As the world's largest peanut-producing country, the peanut industry in China assumes significant strategic importance in guaranteeing national grain and oil security, facilitating farmers' income growth, and propelling rural revitalization. In recent years, under the guidance of the national agricultural science and technology innovation strategy, peanut breeding and cultivation techniques have been continuously refined, resulting in a steady enhancement of yield and quality. This has gradually contributed to the establishment of major production areas, including the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Northeast China, the Yangtze River Basin, and South China. Nevertheless, the industry still confronts challenges such as uneven regional development in mechanization, weak linkages among various segments of the industrial chain, and a low proportion of deeply processed products. The No. 1 central document of 2025 explicitly put forward for the first time the initiative to "tap the potential of expanding peanut planting," thus charting a course for the industry's high-quality development. This article comprehensively summarizes the current development status of China’s peanut industry through in-depth investigation and systematic data analysis. It thoroughly analyzes the constraints faced by the industry and proposes countermeasures and suggestions to promote high-quality development. Research indicates that by fully stimulating market demand potential, optimizing regional layouts, enhancing technological innovation capabilities and coordinating the entire industry chain, and increasing policy support, China’s peanut planting area is expected to expand from the current 72 million mu to 87-90 million mu by 2035. Moving forward, China’s peanut industry aims to steadily advance along a sustainable development path characterized by “technology enhancing quality, quality forging brands, and brands driving the industry,” ultimately achieving comprehensive industrial upgrading and high-quality development.
This article employs the PESTEL framework to analyze the feasibility of promoting cooperation in the oil-crop industry of the North Asia Oil Valley among China, Russia, and Mongolia. The study reveals that there is substantial potential for cooperation among the three countries in the field of oil crops, particularly in economic and environmental aspects. As the world's largest importer of vegetable oil, China's demand for high-quality oil crops is constantly on the rise. Meanwhile, Russia and Mongolia possess vast arable land and low production costs. Although there is already a policy foundation and cooperation mechanism for oil-crop collaboration among the three countries, challenges such as political risks and uncertainties in the investment environment still persist. In the future, it will be necessary to strengthen policy coordination, technological innovation, and market optimization to achieve high-quality cooperation and mutual benefits in the oil-crop industry.
Cultivar is the ‘chip’ of rapeseed production, and promotion and application of new varieties is the most effective measure to rapidly improve rapeseed yield in China. But the key factors which affecting planting area is still not clear. We focused on 41 leading cultivars with total planting area above 333.3×103 hectaresduring 2002-2024, and analyzed the relationship of cultivars planting area with cultivar traits, marketing methods, extension cycle characteristic, breeder and seed enterprise capacity. Results indicated that the average extension cycle of 41 leading cultivars of rapeseed in China was 14 years, and the average planting area was 803×103 hectares. As 1212 new rapeseed cultivars released in China during 2004-2024, the total number of rapeseed cultivars which planting area above 3.3×103 hectares/year increased significantly, but the number of leading cultivars with larger planting area (above 66.7×103 hectares/year) decreased significantly. Compared with the cultivars which registered before 2004, the extension cycle of the new cultivars which registered after 2004 were shortened by 2.6 years, while duration and area of platform period increased by 2.6 years and 171×103 hectares respectively, while the decline period decreased by 2.1 years and 214×103 hectares respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that cultivar traits, extension measures and other factors could explain 72.7% of the change of planting area, in which cultivar lodging resistance, marketing measures and extension cycle duration showed a correlation significantly (P＜0.01). Some traits such as yield increase percentage, oil content also have positive contribution for planting area. So, we suggested that breeder should focus on the lodging resistance, not just only yield and oil content improvement. Seed Enterprises can adopt multi-cultivar extension strategy, field demonstration and training courses with offline and online, expedite the new cultivars diffusion to growers and maintain platform period.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungi, which are highly toxic and widely pollute different kinds of agricultural products and feed, posing serious threat to human and animal health. In this paper, the application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the detection and control of mycotoxins in complex matrices is reviewed. MOFs have the advantages of high porosity, high specific surface area, tunable structure and good chemical and thermal stability. MOFs and their composite materials, exhibiting strong enrichment ability, strong resistance to matrix interference and excellent selectivity, are used for pretreatment in the detection of mycotoxins. They can also be used as signal transduction materials based on their enzyme mimics, luminescent and electrochemical properties. They adsorb mycotoxins through multiple interactions for physical detoxification during mycotoxin control. Chemical detoxification can also be realized through the combination of MOFs with photocatalytic nanomaterials. What’s more, they can be used as enzyme analogues and enzyme carriers to degrade mycotoxins to achieve green control. Problems existing in adsorption performance and catalytic efficiency of MOFs are discussed, and future development trend of green synthesis and efficient detoxification are prospected.
