Currently, the self-sufficiency rate of domestic vegetable oil is still low. As an important oil crop in China, rapeseed contributes to nearly 50% of the oil production of domestic oil crops, and it plays a vital role in ensuring national edible oil supply security. Since the "No. 1 central document" for 2012 first proposed the comprehensive deployment of agricultural science and technology strategy, the rapeseed industry has made great progress with scientific and technological support. The "No. 1 central document" for 2023 clearly proposes to further promote the soybean and oilseed production capacity improvement project, take coordinated steps to support the rapeseed industry, promote rice-oil rotation, and vigorously develop winter idle fields. This paper systematically figured the development status of rapeseed industry from 2012 to 2022, summarized the scientific and technological progress within this sector, and analysed the current challenges and prospects. Finally, policy suggestions were put forward to support the sustainable development of rapeseed industry in China.

China's vegetable oil industry has historically relied heavily on imports, which poses a substantial risk not only to national oil supply security but also across various domains including politics and economics. Given the intricate dynamics of global power competition, it is strategically imperative to optimize domestic land resource utilization efficiently while fostering ongoing advancements in agricultural science and technology. These measures are essential for bolstering vegetable oil production capacity domestically as well as diversifying import sources. By doing so effectively addresses potential security risks linked to edible vegetable oil supply chain disruptions while simultaneously safeguarding political stability, ensuring economic resilience, and promoting public welfare.

Rapeseed is an essential oil crop in China. Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the main planting areas, which account for more than 42% of the total planted area of rapeseed in China. The area has more than 3467 ha of winter fallow field, with massive potential for utilization. The total mechanization rate of rapeseed tillage, seeding and harvesting in the 3 provinces is higher than national average. Still, the uneven development, insufficient utilization of idle fields in winter, low levels of mechanization and intelligence, are technical bottlenecks for improving whole mechanization. This paper analyzes the basic situation and existing problems of the rapeseed industry in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, combing tillage, seeding, harvesting key aspects of mechanization and intelligent technology, and gives the technical routes of the whole process of rapeseed production that could be promoted. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis of the technical characteristics and difficulties in promoting the application of the "tillage, seeding and harvesting" aspects of rapeseed production was carried out. Development trend of rapeseed production technology mode is semi-mechanized, mechanized to intelligent in the winter fallow fields. The technical development paths of each link are discribed as "anti-blocking, anti-sticky, anti-tangle, and high-speed, efficient, low consumption" mechanized tillage. Integrated tillage and seeding technology to complete multiple working procedures simultaneously. High efficiency, low consumption and low loss of rapeseed mechanized harvesting technology should be combined with harvesting and two-stage harvesting synergistic development. The mechanization technology of feeding, vegetable and fertilizer and the critical technology of intelligent rapeseed production should also be developed and applied simultaneously. To achieve high yield, several suggestions for promoting full mechanization technology model for rapeseed in the mid-winter fields of the Yangtze River are proposed.

The changes of acid value, peroxide value, phosphorus content, phytosterols, tocopherols and diglycerides of rapeseed oil, as well as the composition and content of phospholipids in degummed oil feet （oil sediment） were investigated under different degumming conditions using rapeseed crude oil as raw material. There were significant differences in degumming capabilities among water degumming and enzymatic degumming, enzymatic degumming showed more competence than water degumming, meanwhile, phospholipase A₁ enzymatic degumming was more thorough compared with that of phospholipase C. The peroxide value and acid value of rapeseed oil showed a decreasing trend after degumming, additionally, the acid value of phospholipase A₁ decreased the least. The content of tocopherols and phytosterols in degummed oil decreased slightly, with a maximum decrease of about 5%. Diacylglycerols content in phospholipase C enzymatic degumming increased significantly, meanwhile, the ratio of 1,3-diacylglycerols to 1,2-diacylglycerols in degummed oil decreased, with the ratio ranging from (2.2-3.0):1. There were significant differences in the composition and content of phospholipids in degummed oil feet after different degumming processes, which phospholipase A₁ enzymatic degumming oil feet owned the highest content of lysophospholipids, and phospholipase C enzymatic degumming oil feet had the highest content of phosphatidylinositol.

