To ensure the safety of Chinese "vegetalbe oil bottle", the foremost is to increase oilseeds production capacity. Under the projects of China's vigorous implementation of soybean and oilseeds production capacity increase in recent years, this article focuses on 3 major oilseed crops of soybean, rape and peanut based on 2001-2022 provincial data. It uses the growth accounting analysis framework to reveal the sources of production capacity increase of China's 3 oilseed crops. Results shows that total factor productivity growth is the most important source of soybean and rapeseed productivity increase, whose contribution rate reaches 73.94% and 90.67% respectively, which driving the productivity increase of 1.12% and 1.03% respectively; for peanuts, fertilizer is the main source of increase, with contribution rate of 62.14%, which boosting production capacity by 0.45%. Further analysis reveals that there are obvious dynamic changes in the sources of productivity increase of the 3 major oilseed crops. Total factor productivity growth has become the top priority of productivity increase of the 3 major oilseeds crops. And, the contribution of land and fertilizer to the 3 major oilseeds production capacity increase cannot be ignored. The above results are expected to provide important reference for optimization of oilseeds crop variety structure and continuous increase of oilseed crop productivity in China.
Sesame is an important specialty oil crop. Abiotic stress seriously affected sesame yield and quality. Breeding of stress-resistant sesame varieties is one of the most effective ways to achieve high and stable yield. Focusing on the main abiotic stresses as drought, waterlogging, high salinity, and extreme temperature, this paper reviewed the evaluation methods of sesame abiotic stress resistance, as well as physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of sesame in response to abiotic stresses. Genes related to sesame abiotic stress resistance were also involved. In the review, recent progress on abiotic stress resistance in sesame was systematically analyzed, which was expected to provide reference for basic research and genetic improvement of abiotic stress resistance of sesame.
To promote orderly development of peanut industry, investigations were carried out on protection and registration of peanut varieties. By collection, organization, verification, and summarization data from variety rights announcements and seed industry data platforms, different perspectives as annual variations, applicant entities, and applicant provinces were deeply analysed. Up to Dec. 31, 2022, 684 applications for new peanut variety protection have been accepted. Of which 295 varieties were in stages of variety rights protection, 333 were in stages of application protection, and 22 were rejected due to lack of variety distinctness, uniformity, or stability. 116 organizations and persons had submitted. Among them, research institutions had the highest amount, averaging 10 varieties each. In the past 3 years, average examination duration for an authorized varieties was ~19 months. From May 2017 to December 2022, 1163 peanut varieties have been registered, with 1144 valid registrations and 19 revocatory registrations. Universities have the highest submitions. Most submition and authorized were from Henan Province. About 58.04% varieties (675 in 1163) did not applied for rights protection. Thus we believed that, peanut breeding in China has advantages in major producing provinces. We suggested to fully strengthen the innovation of industry-academia-research cooperationand also, to enhance the publicity of new variety rights protection policies, and also to enhance the breeders awareness of variety protection. Registration departments should be suggested to move forward the identification process, and to optimize review and supervision process. And, facing the implementation of Essential Derived Variety (EDV) and related biotechnology breeding, corresponding methods and guidances should be formulated promptly.
To utilize B genome of Brassica nigra, triploid hybrids obtained from hybridization between B. rapa (turnip-type rapeseed) and black mustard were used as female parents, which were constantly backcrossed with B. rapa in this study. Two B. nigra chromosomes monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) were identified by molecular markers, cytology and morphology. Progenies′ phenotypes and chromosome behaviors were observed in MAALs. Results showed that B. rapa-nigra B7 and B8 chromosome MAALs exhibited special phenotypes. B7 MAAL exhibited severe female infertility, with a light yellow seed coat color and leaves displaying B. nigra trichome phenotype. B8 MAAL exhibited tall plant and multiple first branching from B. nigra. Cytological analysis showed that both B7 and B8 chromosomes of B. nigra existed as univalent during meiosis, and a 45S rDNA locus was found on B7 chromosome. Male and female gamete transmission rates revealed that the transmission frequencies of B7 and B8 chromosomes were low. B7 chromosome female gamete transmission rate was 9.14%, male gamete transmission rate was 6.58% and B8 chromosome female gamete transmission rate was 20.17%, male gamete transmission rate was 9.05%. B7 and B8 MAALs created in this study were valuable for deeply analysis.