As an environmentally friendly cropping pattern, intercropping increases field crop diversity and system productivity, maintain farmland ecosystem stability, and is an important measure for the development of intensive ecological agriculture. However, due to the differences of component crops in intercropping systems, shading of higher crops puts lower crops at a light energy disadvantage. Shading stress becomes a major factor limiting the yield of intercropping systems and negatively affects plant morphology, leaf structure, photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of crops. Therefore, based on the results of previous researches, this paper reviews the response mechanism of crops to shading stress and measures to alleviate shading stress and improve light energy utilization in intercropping systems, with a view to providing a basis for the selection and breeding of shade-tolerant crop varieties and stable high yields in intercropping systems.
Based on rural revitalization strategy, rapeseed industry development in Guizhou Province is not only an important task to ensure national oil security but also a key pathway for promoting high-quality agricultural development in mountainous areas. From the perspective of scientific and technological support, this paper systematically reviews current situation and challenges of Guizhou’s rapeseed industry. It analyzes the progress and typical experiences of agricultural science and technology empowerment at home and abroad, and discusses practical cases in Guizhou. It shows that although the rapeseed area and yield in Guizhou have increased rapidly, the industry still faces problems, including frequent climatic disasters, low mechanization levels, high production costs with low benefits, weak infrastructure, and insufficient technological support systems. Regional experiences (e.g. Beijing, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Tianjin) demonstrate that collaborative mechanisms linking research institutes, extension services, enterprises, and farmers are effective in promoting high-quality agricultural development. In recent years, Guizhou has explored a range of models, such as challenge-driven initiatives like the 'Unveiling the List and Appointing the Leader' demonstration projects, high-yield trials, breeding of superior and short-growth-period varieties, a science and technology commissioner system, and rapeseed flower-themed rural tourism—all of which have yielded phased outcomes. Looking ahead, efforts should be strengthened to develop high-quality, high-yield, and multi-resistant rapeseed varieties as well as short-growth-period varieties, and to promote their application in different ecological regions of Guizhou. At the same time, research and development of simplified and efficient cultivation techniques for mountain agricultural machinery and equipment, along with the construction of high-standard farmland, should be enhanced. This would facilitate the integrated and synergistic improvement of prime farmland, superior seeds, efficient machinery, and advanced practices for mountainous rapeseed cultivation, while also strengthen technology transfer, agricultural extension, and social service system. These measures are hoped to strengthen the role of Guizhou’s rapeseed industry in rural revitalization.
Protoplast fusion represents a pivotal biotechnological approach for surmounting distant hybridization barriers and innovating novel germplasm in Brassica napus. This review systematically elaborates on the application of protoplast fusion in somatic hybridization between B. napus and other cruciferous species, including Isatis indigotica and Orychophragmus violaceus. It synthesizes advancements in resistance trait introgression, quality enhancement, and male-sterile line development via this technology. Current limitations, such as suboptimal fusion efficiency and alien chromosome instability, are also critically discussed. Furthermore, the potential of somatic hybridization between B. napus and B. oleracea var. acephala (ornamental kale) is evaluated. Based on these insights, a breeding strategy is proposed to create multifunctional germplasm: utilizing the Guizhou-localized B. napus line DW871 (characterized by diverse flower colors, high yield, and elevated oil content) as the recipient, ornamental traits (e.g., leaf color and morphology) from ornamental kale are introgressed via somatic hybridization. This approach aims to develop agri-tourism integrated B. napus varieties with combined ornamental foliage, attractive flowers, and oil-production functionality.
To deeply investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of local peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resources in Guizhou Province, this study selected 290 accessions of local peanut germplasm from 9 prefectures/cities across Guizhou Province as research materials and performed SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) molecular marker analysis. The results revealed that 11 primer pairs amplified a total of 22 alleles. The average values of observed heterozygosity (Hₒ), expected heterozygosity (Hₑ), Shannon's diversity index (I), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.525, 0.495, 0.647, and 0.534, respectively. Genetic cluster analysis classified the germplasm from the 9 different origins into 7 distinct populations, with the largest population containing accessions from all source regions. The gene flow parameter (Nm) was 1.215, indicating the presence of moderate gene flow. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) further confirmed the coexistence of gene flow and genetic differentiation among materials from different origins. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the tested peanut germplasm resources exhibit high genetic diversity, with some accessions showing close genetic relatedness. This study provides fundamental materials for the future construction of a peanut core collection and the screening of elite germplasm in Guizhou Province.
To investigate the impact of different ecological regions on the agronomic and quality traits of Guizhou local peanut germplasm resources and identify key ecological factors, a study was conducted planting 105 different germplasm resources across three distinct ecological regions simultaneously. The results revealed significant variations in both agronomic and quality traits among the test materials in the three ecological regions. Principal component analysis identified plant productivity, total branch number, fat content, and oleic acid content as the most influential agronomic and quality parameters for Guizhou local peanut germplasm resources. The comprehensive evaluation ranked the ecological regions as follows: Yanhe County > Pingba District > Huaxi District. Core soil nutrient factors impacting different germplasms included alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH value, and salinity. Correlation and redundancy analyses demonstrated a positive relationship between temperature and plant height, length of the first pair of lateral branches, and productivity per plant during the growing season, while a negative correlation was observed between temperature and days of the growth period. Precipitation showed a positive correlation with protein and sucrose during the growing season, whereas altitude exhibited a negative correlation with protein and sucrose levels. These findings offer a crucial theoretical foundation for optimizing regional planting strategies and implementing precise cultivation management practices for test materials.