"Seven Major Crops Breeding" project is the sole special project in the field of biological seed industry during the “13^th Five-Year Plan”. It is of great significance for consolidating and leading the development direction of breeding technology and safety ensuring of China's crop seed industry. Rapeseed is one of the important objects in the project. Based on the layout and implementation of rapeseed genetic breeding, this paper summarized the main research progress, major achievements, organization and implementation management experience of rapeseed genetic breeding during the period from 5 aspects, including elite germplasm exploring, genes cloning and mechanism analysis of important agronomic traits, innovation on breeding technologies for new materials and varieties, and seed multiplication and processing technology. In addition, 3 countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for future research in this field: 1st, strengthen top-level design and systematic layout of major projects; 2nd, optimize the management system and improve the regulatory framework for biotechnology breeding; 3rd, innovate the breeding industry chain and build a seed industry innovation system with close division of labor and cooperation between science and enterprise.

To identify the pathogens responsible for peanut pod rot in Henan Province, 92 samples of peanut pod rot were collected from various geographic regions and subjected to tissue isolation techniques. Pathogens were identified based on their morphological and molecular biological, and verified using Koch's rules. The results revealed that Fusarium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Sclerotium rolfsii and Neocosmospora vasinfecta were the pathogenic fungi causing peanut pod rot in Henan Province, with Fusarium as the dominant genus. The main Fusarium species identified in this study were F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. chlamydosporum, with F. oxysporum and F. solani being the predominant species. This study further confirms that peanut pod rot is caused by multiple pathogens, providing a foundation for controlling this disease in Henan Province.

In order to further exploit the high-yield potential of peanuts and promote large-scale unit yield through demonstration, the Team of Peanut Cultivation and Physiological and Ecological Innovation Team from Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been consistently organizing high-yield research since 2013. Yields successively broken through the actual unit yield of 11 250 kg/hm², 11 700 kg/hm², and 12 000 kg/hm², with the highest yield reaching 12 982 kg/hm² in 2023. This paper conducts an analysis of the factors contributing to the high-yield records, including cultivation techniques, climate conditions, and yield components, and compares the input and output. In terms of cultivation technology, the high-yield cultivation technology system integrates single seeds precision sowing, whole process-controlled fertilization, coupling with bio-fungicides, and three-preventions and three-promotions regulatory approach. By fully utilizing the production potential of individual plants and cultivating high-quality populations to achieve high yields, which provides technical support for the next breakthrough in achieving a unit yield of 13 500 kg/hm².

Rapeseed is one of the crops that require the highest amount of boron, and additional application of boron fertilizer is necessary for production to prevent significant reduction in yield. To enhance the utilization efficiency of boron in rapeseed, we employed 2016-XFSB as a donor parent, which carries the superior allele Bna.A03NIP5;1, and used 621R as the recurrent parent. Through MAS-aided backcrossing, we successfully introduced the superior allele Bna.A03NIP5;1 into 621R and developed a near-isogenic line named 621R ^NIP5;1A3 . Subsequently, new hybrids were generated by crossing both 621R and 621R ^NIP5;1A3 with a nuclear male sterility line RG430A. Hydroponic experiments and various soil cultivation experiments were conducted to evaluate agronomic traits performance of both 621R and 621R ^NIP5;1A3 lines as well as their hybrids. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in boron utilization efficiency for both 621R ^NIP5;1A3 line and its hybrid counterparts. Moreover, these improved materials exhibited notable advantages in biomass accumulation, plant height development, silique length extension, number of grains per silique incrementation, and seed weight enhancement. The findings from this study provide valuable insights for breeding boron-efficient varieties in Brassica napus.