Preserving purity is difficult in self-incompatibility crops. To better understand Brassica rapa with self-compatibility in strong winter rapeseed, a two-year experiment was carried out to investigate self-compatibility index, pollen-stigma interactions, major botanical characteristics at seedling stage, agronomic traits and quality traits. Results indicated that self-incompatibility in 50 strong winter rapeseed lines had a large magnitude of variation, thus according to the degree of self-compatibility, they could be categorized into 4 types: highly self-compatible, self-compatible, self-incompatible, and highly self-incompatible. Although no difference in pollen morphology between self-compatibility and self-incompatibility materials, the stigma papillae cell surfaces of the compatible material that was not pollinated showed a greater amount of flocculent attachments. Moreover, numbers of pollen grains and pollen tubes sprouted from the stigma after self-pollination were significantly higher in the self-compatibility than in the self-incompatibility. In terms of botanical characteristics, agronomic and quality traits, there were no significant differences between self-compatibility materials and self-incompatibility materials, indicating that their self-compatibility could be stably inherited and had excellent agronomic traits and quality.
Clubroot and weeds are serious threats to rapeseed production in China. To develop clubroot-resistant (CR) and herbicide-resistant (HR) cultivars, we developed 3 improved lines ZS11CR (CRb+PbBa8.1), ZS11HR (ALS1R+ALS3R) and ZS11CHR (CRb+PbBa8.1+ALS1R+ALS3R) by pyramiding of 2 clubroot resistance locus (CRb+PbBa8.1) and 2 herbicide-resistance locus (ALS1R+ALS3R) into rapeseed cultivar Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11) with marker-assisted selection. Clubroot and herbicide resistance of the improved lines (ZS11CR, ZS11HR and ZS11CHR) was evaluated by using clubroot pathotype 4 (Zhijiang, Hubei Province) and thifensulfuron herbicide (45 g a.i. ha-1), respectively. According to the results, ZS11CR and ZS11CHR were immune to pathotype 4, and ZS11HR and ZS11CHR exhibited highly resistance against thifensulfuron herbicide. In agronomic traits, ZS11CR, ZS11HR and ZS11CHR showed higher plant heights than ZS11, but no significant differences on the following traits as flowering time, number of the branch, siliques of the main inflorescence, silique length, number of seeds per silique and thousand seed weight. The enhanced ZS11CR line exhibited strong resistance against clubroot, while ZS11HR demonstrated high resistance against herbicide. ZS11CHR displayed resistance against both clubroot and herbicide. Additionally, these improved lines maintain outstanding agronomic characteristics, providing some potential for utilization in rapeseed breeding.
To understand the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating callus development of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), hypocotyl and young leaf of Brassica napus var. 16VHNTS309 was used as explants to construct a regeneration system of B. napus. Through observation of reactive oxygen species of O2 - signal localization in callus, results showed an optimized system of young leaves and hypocotyls pre culture on MS+1 mg/L or 1.5 mg/L 2, 4-D medium for 7 days, respectively. It was followed by MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L 2, 4-D+3 mg/L AgNO3 used as the optimal medium for bud induction. Finally, MS+0.2 mg/L NAA could be used as the rooting medium to obtain good regenerated seedlings of B. napus. Results of ROS (O2 -) signal localization showed that a large amount of ROS (O2 -) signal was detected in callus cells, meristem cells and cells at the edge of leaves or stems, while ROS (O2 -) signal was not detected around cells that had completed bud differentiation or did not form calli, which further indicated that ROS (O2 -) signal played an important role in cell division.
To assist in disease-resistant breeding, function of transcription factor BnERF019 was investigated, which is up-regulated after induction by oilseed rape (Brassica napus) black leg pathogen (Leptosphaeria biglobosa) for 96 h. By utilizing Golden Gate vector system, modified gene editing vector pHS-BnERF019 was constructed for developing multi-copy CRISPR/Cas9 system. Agrobacteria-mediated genetic transformation was employed to infect Westar hypocotyls. Consequently, 28 regenerated seedlings with positive gene editing were obtained (positive rate as 32.18%). Among them, 15 exhibited sequential edits in target BnaC07g13470D and 19 displayed sequential edits in target BnaA07g10270D. Additionally, 18 seedlings with edited sequences for target BnaA09g30360D and 23 seedlings with edited sequences for target BnaC05g18050D were obtained. Furthermore, 3 regenerated seedlings had single target sites gene editing while 11 had double target sites gene editing; 6 had 3 target sites gene editing and 8 had 4 target sites gene editing. Results of blackleg disease resistance identification showed that the resistance of regenerated seedlings with 4-copy gene editing was significantly weaker than those of wild-type seedlings.