Rapeseed is one of the most crucial crops for ensuring edible oil security in China, yet its yield improvement is becoming a major bottleneck for industry development. To deeply analyze the intrinsic relationships between major agronomic traits and yield per plant in Brassica napus in Guizhou Province, this study systematically evaluates agronomic traits and yield performance by using 80 novel B. napus combinations. Correlation analysis, path analysis, and principal component analysis are comprehensively employed for key yield-related traits and combinations with superior comprehensive characteristics. Results indicate that yield per plant has significant positive correlations with plant height, biological yield, and the number of effective siliques per plant. A significant negative correlation existes between seeds per silique and both silique number and thousand-seed weight. Path analysis reveales that biological yield is the core driving factor for yield per plant formation, with a direct path coefficient of 0.81, and it also exertes significant indirect effects through traits like plant height and silique number. Principal component analysis extractes 4 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 79.86%, representing biomass and yield factor, yield component balance factor, thousand-seed weight-related factor, and main inflorescence factor, respectively. By systematic evaluation of these 80 combinations, also with correlation, path, and principal component analyses, 4 combinations (as 2007, 2008, 2009, 2027) are found out with superior comprehensive traits. Validation through two-year trials further confirm the reliability of the aforementioned comparative analysis conclusions, which providing stable basis for rational breeding.
To screen for new chemical hybridizing agents and promote breeding and industrial application of chemical induced male sterile hybrid rapeseed in Guizhou Province, this study uesed Brassica napus early-maturing parental material SZ001 and mid-late maturing parental material ST311 as test materials, and conducted field experiments in Changshun County and Xiuwen County. Through a multi-factor randomized block design, effects of variety, cultivation environment, first spraying (C1-C3 are the 3 concentrations of gz-1, C4-C7 are the 4 concentrations of gz-2) and second spraying (D1-D3 are the 3 concentrations of gz-1, D4-D7 are the 4 concentrations of gz-2) treatments on male sterility effect were studied.Combined with acetocarmine staining and field fertility evaluation, phytotoxicity rate, self fertilization rate, pollen viability and single-plant yield were determined. Results showed significant variations in each trait, which were predominantly regulated by interactions of multiple factors. Under the same agent treatment, significant differences were found in phytotoxicity incidence, self-pollination seed-setting rate, pollen viability, and single-plant yield among different location and variety combinations. Intra-group comparison found that the optimal spray combinations selected from Longshun SZ001, Longshun ST311, Xiwen SZ001, and Xiwen ST311 test sites were C6D1, C4D4, C4D1, and C1D1, respectively. Inter-group comparison showed that C1D1 and C2D1 performed best at 3 sites, followed by C4D1, C4D6, and C5D1, which also achieved high sterility, low phytotoxicity, and minimal yield loss at 2 sites. After treatment with the above combinations, phytotoxicity rate and yield showed no significant difference compared with control. Their self-fertilization rate was below 5%, and pollen abortion ratio of the whole flowering period was over 90%, which was highly significant different with control.
Breeding of early maturity rapeseed varieties is the key to promote winter fallow field utilization for rape planting to increase production capacity of rapeseed. In this paper, the difference of yield composition of early maturity rapeseed in Sichuan in different period was studied to provide theoretical support for further genetic improvement. The variation trends of main traits were analysed according to the results of 87 early maturing rapeseed from regional trial in Sichuan from 2015 to 2024. Correlation analysis and path analysis of the yield and important traits were carried out on the basis of 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024. The analysis of variation trend revealed that average annual yield gain of 87 early maturing rapeseed was 67.23 kg·hm-2. The number of siliques per plant showed a U-shaped variation trend with seeds per silique rising annually by an average of 0.57 seeds. The 1000-seed weight increased slowly and then declined gradually. During 2020 to 2024, the average value of yield, incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, disease index of S. sclerotiorum, seeds per silique, number of primary branches and 1000-seed weight extremely significantly increased by 13.74%, 25.70%, 25.18%, 16.99%, 9.18% and 4.82% respectively and the number of siliques per plant significantly increased by 7.23% compared with those from 2015 to 2019. Correlation analysis and path analysis from 2015 to 2019 revealed that seeds per silique showed an extremely significantly positive correlation with yield while incidence of S. sclerotiorum, disease index of S. sclerotiorum and growth duration were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with yield. Seeds per silique had the greatest positive and direct impact on yield while disease index of S. sclerotiorum was the largest negative and direct impact factor. Correlation analysis and path analysis from 2020 to 2024 revealed that the number of siliques per plant and growth duration showed a significantly positive correlation with yield while incidence of S. sclerotiorum and disease index of S. sclerotiorum were extremely significantly negatively correlated with yield. The number of siliques per plant had the greatest positive and direct impact on yield while disease index of S. sclerotiorum was the largest negative and direct impact factor. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the selection of the number of siliques per plant on the basis of high level of seeds per silique and strengthen the selection of resistance to S. sclerotiorum in order to further improve the yield of early maturity rapeseed in Sichuan.