To improve peanut yield, density effect of single-seed sowing was explored on flowering dynamics and fruiting characteristics. A common large peanut variety Huayu 25 was used as material, 4 treatments of single-seed sowing of 278 000 plants·hm^-2 (S9, plant spacing 9 cm), 208 000 plants·hm^-2 (S12, plant spacing 12 cm), 167 000 plants·hm^-2 (S15, plant spacing 15 cm) and double-seed sowing of 278 000 plants·hm^-2 (D18, plant spacing 18 cm) were set under the same row spacing. Differences were investigated on flowering habits, needle formation, pod development dynamics, pod setting range and yield of peanut. Results showed that different densities of single-seed sowing could all promote peanut early flowering, with more flowerings. They increased the number of effective needles and promoted pod development to different degrees. The effect was most obvious under low density conditions. From the perspective of population indicators, under single-seed precision sowing mode of 208 000 plants·hm^-2, peanuts have the highest number of flowerings, effective needles, and pods, the largest pod volume, pod fullness, and the highest yield level. Different densities of single-seed sowing changed pod setting range and pod spatial distribution of peanuts. The pod setting range increased with the decrease of density. However, most of the pods (more than 95%) in each treatment were still distributed within the spatial range of 6.0 cm radius. Under single-seed sowing of 208 000 plants·hm^-2 (plant spacing 12.0 cm), the pod setting range was close to half of plant spacing which was more conducive to uniform distribution of pod among populations.

PAP2 （Production of anthocyanin segment 2） encodes MYB transcription factor, and regulates anthocyanin synthesis by forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex with bHLH and WD40. In this study we cloned PAP2 gene in Brassica, and preliminarily verified the function of PAP2, providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica. Two and one copies of PAP2 gene were cloned from Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, respectively, and named as BcaB.PAP2, BcaC.PAP2, BniB.PAP2. These three genes are composed of 3 exons and 2 introns, encoding 247 amino acids. Based on the PAP2 gene sequences cloned in this study and other reported PAP2 gene sequences of Brassica, three pairs of primers were designed to detect the PAP2 gene of A, B and C genomes respectively, and the genomic origin of PAP2 of six species in the U’s Triangle of Brassica could be distinguished by allele specific PCR. The BjuB.PAP2 gene from the B genome of Brassica juncea was selected to construct an overexpression vector and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic Arabidopsis leaves turned purple, indicating that PAP2 gene is regulating anthocyanin synthesis. After shading treatment for 10 days, the purple color of Brassica carinata lightened, and the anthocyanin content decreased by 41.22%. Quantitative PCR and transcriptomic studies showed that the expression of BcaB.PAP2 and BcaC.PAP2 in the leaves of shading plants decreased. The expression of structural genes for anthocyanin synthesis, such as chalcone synthase gene （CHS）, chalcone isomerase gene （CHI）, flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene （F3H）, dihydroflavonol reductase gene （DFR）, anthocyanin synthase gene （ANS）, flavonoid 3-glucosyltransferase gene （UFGT） and other genes were also decreased. This study completed the cloning of PAP2 gene of Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, and carried out their evolutionary analysis. Allele specific PCR primers were designed according to the sequences of PAP2 gene cloned in this experiment and other reported genes to provide molecular markers for the genomic transmission identification of PAP2 gene in Brassica interspecific hybrids. Through the transformation of BjuB.PAP2 gene into Arabidopsis plants, it was found that PAP2 gene was involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins. It was found that the expression of BcaPAP2 gene and anthocyanin synthesis structure gene were induced by light after shading. This study cloned the PAP2 gene in Brassica and preliminarily verified its function， providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica plants.