In recent years, drought weather has occurred frequently during spring sowing in Northeast China, resulting in poor germination quality and low emergence rate of soybean seeds. In this study, 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) was used to simulate drought stress to identify drought tolerance of 201 chromosome segment substitution line populations at germination stage. Germination potential, germination rate, germination index, relative germination potential, relative germination rate, relative germination index and drought damage rate were used as identification indexes. Cluster analysis obtained 19 drought tolerant materials, 131 intermediate materials, and 51 sensitive materials. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method was used to locate QTLs for each germination index, and a total of 3 QTLs were located, of which qDT-4-1 and qDT-15-2 were located in multiple traits. A total of 17 genes were annotated in qDT-4-1 and qDT-15-2. Based on amino acid sequence alignment and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis between parents, it was speculated that gene Glyma.15G196400 might be related to drought tolerance at germination stage. Haplotype analysis of candidate gene Glyma.15G196400 was performed using 258 soybean germplasm resources, and 2 elite haplotypes Hap-1 and Hap-2 were obtained. These 2 haplotypes had a G-A mutation at -2001 bp, which caused a mutation of CAAT-box promoter. The germination rate, germination potential and germination index of Hap-1 and Hap-2 were significantly different at 0.05 level, indicating that the candidate gene had a wide range of applicability in the soybean population.
Soybean pod shattering is a significant challenge to soybean production. The pdh1 gene is one of the main genes controlling soybean pod shattering resistance, and is greatly influenced by environments, which limits its utilization in breeding. To explore the feasibility of anti-pod shattering genes in breeding and reduce soybean yield loss, this study used anti-pod-shattering gene pdh1 as a marker to analyze 348 varieties cultivated between 1929 and 2021. Results revealed that pod dehiscence is highly related to the carrying of pdh1. 255 out of 348 materials carried pdh1 gene, accounting for 73.3% of the total. The distribution of pdh1 gene has obvious regional variations: 80%-85% of varieties from Northeast region had pdh1, and 68%-72.1% of varieties from Huanghuai harbored pdh1, while only 30%-36.3% varieties from Southern China possessed pdh1. The low proportion of varieties from Southern China with pdh1 might be related to high humidity climate in these areas. Therefore, using molecular marker detection as the primary method for screening anti-shattering pods in southern soybeans might overcome environmental influences and improve selection efficiency.
In order to identify the CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) family members and their functions in peanut genome, tbioinformatics analysis and expression pattern of the gene family members were carried out to lay a foundation for peanut responds to disease stress. Using peanut genome sequences as reference, 85 AhCNL family members were identified using Pfam, HMMER, NCBI and Coiled Coil software and online sites. AhCNL genes are distributed on 15 out of 20 chromosomes, mainly on A02 and A12. Most of them exist in clusters at chromosomes end. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that AhCNL genes can be divided into 4 subfamilies, and the gene members in each subfamily are highly conserved. Collinearity analysis showed that there were 16 pairs of genes in the species, and inter-species analysis showed that CNL of peanut and Glycine max had higher homology than those of Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago sativa. The promoters of AhCNL genes contain a large number of cis-acting elements related to hormone and disease resistance. Most CNL family genes were not expressed before and after being invaded by pathogens, with a few genes changed after being induced.
Elsinchrome (ESC) is a photosensitive perylene quinone mycotoxin produced by Elsinoë arachidis, which acts as the virulence factor of the pathogen. For deep understanding of the regulatory network governing ESC biosynthesis, we conducted a comprehensive analysis including identification of transcription factors specific to the secondary metabolism gene cluster, EaPSTF1 gene clone, bioinformatics and expression analysis based on whole-genome sequencing. The findings revealed the presence of 3 distinct transcription factors within the pathogen's secondary metabolism gene cluster. Among them, EaPSTF1 had a length of 1305 bp comprising a complete open reading frame, encoding a 110.58 kD-protein with 434 amino acids. And its theoretical isoelectric point was 4.94. Primarily located in cell nucleus, EaPSTF1 is a hydrophilic protein dominated by α-helices. It contains 2 Zn(II)2Cys6-type domains, GAL4 and AFLR. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a consistent expression pattern of EaPSTF1 with toxin accumulation trend, indicating a potential involvement in regulation of ESC toxin biosynthesis.