Salt stress is one of the primay abiotic stressors affecting soybean growth and development, significantly hindering plant performance. To mitigate the impact of soil salinity on soybean yield, screening for highly salt-tolerant soybean germplasm under salt stress conditions is an effective approach. In this study, 74 soybean varieties from northwest China, including Jinpinkedou 3, Ningdou 9, and Ninghuang 16LD1, were evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and seedling stages. During the germination stage, seeds were subjected to treatment with 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl solution. Ten morphological indicators were measured: shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, seedling height, root-to-shoot ratio, shoot water content, root water content, whole-plant fresh weight, and whole-plant dry weight. Principal component analysis, membership function analysis, comprehensive evaluation, and path analysis were conducted on these indicators. At the seedling stage, plants were treated with 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl, and the salt tolerance index of each soybean plant was rated, with the average value calculated. The results showed that the ten germination-stage morphological indicators could be consolidated into three independent principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.89%. Twenty-one salt-tolerant materials were identified during germination, including Ningxia local germplasm-55, Ningxia local germplasm-03, and Yanhui 2. At the seedling stage, ten salt-tolerant materials were screened, such as Ningdou 10, Ningxia local germplasm-29, and Ningxia local germplasm-51. Four materials, including Ningxia local germplasm-26, Ningxia local germplasm-48, and Fen 90024, exhibited strong salt tolerance at both stages. Further membership function analysis was used to calculate the comprehensive evaluation D-value for the germination stage. Based on the D-value, the 74 soybean germplasms were clustered into four categories: Class I （salt-tolerant）, Class II （salt-sensitive）, Class III （moderately salt-tolerant）, and Class IV （weakly salt-tolerant）. Stepwise regression analysis of the indicators led to the establishment of a predictive model for salt tolerance evaluation during germination: D = - 0.182 + 0.122X2 + 0.179X5 + 0.151X6 + 0.151X7 + 0.337X9 + 0.169X10 （R² = 0.990, P < 0.001）. Six key indicators were identified for assessing soybean salt tolerance at the germination stage: root fresh weight （X2）, seedling height （X5）, root-to-shoot ratio （X6）, shoot water content （X7）, whole-plant fresh weight （X9）, and whole-plant dry weight （X10）.
Arachis duranensis, one of the wild ancestors of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), harbors valuable gene resources which was absent in culvitated peanut. However, due to the close genetic relationship between A. duranensis and A subgenome of cultivated peanut, there is a lack of effective chromosomal identification methods. To solve the problems of creating and identifying the alien chromosomal lines of A. duranensis, the genome sequences of the cultivated peanut Tifrunner and the wild species A. duranensis were first referenced to develop A. duranensis specific SSR markers in this study. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified 135 529 and 512 900 SSR loci in the A. duranensis and Tifrunner genomes, respectively. Based on these SSR flanking sequences, total 37 027 pairs specific SSR primers of A. duranensis were designed. Amplification of these SSR primers on both Tifrunner and A. duranensis genomes was performed using electronic PCR, and 3815 markers were identified with specific amplification sites on the genome of A. duranensis. Furthermore, one hundred and twenty specific SSR markers were selected from chromosomes A01, A02, A03, A05, A07, and A08 for primer amplification followed by electrophoresis analysis on genomic DNA samples from hexaploid peanut Am1210 as well as its parent Silihong and A. duranensis. Twenty-nine specific SSR markers for A. duranensis were identified. Finally, these markers were applied to identify alien chromosomal lines in the BC2F4 generation of Silihong and A. duranensis, followed by sequential FISH/GISH verification. Ultimately, two potential monosomic addition lines (5Adu and 7Adu) were successfully identified, demonstrating the application potential of these SSR markers in characterizing chromosomal materials derivedfrom A. duranensis.
The inducer of CBF expression gene family (ICE) is a critical transcriptional regulator in plant low-temperature signaling pathways. To systematically characterize ICE family members and their low-temperature responsive expression patterns in Brassica rapa, we identified 74 ICE gene family members through BLAST and HMM searches based on the whole-genome data of Brassica rapa. Chromosomal localization revealed that these members are distributed across all 10 chromosomes, with the highest density observed on chromosome 9. Protein property analysis indicated that all members are localized in the nucleus, with significant variations in molecular weight and isoelectric points. Notably, 70 members exhibited instability indices exceeding the stability threshold. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses demonstrated diversity in structural composition, with Motif 1 and Motif 2 being highly conserved among most members. Synteny analysis suggested that the expansion of this family was primarily driven by whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication events. Cis-regulatory element analysis of promoter regions revealed that most genes contain light-responsive, ABA, MeJA, and MYB-binding elements, with 34 BraICE genes harboring low-temperature responsive elements. Expression profiling based on Xizang Brassica rapa transcriptome data showed that BraICE17 exhibited the most significant upregulation under low-temperature stress, while BraICE35 displayed the strongest downregulation, the qRT-PCR experiments broadly support the reliability of the transcriptomic data. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular functions and low-temperature response mechanisms of BraICE genes, as well as potential gene resources for cold tolerance research.