As a novel environmental pollutant, the impacts of nanoplastics on crops have attracted more and more attention. To explore the response of soybean to polystyrene nanoplastics （PS-NPs） at physiological and gene expression levels, this experiment used hydroponics to determine the phenotype and physiological indexes of soybean seedlings after exposure to 50 mg/L 100 nm PS-NPs for 10 days, and carried out transcriptome sequencing analysis of soybean seedling root system. The results showed that the growth of the soybean seedlings was inhibited, the root morphology changed significantly, the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased to a certain extent, the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） increased significantly, and the content of soluble sugar decreased after PS-NPs exposure. Transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 2112 differentially expressed genes were generated by PS-NPs exposure treatment, GO and KEGG analysis showed that they were mainly enriched in pathways related to redox reaction, reaction to ethylene and abscisic acid, amino acid metabolism and synthesis of other secondary metabolites. It was noted that 250 transcription factors were differentially expressed, mainly including the ERF, WRKY, NAC, bHLH and MYB transcription factor families. This experiment lays a foundation for further exploring the impact of nanoplastics on crops such as soybeans and its molecular mechanism.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a unique oil plant that has attracted worldwide attention due to its high content of liquid wax esters in its seeds. The oil content of jojoba seeds accounts for approximately 60% of the dry weight of the seeds, with liquid wax esters accounting for over 95% of the total oil content. Liquid wax esters have excellent properties such as oxidation resistance, high temperature resistance, and high insulation, making them widely applicable in fields such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, and lubricants. In the early stage, our research showed that fatty acyl CoA reductase (FAR) and wax synthase (WS) in jojoba seeds are key enzymes for liquid wax ester synthesis, while the high expression of WS and extremely low expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in jojoba seeds cotyledon are the main reasons why jojoba seeds can accumulate a large amount of liquid wax esters. The WS in jojoba seeds mainly synthesizes liquid wax esters of C42- C44 using C20:1-C22:1 fatty alcohols and fatty acids as substrates. High erucic acid rapeseed contains abundant C22:1, making it an excellent receptor material for heterologous biosynthesis of jojoba oil. This article systematically describes the research progress and application prospects of jojoba oil. Combining the biosynthetic pathway of jojoba oil and the substrate preference of WS, it proposes the idea of using biotechnology to synthesize jojoba oil in high erucic acid rapeseed, providing reference for the industrial development of jojoba oil.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was one of the major sources for edible vegetable oil in China, which also has various uses for feeding, adoption, honey, sightseeing, soil improvement and industry. With rapid development and wide application of new techniques in genome sequencing, genotyping, and phenotyping, major achievements in functional genomics have been achieved in B. napus in recent years, including identification and cloning of genes related to agronomically important traits. Here we summarized the research progress of rapeseed functional genomics, listed the key genes and their functions controling agronomically traits such as seed yield, seed quality, flowering time, plant architecture and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and discussed the application potential and strategies of these key genes in breeding by molecular design in B. napus. This review might provide a valuable reference for cultivating excellent rapeseed cultivars and would be of great significance to ensuring the safety of oil supply in terms to key germplasms in China.

Peanut is widely grown in more than 100 countries in the world and can be processed for oil, peanut butter, confectionary, or direct consumption （fresh, baked or roasted）. It is an important source of edible vegetable oil and protein. High yield, high quality, pest and disease resistance are the main objectives of peanut breeding. The majority of released peanut varieties were developed by conventional breeding methods with high cost, lengthy selection processes and low efficiency. Marker-assisted selection can greatly improve the precision and breeding efficiency. High-density genotypic data is prerequisite for QTL mapping and identification of molecular markers for yield, quality and disease resistance traits in peanut. The release of the whole genomic sequences of three peanut cultivars in 2019, including two elite Chinese founder varieties Shitouqi and Fuhuasheng, and a popular U.S. peanut variety Tifrunner, greatly promoted the identification and application of molecular markers for peanut breeding. In recent years, molecular markers for oleic acid content, oil content, root-knot nematode resistance, rust resistance, leaf spots resistance, and yield-related traits have been developed. Peanut varieties or breeding lines combining high oleic acid with high oil content, high oleic acid with resistance to diseases such as rust, bacterial wilt, or root-knot nematode were successfully developed through marker-assisted selection. Utilization of wild relatives in peanut germplasm, development of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms, and application of genomic selection would be of high priority in peanut breeding in the future.

Clarifying the development of rape’s total factor productivity in China since the Reform and Opening-up is a logical starting point to improve the comprehensive production capacity of rape. Based on the input-output related data of 11 rape main producing provinces during 1979-2020, this paper analyzes the dynamic evolution and convergence based on the total factor productivity measured by using Global Malmquist index, using kernel density estimation, δ convergence and β convergence, respectively. The results show that, according to the time-series characteristics, China's total factor productivity of rape has achieved certain growth in the midst of dramatic fluctuations since the Reform and Opening-up, demonstrating a technology-induced growth pattern, whereas technical efficiency does not contribute significantly to it. From the dynamic evolution, the geographical variations in the rise of rape's total factor productivity keep getting smaller. From the perspective of convergence, the overall δ value of total factor productivity of rape is fluctuating and decreasing, and has essentially stabilized around 0.01 since 2012, displaying an clear convergence tendency, confirming the existence of δ convergence. The absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence of rape’s total factor productivity exist. The convergence model’s convergence is still significant after accounting for the spatial effect, and there is a favorable spatial spillover effect. It suggests countermeasures to support the development of a national rapeseed industrial technology system, execute a regionalized development plan, and encourage coordinated regional development in order to further increase the total factor productivity of rapeseed.