Amino acid composition is the key of protein quality. To better understand the genetics of peanut amino acid composition, QTL mapping of 10 amino acid contents were carried out by using a RIL population from Jihua 6 and Kaixuan 01-6. Results showed that mean values of the 10 amino acids ranged from 0.24 to 2.42 mg/g. Their phenotypic variation ranged from 4.35% to 11.49%, and their heritability ranged from 0.851 to 0.929, with absolute values of skewness and kurtosis from 0.06 to 1.97. It suggested that the above might be quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes. Most traits of the amino acid contents were significantly correlated, and 4 amino acid traits (i.e. valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine) were closely correlated with the correlation coefficient more than 0.91. In addition, 23 QTLs associated to 8 amino acids were detected with LOD values ranging from 2.58 to 15.48. One single QTL could explain 2.95%-26.09% phenotype variation, and QTLs for the same amino acid trait could cumulatively explain 8.13%-43.48% phenotype variation. Totally 4 major QTLs contributed more than 10%, namely qMet_6, qLeu_1, qPhe_1 and qHis_1. Near-isogenic line results showed that qMet_6 could significantly increase Met (methionine) content by 32.61% and His (histidine) by 12.70%, indicating that qMet_6 was a major QTL. These were expected to be used on molecular marker-assisted breeding, fine mapping and key gene cloning for peanut.
Evaluation and screening of high quality sesame germplasm provide excellent parents and intermediate materials for genetic improvement of sesame quality. In this study, contents of 8 mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and selenium) and 10 quality traits (oil content, protein content, oleinic acid, linoleic acid, sesamin, sesamolin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, Δ5-avenasterol and stigmasterol) of 120 sesame germplasm were determined. Multiple statistical methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensive evaluation of nutritional quality of sesame resources. The results showed significantly positively correlations between phosphorus and zinc, magnesium and manganese, iron and copper; calcium was significantly negatively correlated with zinc; oil content was significantly positively correlated with sesamin and sesamolin; oleinic acid was significantly negatively correlated with linoleic acid; sesamin was significantly positively correlated with sesamolin; stigmasterol were significantly negatively correlated with oil content, protein content, oleinic acid, sesamin, and sesamolin; copper had a significant negative correlation with oil content and sesamin; protein content was positively correlated with all mineral elements except calcium. A total of 6 principal components were extracted for 4 mineral element (calcium, iron, zinc, selenium) content and 10 quality traits, with a cumulative contribution rate of 79.084%. Ten germplasm with excellent quality and rich in mineral elements were screened through the results of the comprehensive evaluation of mineral element content and quality traits. The results of cluster analysis showed that the 120 sesame germplasm resources could be divided into 5 groups. Group I contains 18 germplasm with high contents of iron, copper, zinc, protein and oleinic acid compared with other groups; Group II contains 25 sesame resources with high contents of phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, selenium and linoleic acid compared with other groups; Group III contains 24 sesame resources with high contents of calcium, oil content, sesamin and sesamolin; Group IV contains 39 sesame resources with relatively balanced qualities, but with lower zinc content; Group V contains 14 sesame resources with higher phytosterol content but lower oil content and sesamin content than other groups. This study was expected to provide theoretical basis and excellent parental material for the breeding of sesame varieties with high mineral content and excellent quality.
To better utilize perilla collection resources, genetic diversities of 127 accessions of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) from 5 cultivated regions of Gansu were analyzed with SSR markers. Based on result of UPGMA, the accessions were characterized using an allele preferred sampling strategy and geographical information to establish a core collection. Results showed that Nei's gene diversity indexes was 0.2366, Shannon’s information index was 0.3724. In addition, UPGMA cluster analysis also revealed closer genetic relationships between Longnan and Tianshui population, as well as Pingliang and Qingyang population. Genetic distances between groups were associated with their geographical origin. Totally 38 accessions were constituted a core collection. 7 phenotypic traits and 5 oil quality traits of the core collection were tested by mean value, variance, range, and coefficient variation, which showed that the constructed core collection had well representativeness and genetic diversity.