Respiration burst oxidase homologous protein (RBOH), also known as NADPH oxidase (NOX), is widely present in plants and plays an important role in the growth and development and stress resistance of plants. In this study, the members of the RBOH gene family in Brassica napus were identifiedat the genome-wide level using bioinformatics methods, and the phylogenetic trees of nine species, including B. napus, were constructed to analyze the homologous evolutionary relationship between these plants.On this basis, using B. napus Zhongshuang 11 as the experimental material, the tissue expression profile and induced expression profile of the members of this family were established through the qRT - PCR method to preliminarily analyze their biological functions.The results showed that there were 23 members of the RBOH family in B. napus (BnaRBOH), and there was a complex evolutionary relationship between the homologs of RBOH from different species. Moreover, different members of BnaRBOH showed different tissue and induced expression profiles,and differed in function. For example, the BnaRBOH gene is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development mediated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and its response to pathogen stress. Among them, BnaRBOH-Da/c and BnaRBOH-Fa/c have a more obvious response to salt stress, while BnaRBOH-Ia/c and BnaRBOH-Ma/c have a more obvious response to drought stress, BnaRBOH-Ma and BnaBOH-Ia/c may be involved in the ABA mediated signaling stress response regulatory pathway, which fully demonstrated the functional specificity of themin plants. The results of this study will lay a theoretical foundation for in-depth study of the biological functions of RBOH family members in plants.
Seed purity testing is of great significance for ensuring seed quality and increasing crop yields. Establishing a rapid, accurate, and low-cost transgenic seed purity detection technology will provide strong support for accelerating the industrialization of biological breeding. Based on direct PCR technology, we propose a rapid purity detection technique for transgenic seeds, which includes: (1) Grinding and extraction of plant seed were carried out simultaneously using our self-developed rapid extraction reagent at room temperature. Genome DNA can be extracted from a single seed within 2 minutes, and the extract can be directly used as a template for real-time fluorescence PCR amplification without purification. (2) Preparation of the PCR reaction system. (3) Division of samples into plates. (4) High-throughput detection. (5) Calculation of seed purity. Using this purity detection technology, we identified the purity of three types of transgenic soybean seed samples, including Zhonghuang 6106, DBN9004, and SHZD3201. All 15 samples were processed from sample preparation to result identification within one working day. This technology can significantly simplify the existing purity detection process, greatly shorten the entire analysis time, and provide a reliable single-seed rapid detection technical scheme for the purity testing of transgenic seeds.
Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the most important diseases in rapeseed production worldwide. Due to lack of immune varieties, long-term dependence on chemical control led to drug resistance and environmental problems. To explore the interactions between S. sclerotiorum and host, 3 secreted proteins of S. sclerotiorum, SsUNSP1 (Sscle12g087960), SsUNSP2 (Sscle06g048920), and SsUNSP3 (Sscle14g098710), were identified by bioinformatics analysis and Signal Sequence Trap System. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that SsUNSP1 and SsUNSP3 were highly expressed before S. sclerotiorum inoculation, while SsUNSP2 expression gradually increased 12 h after inoculation and continued to decrease thereafter. Effects of the 3 secreted proteins on host immune response, plant toxicity, and S. sclerotiorum infection were determined through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Results indicated that they were expressed separately in tobacco leaves, and neither gene alone could lead to cell necrosis, nor directly stimulate immune response. When the 3 genes were co-expressed with Bax in tobacco leaves, only SsUNSP1 inhibited plant immune response induced by Bax. Transient overexpression showed that SsUNSP1 and SsUNSP3 in tobacco promoted the infection of S. sclerotiorum, while SsUNSP2 inhibited the infection. In summary, SsUNSP1 and SsUNSP3 proteins had some plant toxicity, thus promoted S. sclerotiorum infection and pathogenicity. SsUNSP1 might inhibit plant immune response induced by Bax. SsUNSP2 might inhibit S. sclerotiorum invasion, and of non-toxic to plant growth.
