimum temperature below 0 /（℃·d） | Ph9_3 | ≥ 5 | ≤ 2 | |||
| 冰冻日数 Frozen days /d | Ph9_4 | ≥ 4 | ≤ 0 | |||
| 降水日数 Precipitation days /d | Ph9_5，ph9_5_key | ≥ 41 | ≤ 27 | ≥ 34 | ≤ 14 | |
| 果实第一次膨大期 First expansion | 气温日较差 Diurnal Temperature range /℃ | Ph10_1 | ≥ 8.3 | ≤ 6.2 | ||
| 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature /℃ | Ph10_2_key | ≥ 18.3 | ≤ 15.1 | |||
| 降水日数 Precipitation days /d | Ph10_3 | ≤ 34 | ≥ 40 | |||
| 油脂转化和积累高峰期 Peak of fat conversion and accumulation | 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature /℃ | Ph12_1_key | ≥ 19.1 | ≤ 16.2 | ||
| 日平均气温≥ 15℃积温 /（℃·d） Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 15℃ | Ph12_2 | ≥ 1951.9 | ≤ 1835.2 | |||
| 日最高气温≥ 35℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 35 /（℃·d） | Ph12_3 | ≥ 13 | ≤ 6 | |||
| 果实成熟期 Fruit ripening | 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature /℃ | Ph13_1_key | ≥ 16.9 | ≤ 14 | ||
| 最长连续无日照日数 Longest continuous without sunshine days /d | Ph13_2，ph13_2_key | ＞6 | ＜5 | ≥ 6 | ≤ 2 | |
| 气温日较差 Diurnal Temperature range /℃ | Ph13_3_key | ≤ 6.1 | ≥ 10.2 | |||
| 春梢萌动期 Spring sprout period | 最长连续降水日数 Longest continuous precipitation days /d | ph3_1 | ≥ 10 | ≤ 4 | ||
| 累计降水量 Total precipitation /mm | ph3_2，ph3_2_key | ≥ 124 | ≤ 43.3 | ≥ 114.3 | ≤ 28.2 | |
| 无日照日数 Days without sunshine /d | ph3_3_key | ≥ 14 | ≤ 9 | |||
| 果实膨大高峰期 Peak of fruit enlargement | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature /℃ | Ph11_1，ph11_1_key | ≤ 31.8 | ≥ 33.5 | ≤ 29.7 | ≥ 32.4 |
| 日平均气温≥ 0℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 0 /（℃·d） | Ph11_2_key | ≤ 860 | ≥ 926.1 | |||
| 日最高气温≥ 35℃日数 Days of daily maximum temperature more than 35 /（℃·d） | Ph11_3，ph11_3_key | ≥ 24 | ≤ 19 | ≥ 7 | ≤ 2 | |
| 气温日较差 Diurnal Temperature range /℃ | Ph11_4，ph11_4_key | ≤ 7.9 | ≥ 8.5 | ≤ 7.1 | ≥ 7.9 | |
| 平均相对湿度 Average relative humidity /% | Ph11_5_key | ≥ 78.4 | ≤ 71.9 | |||
| 花芽成熟期 Flower bud maturity | 日平均气温≥0℃积温 Active accumulated temperature of daily average temperature above 0 /（℃·d） | ph8_1，ph8_1_key | ≥ 865.5 | ≤ 796.2 | ≥ 738.3 | ≤ 711.4 |
| 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature /℃ | ph8_2，ph8_2_key | ≥ 27.9 | ≤ 25.6 | ≥ 29 | ≤ 25.9 | |
Table 5 Optimal climatic combination index and optimum conditions for abundant production of Camellia表5 油茶丰产最佳气候组合指标及最适宜条件 |
| 指标名称 Index | 丰产稳产条件 Optimum condition |
|---|---|
| 开花期日最低气温≤0℃日数 Duration with minimum temperature ≤0℃ during flowering period | ≤2 d |
| 果实第一次膨大期降水日数 The number of precipitation days in the first fruit expansion period | ≥40 d |
| 果实膨大高峰期关键时段平均气温日较差 The daily range of average temperature during the key period of fruit expansion peak | ≥7.9℃ |
| 油脂转化和积累高峰期日最高气温≥35℃日数 Duration with daily maximum temperature≥35°C during the peak period of oil conversion and accumulation | ≤6 d |
Table 6 Classification table of abundant production climatic suitability areas for Camellia表6 油茶丰产气候适宜性区划分级表 |
| 不适宜 Unsuitable | 较适宜 Sub-suitable | 适宜 Suitable | 最适宜 Most suitable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 丰产稳产气候适宜性指数 PR High and stable yield climate suitability index | ≤0.2 | 0.2～0.3 | 0.3～0.4 | ≥0.4 |
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Table 1 Camellia phenological periods /（m/d）Table 2 Name of climate indicators
Fig. 1 Flow chart of construction of key climate indicators for Camellia productionTable 3 Key climate indicators for each phenological periodFig. 2 Average maximum temperature kernel density estimation curve （A） and daily temperature difference kernel density estimation curve （B）Table 4 Key meteorological indicators affecting Camellia yieldFig. 3 Spatial correlation map of 15 climate indicatorsTable 5 Optimal climatic combination index and optimum conditions for abundant production of CamelliaTable 6 Classification table of abundant production climatic suitability areas for CamelliaFig. 4 The abundant production climatic zoning of oil-tea Camellia in Hunan Province from 1991 to 2020 （A） and the topographic elevation map of Hunan （B）Fig. 5 Distribution map of the average output of (kg/hm2) Camellia in Hunan Province from 2017 to 2020/
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