For breeding and popularization of Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu, and to screen the clones with high oil fruits, this paper investigated 10 clones of C. chekiangoleosa (numbered as H1-H10) planted in the oil tea germplasm base of Forestry Science and Technology Extension Centre of Hubei Province. The 13 traits of mature fruits were tested and analyzed, followed by comprehensive ranking using principal component analysis. Results included the following parts. Fruit color of H5 and H8 were cyan-red, H3 was red, and the rest were red-cyan. Fruit shape index was from 0.84 to 1.06, the fruit shape of H3, H8 and H10 were orange-shaped, the rest were spherical. Fresh fruit’s transverse diameter was from 44.05 to 54.65 mm, their longitudinal diameters were from 38.21 to 53.56 mm. Fresh weight of single fruit was from 24.37 to 38.26 g. Moisture content of fresh fruit was from 41.64% to 52.15%, with seed rate of fresh fruit from 35.91% to 61.71%, kernel rate of dry seed from 48.00% to 63.94%, dry kernel oil content from 38.10% to 51.00%, fresh fruit oil content from 5.02% to 7.82%, and unsaturated fatty acid content from 87.51% to 89.16%. Four principal components with eigenvalue more than 1 were extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate was 86.222%. Comprehensive evaluation based on principal component analysis showed the rank of fruit oil value from high to low was: H8> H3> H4> H5> H9> H10> H1> H2> H7> H6. Clones H8, H3 and H4 showed the best overall performance and might be used as candidate germplasm for further breeding.
To promote production of winter rapeseed in the coastal saline-alkali land around the Bohai Bay, salt tolerance of rapeseed was identified, and salt tolerance indicators were screened. Saline-alkali tolerant lines and saline-alkali tolerance indexes of 20 strong cold-resistant winter Brassica rapa L. materials were identified and screened by variance analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis on 9 traits during the whole growth period. Results revealed that saline-alkali stress significantly affected seedling rate and overwintering rate of the materials, significantly inhibited their growth and yield. Significant differences in various identification indicators were found among the materials. Under saline-alkali stress, their relative seed yield was positively related with traits as RSR (relative seedling rate), RRSR (relative root to shoot ratio), RNPB (relative number of primary branches), RNES (relative number of effective siliques per plant), and 1000-RSW (relative 1000-seed weight); and was significant positive related with RWSR (relative winter survival rate) and RSNP (relative seed number per silique). Clustering analysis results showed that 20 materials could be divided into 4 levels of saline-alkali resistance, including high salt alkali resistance (Level I), relatively salt alkali resistance (Level II), weak salt alkali sensitivity (Level III), and high salt alkali sensitivity (Level IV). Through a comprehensive evaluation, 6 cultivars and lines, including Hengyou 6, 16RTS309 rotation 6, 16QD-15 rotation 8, Hengyou 8, JR6 and H614, were indentified as suitable for coastal saline-alkali soil of Hebei Province, by evaluating traits of seedling rate, overwintering rate, agronomic and economic traits. In conclusion, it was suggested that 9 indexes could be taken on identification of saline-alkali tolerant for winter Brassica rapa, including RSR, RWSR, RRSR, RPH (relative plant height), RNPB, RNES, RSNP, 1000-RSW and RSY (relative seed yield).
To improve green high-value collaboration models in Erhai Lake Basin, Yunnan Province, optimal plucking frequency for oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose rape (Brassica napus L.) was detemined by using cultivar Yunyouza 15. Field experiments were conducted to investigate growth duration and agronomic traits of rape, and also comprehensive economic value of flowering stalk and grain yield under different plucking times (i.e. 0, 1, 2 times, respectively). Moreover, nutritional quality changes of rapeseed after stalk harvesting were determined. Results showed that plucking times prolonged growth process, decreased plant height, decreased branching site and first effective branches, but increased stem diameter and rebranches number, with increased effective branches and siliques. Plucking times did not affect seeds per silique, individual plant productivity (seeds per plant) and 1000-seed weight. Compared with non-plucking, plucking once or twice did not significantly affect seed yield (the theoretical and actual yields were respectively 3836-3999 kg/hm2 and 3316-3717 kg/hm2); in the contrast, they significantly increased the yield of flowering stalk. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio of Yunyouza 15 was respectively 0.48, 1.02 and 1.55 when plucking 0, 1 and 2 times. Correspondingly, its comprehensive economic value was achieved maximum with its figure of 86 369 yuan/hm2 when plucking twice, greater than that of plucking once (53 171 yuan/hm2) and non-plucking (23 324 yuan/hm2). In addition, an increasing plucking time did not significantly affect the seed quality as erucic acid content, glucosinolate and oleic acid contents. It significantly altered the contents of oil, protein and linolenic acid of rapeseed. In conclusion, plucking flowering stalk twice could produce the highest comprehensive benefits when cultivating oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose rape in Erhai Lake Basin.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the main sources of edible vegetable oil in China. Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) proteins comprise a very important transcription factor family in plants, and its key component NF-YA usually functions with NF-YB/NF-YC dimer to form a trimer, which plays an important role in plant development and stress response. To better understand the function of BnaNF-YAfamily members in response to abiotic stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for cultivating rapeseed materials with improved stress resistance, we analyzed BnaNF-YA2 in response to abiotic stress by bioinformatics and expression patterns, by overexpressing BnaNF-YA2 in B. rapus and identifying their stress phenotypes. Identification results of cis-elements showed that the BnaNF-YA2 promoter region were rich in stress-related response elements. The expression analysis revealed that PEG, heat and low temperature induced BnaNF-YA2 expression. Results also indicated that BnaNF-YA2 overexpression might enhance the growth of B. napus under PEG and mannitol treatments during the post-germination stage. BnaNF-YA2 positively regulated the tolerance of B. napus to osmotic stress.