To investigate the effects of different fertilization modes on the quality of peanut populations at different planting rows under a six-row planting pattern during border cultivation, this study set up 5 different fertilization treatments through field experiments (N0: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 216 kg/hm2; CK: Compound fertilizer 750 kg/hm2; FG: Compound fertilizer 750 kg/hm2+CaO 750 kg/hm2; FY: Compound fertilizer 750 kg/hm2+organic fertilizer 750 kg/hm2; FYG：Compound fertilizer 750 kg/hm2+organic fertilizer 750 kg/hm2+CaO 750 kg/hm2), measure the changes in agronomic traits, leaf area index, dry matter, yield, and quality of peanuts at different planting rows under various fertilization modes. The results showed that under the conditions of border cultivation, the edge row effect of the same fertilization treatment on peanuts was significant, and the population quality of edge row peanuts was the best, manifested in an increase in branch number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and the number of full fruits while the number of unripe fruits decreased, ultimately achieving an increase in yield. The peanut yield of different planting rows is ranked as edge row>secondary edge row>middle row. Compared with the middle row, the yield of edge rows in each treatment increased by 12.87%-18.94% and 12.11%-16.84% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The effect of different fertilization modes on the accumulation of dry matter and yield of peanuts varies. The dry matter accumulation of FG, FY, and FYG treatments in 2022 and 2023 increased by 5.29%, 5.13%, 10.24%, and 1.87%, 0.52%, 8.06%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. Their yields increased by 7.64%, 5.44%, 9.76%, and 5.02%, 2.77%, 9.58%, respectively. The combination of compound fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and CaO (treatment FYG) showed the best yield increasing effect among the five fertilization modes. There were no significant differences in the crude protein content, oil content, and total amino acid content of peanut seeds between different planting rows in border cultivation. The application of compound fertilizer (i.e. nitrogen fertilizer) can significantly increase the crude protein content and total amino acid content of peanuts, and the combination of compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer has a better effect on improving quality; the combination of compound fertilizer and calcium fertilizer can increase the oil content of peanuts. Indicating that the combination of organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer can improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, thereby increasing peanut yield and improving nutritional quality. The experimental results can provide a new method for high-yield cultivation of peanuts: advocating the use of fertilizer combination when fertilizing peanuts and adopting border cultivation when planting peanuts.
Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a devastating soil-borne disease to Brassica napus and has been spreading rapidly across the Yangtze River region, the major area for rapeseed production in China. Presently, the transmission routes of clubroot disease are still unclear. To clarify whether rapeseeds can transmit P. brassicae and evaluate the risk of seed-borne clubroot disease, we developed a technique to efficiently extract genomic DNA from the resting spores of P. brassicae, exploited 3 pairs of primers that could be used to efficiently and specifically detect P. brassicae; and establisheda precise quantitative detection technique system of P. brassicae by quantitative PCR, able to detect as few as 10 P. brassicae resting spores. Based on these results, we detected P. brassicae from the rapeseed samples collected from 30 clubroot-infested fields across seven provinces in China and found that all samples were detected to carry P. brassicae resting spores with 1.2×101 to 1.69×10⁴ per gram of rapeseeds. Among them, 500 g of 12 rapeseed samples determined with enough resting spores were respectively used to isolate the resting spores, prepare the suspensions of resting spores and inoculate the seedlings of B. napus. It was found that the abundance of resting spores from 7 rapeseed samples was able to cause clubroot disease.Our study clarified that rapeseed is a key transmission pathway for clubroot disease and thereby provided a theoretical foundation and technological support for early warning and control of clubroot disease of B. napus.
To investigate the effects of rhizobium seed coating combined with growth regulator spraying on soybean seedling growth as well as grain yield and quality, the treatments including indoor inoculation with a mixture of rhizobia Y63-1 (Bradyrhizobium elkanii)/Y63-2 (Rhizobium sp.), spraying with compound growth regulators, and Y63-1/Y63-2 inoculation combined with gradient spraying of compound growth regulators on ZD63 seedlings were conducted. The effects of different treatment on the growth and development of ZD63 were analyzed and compared. Meanwhile, Field trials at E-zhou and Yangluo were conducted to assess the impact ofY63-1/Y63-2 inoculation combined with compound growth regulator spraying on the yield and quality of ZD63, ZD57, and Y6019. The results showed that after inoculation with Y63-1/Y63-2, the number of nodules and nodule dry weight of ZD63 seedlings increased significantly compared to the control. Gradient spraying of compound growth regulators increased the number of primary lateral roots and the biomass per plant significantly with the most pronounced effect at a concentration of 1/750-1/500 of the original solution. The combination of rhizobium inoculation with compound growth regulator spraying indoor increased the nodule number and nodule dry weight, the height of seedlings, the thickness of stems, and biomass per plant of ZD63. In field treatments, the coating seeds with rhizobium and spraying compound growth regulator (1/500 original solution concentration) did not significantly increase the yield components or yield of ZD57 compared to the control, however it increased the number of grains per plant increased by 10.5%~26.7%, the grain weight per plant by 13.4%~27.3%, and the yield by 15.2%~20.5% of Y6019 and ZD63 with significant difference. The content of crude protein and oil were not significant different between treated and control groups for all varieties. The results of this study indicate that rhizobium inoculation combined with growth regulator spraying can improve soybean yield, providing a technical reference for its application in enhancing soybean yield.