Higher oil product is the target of Brassica napus production. To better understand nitrogen (N) demand characteristics of oilseed rape cultivar Zhongyouza 501 for high oil product target, field experiments with different N application rates were conducted in 4 counties at Hubei Province during the 2022–2023 growing season. The dynamic changes in shoot biomass and N accumulation rate of Zhongyouza 501 were measured to analyze the responses of seed yield and oil product to N supply rates, and clarify the dynamic dry matter and N accumulation rate under high oil product targets. Results showed that sufficient N application was a prerequisite for high seed yield by increasing pod number per plant, but seed oil content was reduced by 3.3%-12.1% under high N input. The N input amount for obtaining the maximum seed yield at each experimental site was 251-285 kg/hm2, while the input could be reduced by 15%-23% for obtaining the maximum oil product. The maximum N accumulation and biomass in shoot of oilseed rape with a target seed yield of 4500 kg/hm2 were higher than those with seed yield of 3000 kg/hm2 or below by 7.2%-47.5% and 3.7%-49.4%, respectively. The rapid growth stage of oilseed rape with a target seed yield of 4500 kg/hm2 was significantly advanced, and N nutrient in shoot began to accumulate rapidly after 36 d of sowing. The biomass and N accumulation rate on shoot with a target seed yield of 4500 kg/hm2 could reached at 5880 kg/hm2and 128.5 kg/hm2 at 100d after sowing (over-winter stage), which was higher than those with seed yield of 3000 kg/hm2 or below by 1.8-4.1 times and 0.4-4.1 times, respectively. In summary, the suitable N rate for high oil product of Zhongyouza 501 cultivar was 191-257 kg/hm2, and the overwintering biomass with 5880 kg/hm2 could promote high seed yield. In production, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between N rates and seed oil content by properly reducing N fertilizer input rate to achieve high oil product per area.
To alleviate soil obstacles caused by continuous peanut cropping and to improve peanut yield and quality, impacts of functional microorganisms were investigated on biological fertility and nutrient utilization in peanut rhizosphere soil in vertisol soil area. Effects of 3 fungi (Trichoderma harcii, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Aspergillus oryzae) and 2 bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis) were studied on microbial content, enzyme activity, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen, microbial phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, nutrient in peanut kernel, agronomic characteristics and peanut pod yield by field experiment randomized block design. Results showed that, functional microorganism could increase quantity of fungi and bacteria, decrease quantity of actinomycetes; increase quantity of microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus; increase activities of catalase, phosphatase, urease, protease and sucrase in rhizosphere soil; increase content of N, P, K and Zn in peanut kernel; increase main stem height, lateral branch length, lateral branch amount, full pod amount; reduce the number of no full pod. Pod yield of peanut increased by 252.5-480.4 kg/hm2,resulting in a 5.1%-9.6% increase in production. Compared with applied bacterial fertilizer, application of fungi increased pod yield by 153.9 kg/hm2 on average, resulting in a 3.0% increase in production. With the application of 120 kg/ hm2 N, 90 kg/ hm2 P2O5, and 120 kg/hm2 K2O as a base, applying functional microorganisms at a rate of 75 kg/hm2， the average yield of peanut pods increased by 349.6 kg/hm2， with a yield increase rate of 7.0%. Moreover， pod yield reached its highest at 5464.2 kg/hm2 at Trichoderma harzianum application of 75 kg/hm2, which should be recommended in the main producing areas for summer peanut.
For high-yield and high-quality peanut cultivation in Northwestern Liaoning, field experiments were carried out in windy sandy area of Northwestern Liaoning Province. Effects of combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizers were investigated on growth, nitrogen accumulation, yield and quality of peanut in windy and sandy soil in 2021 and 2022. Controlled by no fertilizer treatment, 3 treatments were designed and tested as inorganic fertilizers (N) alone, organic fertilizers (O) alone, and combined application of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers (N+O). Plant traits included plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, yield and quality of peanut. The 3 treatments as N+O, N, and O had significantly higher plant height than CK in the middle growth stage, and N+O had significantly higher plant height than CK throughout the whole growth stages. At the flowering and pod filling stages, the N+O treatment had 7.3% and 15.8% (2021), and 14.6% and 13.4% (2022) higher dry matter accumulation than the N treatment, respectively. At the pod setting and pod filling stages, the N+O treatment had 10.2% and 15.8% (2021), and 19.6% and 13.4% (2022) higher total nitrogen accumulation than the N treatment, respectively, and at the pod filling stage, the pod nitrogen accumulation of the N+O treatment was 17.4% (2021) and 16.9% (2022) higher than the N treatment, respectively. In 2021, pod yield, kernel yield, and 100 kernel mass of N+O treatment were 14.1%, 10.5% and 9.1% higher than N, respectively. In 2022, N+O treatment had 2.4% higher protein content than N treatment. In conclusion, combined application of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers treatments increased peanut plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and total N accumulation, which ultimately increased peanut yield and improved peanut quality.
Soybean Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is an infamous soil borne disease caused by Phytophthora sojae, resulting in enormous economic losses in soybean production. In this research, we determined the sensitivity of P. sojae to 3 statin inhibitors, fluvastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin, by mycelial growth rate method. Additionally we evaluated the effect of 3 statin inhibitors on sporangia and oospores production, zoospores encystment and germination and pathogenicity of P. sojae; and predicted the inhibitors interaction with PsHMGR target by molecular docking. Results demonstrated that these 3 statin inhibitors significantly suppress P. sojae mycelial growth within a concentration range of 40-200 μg/mL, decrease sporangia and oospores production, promote zoospore encystment, the pathogenicity was decreased by 23.9%, 39.6% and 69.7% at the concentration of 40 μg/mL. Activity of atorvastatin on spore production was higher than fluvastatin and simvastatin, while the activity of fluvastatin and simvastatin on mycelial growth was higher than atorvastatin. The 3 inhibitors interact with conserved amino acids of PsHMGR through hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond, halogen bond, π-π stacking, and π-cation interactions.
To improve quality and efficiency of continuous soybean cultivation through chemical control, effects of plant growth regulators on yield and traits of continuous cropping soybeans were studied. Nongqingdou 28 was used as material from 2022 to 2023. On the continuously 5-year-soybean planted experimental site, a randomized block design was conducted for plant growth regulators test. Six plant growth regulators were used, namely mepiquate chloride, uniconazole, chlormequat chloride, Yuhuangjin, Tontianbao, and Chitosan. They were sprayed during branching stage. Effects of different regulators were investigated on physiological characteristics, agronomic traits, yield, and quality of continuous cropping soybeans. Results showed that 4 growth regulators, including Tontianbao, Yuhuangjin, Uniconazole, and Chitosan, significantly increased yield, with an increase rate of 5.55% -10.3% in 2022, and 1.95% -11.59% in 2023 respectively. The increasing effects ranked in an order from high to low as Chitosan> Uniconazole> Yuhuangjin> Tontianbao. Additionally, the application of Tonianbao, Yuhuangjin, Uniconazole and Chitosan increased content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in soybeans, although reduced plant height. They also increased pods number per plant, grains number per plant, and hundred- grain weight.