Changes in iron homeostasis during various pathogen invasion might trigger iron deficiency-induced immunity. This research aims to explore iron deficiency-induced immunity on Sclerotinia disease. After iron deficiency treatment, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus were inoculated with S. sclerotiorum for resistance examination. Results showed that iron deficiency enhanced plant resistance to Sclerotinia disease in Arabidopsis, and had limited effect in B. napus. In pathogen and plant interaction, S. sclerotiorum suppressed expression of plant genes involved in iron homeostasis pathway. However, at early stage of the interaction (12 hours post-inoculation), the expression of iron homeostasis pathway genes was significantly upregulated in Arabidopsis. Iron deficiency treatment significantly induced upregulation of genes involved in iron deficiency response pathway, but ultimately suppressed in S. sclerotiorum invaded plants. We preliminarily hypothesized that the immune response induced by iron deficiency might play a role in early stages of S. sclerotiorum-plant interaction, although ultimately S. sclerotiorum suppresses the iron response pathway through an as-yet unknown mechanism.
Sclerotinia stem rot is a significant disease in oilseed rape production. To clarify the colonization ability of Beauveria bassiana in Brassica napus and its effects on plant growth and resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot, this study established B.bassiana-B.napus symbionts using seed soaking and root irrigation methods. Chlorophyll content and plant height were measured to evaluate growth-promoting effects, while disease incidence and control efficacy were analyzed to assess disease resistance. Realtime quantitative PCR was used to detect the persistence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the roots of oilseed rape. The results showed that the colonization rates of B. bassiana were 33.33% (seed soaking) and 43.33% (root irrigation). Both methods significantly increased plant height and chlorophyll content. Colonization by B.bassiana significantly reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot. In pot experiments, the disease incidence in the root irrigation group (Bb-i+Ds-Ssr) decreased by 42.86% (P < 0.0001) compared to the S.sclerotiorum-only group (Ds-Ssr) at 21 days, while the seed soaking group (Bb-s+Ds-Ssr) showed a 23.81% reduction (P < 0.0001). Realtime quantitative PCR results indicated that the relative content of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the roots of both Bb-i+Ds-Ssr and Bb-s+Ds-Ssr treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the Ds-Ssr group (P < 0.0001), with the Bb-i+Ds-Ssr group showing the lowest content. This study demonstrates that B.bassiana colonization through different methods inhibits S.sclerotiorum, providing a new approach for the biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot in oilseed rape. It expands the application of entomopathogenic fungi in plant disease control and offers guidance for the rational use of biocontrol microorganisms in managing plant diseases.
Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a major constraint to global peanut production. As resistance of peanut to stem rot is highly affected by environmental conditions, identifying germplasm with consistent resistance across diverse environments remains critical. This study implemented a multi-environment evaluation system comprising greenhouse test, field test, and natural disease nursery to identify the resistance to S rolfsii in tested peanut germplasm. Phenotypic assessments revealed five accessions exhibited resistance under greenhouse conditions, while 18 and 11 accessions demonstrated resistance in field trials and natural disease nurseries, respectively. Three accessions showed inform resistance in both greenhouse and field conditions, eight demonstrated consistent resistance across field test and natural disease nursery. Notably, the accession Zhonghua 34 displayed consistent resistance in all three environments, highlighting its exceptional environmental stability against S. rolfsii. The results evaluated the stability of peanut accessions to S. rolfsii and obtained accessions with consistent resistant in multiple conditions, which will provide important resistant germplasm for peanut breeding against Sclerotium rolfsii.