To find suitable high grain yield management measures for oilseed flax in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau, silicon fertilizer effect was investigated on nutrients of dryland oilseed flax under conventional drilling sowing and wide range uniform sowing. A split field experiment, designed with the main factor of silicon fertilizer application rates and sub-factor of two seeding methods, was conducted to study the effects of silicon application rates on aboveground dry matter, N （nitrogen）, P （phosphorus）, K （potassium） accumulation and distribution, grain yield under different sowing patterns during the whole growth period. The main plots was designed with silicon fertilizer application rates of no silicon application rate （Si0）, 75 kg·hm-2 （Si1）, and 150 kg·hm-2 （Si2）. The sub-plots was designed with seeding methods of conventional drilling sowing （R0） and wide range uniform sowing（R1）. Results showed that the above-ground dry matter accumulation and grain yield under wide range uniform sowing was increased 8.41% and 9.31% compared with conventional drilling sowing respectively. Meanwhile R1 promoted the accumulation of NPK of the whole growth period, with increased 7.61%-22.24%, 7.14%-44.06%, and 9.27%-25.80%, respectively, which in turn improved nutrients distribution in the reproductive organs at the mature stage. Aboveground dry matter, NPK accumulation and grain yield all presented Si1> Si2> Si0 with the increase in the amount of silicon. And the dry matter accumulation of Si1 increased by 9.29%-25.81% compared with that of the Si0 treatment. Nutrient accumulation showed similar change, and the promotion effect of Si application on the accumulation of each nutrient was as follows: K > N > P, and the grain yield was significantly higher by 12.31%. Dry matter accumulation contributed 13.5%-36.0% to NPK accumulation, and contributed 63.6%-87.6% to NPK contents. Compared with other treatments, Si1R1 significantly increased nutrient harvest index, partial factor productivity of silicon fertilizer and grain yield. In summary, the application of 75 kg·hm-2 silicon fertilizer （combined with wide range uniform sowing） could significantly promote dry matter and NPK accumulation, and enhance the distribution of N and P in reproductive organs, and thus improve grain yield. It was more suitable for high grain yield management measures for oilseed flax in this plateau.
To realize remote sensing monitoring of large-scale Camellia oleifera forest growth and establish a leaf potassium content (LKC) estimation model for Changlin series C. oleifera, non-destructive monitoring of LKC was conducted by hyperspectral method to investigate the response relationship between LKC and canopy spectrum. This paper took Changlin series C. oleifera as research materials, used multiplicative scatter correction and SGFD (Savitzky-Golay first derivative) to preprocess canopy spectrum, and constructed multi-band spectral indices to establish optimal LKC estimation model. Results showed that spectral reflectance in sensitive regions of green- and red-wavelengths were negatively correlated with LKC, reflecting the overall effect of nutrient content changes on photosynthetic pigments. The processing effect of SGFD was better than that of multiplicative scatter correction. The combined effect of pretreatment and spectral indices was different with the increase of spectral dimension. The maximum absolute correlation coefficient between LKC and spectral features was 0.62 at canopy scale. VCPA (variable combination population analysis)-IRIV (iteratively retaining informative variables) had a variable space compression ratio of more than 99% for spectral transformation features, which effectively improved the accuracy of the estimation models. The number of retained variables increased after MSC and SGFD pretreatment. In terms of selected wavelength combination positions, the two-band and three-band spectral indices had the characteristics of combining strong and weak spectral signals. The optimal LKC model was SGFD-NDSI-BPNN, R = 0.84, RMSEP= 0.35 g/kg, RPD= 2.56. This study expanded the application of hyperspectral technology and clarified the relationship between LKC and canopy spectrum. The LKC estimation models of Changlin series C. oleifera were constructed, which provides a theoretical basis for remote sensing monitoring of C. oleifera forest growth in large areas.
To address the rapeseed straw processing, wood-plastic composites were prepared by mixing and hot-pressing process using rapeseed straw as raw material. Effects of filling amount, particle size and polymer types of rapeseed straw on performance indexes of wood-plastic composites were systematically studied, and were compared with relevant indexes in GB/T 24137-2009. Results showed that properties of wood-plastic composites were better, when filling amount of rapeseed straw was 30% and the particle size was 80 mesh. Performance of composites prepared by polypropylene was better than that of ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, high density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. The effects of rice husk ash, hydrophilic nano-silica and hydrophobic nano-silica on performance indexes of materials were compared. It indicated that adding 5% oleophilic nano-silica or 5% rice husk ash could effectively enhance the performance of composites, with tensile strength increased by 2.01% and 11.25%, bending strength increased by 12.73% and 7.32%, and elastic modulus increased by 7.13% and 6.43%, respectively. The wood-plastic composites prepared with a formula of 25% rapeseed straw powder, 5% rice husk ash and 70% polypropylene had the best performance as tensile strength 17.83±0.56 MPa, bending strength 33.68±0.04 MPa, elastic modulus 2119.32±6.39 MPa, shore hardness 72.30±1.09 HD, water content 0.39±0.02%, and water absorption thickness expansion rate 0.58±0.00%. These performances were basically met the national standards.