In this experiment, a bacteria strain ZS-1 against Sclerotium rolfsii was screened from a field severly affected by southern stem rot. Based on the morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Through dual culture, double dish method and co-culture method, it was conclusively demonstrated that the bacterial suspension, volatile gas and sterile filtrate of strain ZS-1 could significantly inhibit the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, with inhibition rates reaching 63.01%, 83.33% and 72.46%, respectively. Correspondingly, these treatments induced morphological abnormalities in the fungal hyphae, including swelling and apoptosis. Root irrigation treatment showed that strain ZS-1 promoted the growth of plants, and the incidence of southern stem rot had significantly decreased, with a control effect of 55.32%. In summary, this study obtained the strain of Bacillus subtilis ZS-1 with both growth promoting and disease preventing effects, which is a potential strain for biological control of peanut southern stem rot.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen reduction in the presence of rapeseed green manure incorporation on ratoon rice yield and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby providing a scientific basis for winter green manure management and greenhouse gas mitigation in paddy fields. The experiment was conducted in a ratoon rice system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Four treatments were set up as follows: (1) The winter fallow–ratoon rice system with conventional fertilization during the rice season (N); (2) The rapeseed–ratoon rice system with conventional fertilization and complete incorporation of rapeseed as green manure (OR+N); (3) The rapeseed–ratoon rice system with conventional fertilization and partial incorporation of rapeseed as green manure (ORR+N); (4) The rapeseed–ratoon rice system with a 10% reduction in nitrogen application and partial incorporation of rapeseed as green manure (ORR+N1). By continuously monitoring methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from paddy fields, this study analyzed the differences in ratoon rice yield, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) among the four treatments. The objective was to clarify the impact of nitrogen reduction under rapeseed green manure return on GHG emissions in ratoon rice systems. The results showed that, in comparison with the N treatment, the OR+N and ORR+N treatments significantly increased the main-season and whole-season ratoon rice yields. Specifically, the OR+N treatment raised the main-season yield by 6.6% and the whole- season yield by 13.0%, while the ORR+N treatment increased the main-season yield by 3.8% and the whole-season yield by 5.1% (P < 0.01). And there was no significant difference was observed in total rice yield between the N and ORR+N1 treatments (P > 0.05). Compared with the N treatment, the OR+N treatment significantly increased CH₄ emissions across the whole rice growing period. In contrast, the ORR+N1 treatment significantly decreased CH₄ emissions throughout the overall rice growth period. Similarly, N₂O emissions were significantly increased under the OR+N treatment, whereas the ORR+N1 treatment significantly reduced N₂O emissions across both the main season and ratoon season. The order of GWP and GHGI for the main season and whole season was: OR+N > ORR+N > N > ORR+N1. Correlation analysis revealed a highly significant negative correlation between soil redox potential (Eh) and CH₄ emissions (P < 0.01), and a highly significant positive correlation between N₂O emissions and soil ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content (P < 0.01). In conclusion, within the rapeseed green manure–ratoon rice system, nitrogen reduction combined with reduced rapeseed green manure incorporation not only sustained rice yield but also effectively mitigated the global warming potential of ratoon rice fields.
Peanut is an important oil crop and cash crop in China. Its high-yield cultivation depends on chemical nitrogen fertilizer for a long time, which leads to soil structure destruction and ecological environment deterioration. Improving the symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency is an effective way to cultivate peanut green and efficient. The team developed the ARC microbial agent without rhizobia in the early stage, and confirmed that it has the effect of inducing peanut nodulation and nitrogen fixation in the field. In this study, 35 strains of rhizobium were isolated from peanut root nodules treated with ARC microbial agent and control plots in Northeast China, and morphological observation, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The growth promotion effect of two representative strains (PLNZW-23-4 and PLNZW-23-2) on peanut plants was evaluated by pot experiment in greenhouse. The results showed that PLNZW-23-2 isolated by ARC microbial agent had stronger nodulation ability and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Compared with PLNZW-23-4 isolated by conventional management, the number of nodules and the weight of nodules increased by 24.05% and 7.07%, respectively. The nitrogenase activity per plant and the nitrogenase activity per gram of root nodules in PLNZW-23-2 treatment group were increased by 59.31% and 48.77%, respectively, compared with the PLNZW-23-4 treatment. In addition, the plant height, above-ground fresh weight, root length and root weight of peanut plants inoculated with PLNZW-23-2 were increased by 20.88%, 12.77%, 41.76% and 13.56%, respectively, compared with the control group, and the growth promotion effect was significantly better than that of PLNZW-23-4. This study provides a scientific basis for further analysis of the mechanism of ARC microbial inoculant promoting peanut nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield increase, and also lays a solid foundation for the development of high-efficiency peanut microbial inoculant suitable for Northeast China.
To investigate the effects of different amounts of calcium fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, allocation characteristics, and yield of summer peanuts in lime concretion black soil regions, a field experiment with four calcium levels, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 105 kg·hm⁻² (Ca1), 210 kg·hm⁻² (Ca2), and 315 kg·hm⁻² (Ca3) were conducted. The dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation across different growth stages, distribution characteristics, and yield traits were analyzed. The results showed that calcium application significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation, particularly during pod-setting to maturity stages. The Ca3 treatment showed significant improvement in dry matter accumulation, increasing total single-plant dry matter and root, stem, leaf, and pod dry matter at maturity by 11.78%, 16.08%, 5.77%, 5.73%, and 21.54% respectively compared to CK. Calcium optimization improved dry matter partitioning among organs, with Ca3 treatment accounting for 40.01% of dry matter in mature pods per plant, significantly higher than CK and other calcium fertilizer treatments. The Ca3 treatment significantly increased the post flowering dry matter accumulation contribution rate (77.29%) and maintained a high growth rate. The growth rates reached 253.35 and 191.49 kg·hm⁻²·d⁻¹ during the pod setting and maturity stages, respectively, which were significantly increased by 41.8% and 19.7% compared to the CK. By promoting the transport of photosynthetic products to pods, the single plant productivity, hundred fruit weight, hundred kernel weight, and yield of Ca3 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments, with an increase of 11.87% compared to CK. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, the application of 315 kg·hm⁻² calcium fertilizer in summer peanut cultivation in lime concretion black soil regions can effectively coordinate the accumulation and distribution of dry matter, delay plant aging, and is an optimized measure for achieving high yield.