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different application rates of potassium chloride （KCl） on biomass, seed yield, and nutrient accumulation and distribution in oilseed rape at both the seedling and maturity stages. The study was carried out in Jiangxia District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2021 to 2022. This research aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimal application of potassium （K） fertilizer in oilseed rape cultivation. Six treatments were applied, including K₀ （K₂O 0 kg/hm²）, K₃₀ （K₂O 30 kg/hm²）, K₆₀ （K₂O 60 kg/hm²）, K₉₀ （K₂O 90 kg/hm²）, K₁₂₀ （K₂O 120 kg/hm²） and K₁₅₀ （K₂O 150 kg/hm²）. The results indicated that the biomass of all oilseed rape organs at both seedling and maturity stages, as well as seed yield, significantly increased within a certain range of increasing levels of K fertilizer. The maximum increase in seed yield was observed to be up to 1199.6 kg/hm² with an increase ratio of up to 57.20%. When the application rate of K exceeded 120 kg/hm², there was no significant increase in shoot biomass and seed yield. With increasing K fertilizer application, there was a significant increase in K content across all organs. However, N content did not show significant changes at both the seedling and maturity stages. Notably, P content in seeds at the maturity stage exhibited a significant increase. The partial factor productivity of K fertilizer significantly decreased with increasing K fertilizer application. However, the agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency and harvest index of K fertilizer all reached their maximum at an application rate of 90 kg/hm². Subsequently, these efficiencies gradually decreased with further increases in K fertilizer. Economic analysis revealed that the output-input ratio and net income were optimized at a K application rate of 120 kg/hm². Further increases in K fertilizer would lead to reduced economic efficiency. In addition, the optimal application rate of K fertilizer for maximizing economic efficiency in this region is determined to be 114.6 kg/ hm² based on a combination of linear and platform fitting results. Consequently, rational utilization of K fertilizer can significantly enhance shoot biomass and promote the accumulation of essential nutrients （N, P, and K）, thereby resulting in increased plant height, primary branch count, pod number, and ultimately achieving higher yields while ensuring maximum economic efficiency.

Guizhou Province is one of the main producing areas of Camellia oleifera in China. In recent years, the area of newly planted C. oleifera forest has been expanding, which led to a larger yield potential in Guizhou Province. This paper combeded the main problems of camellia processing industry development in Guizhou Province, including a lack of scale production, basic research and deep processing technology, as sell as a lack of powerful brands and quality management system. It foucused on discussion of processing industry, and pointed out keys to healthy develop Guizhou camellia processing industry. In addition, it also put forward suggestions and countermeasures for development of camellia processing industry in Guizhou from 6 aspects: promoting the transformation and upgrading of camellia processing, extending the industrial chain of camellia processing, encouraging the diversified development of industry, cultivating large and medium-sized camellia processing enterprises, implementing brand development strategy, building scientific research platform, accelerating technological innovation and upgrading, and improving product quality standard system, in order to promote healthy and rapid development of camellia processing industry in Guizhou Province.

Sesame is a traditional high-quality oil crop in China, and it is also one of the sixth largest oil crop widely planted in the world. With the release of the physical map of sesame genome, there are more and more biological studies on sesame, but its origin and domestication are still controversial. This paper summarizes the change and current status of the global distribution of cultivated sesame, the progress of research related to the origin and domestication of cultivated sesame and its wild relatives. From the perspective of historical documents, the reasons for the confusion between the Chinese names of “Zhima” and "Huma" is discussed, and the Chinese translation of the family name and genus name in the taxonomy of sesame is recommended. The review will provide theoretical reference for the in-depth and scientific understanding, research and utilization of sesame and its relative species.

Lignocellulose, composing of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, is an important component of plant cells. It can enhance the mechanical strength of plant cells and tissues, and is of great significance for ensuring the transport of plant nutrients and stem support. Rapeseed is one of the most significan oil crop in China and the world. It can be used for oil, feeding, vegetables, honey and sightseeing. Lignocellulose can also effectively guarantee the mechanical strength of plant cells and tissues, and improve the resistance to lodging, diseases and insects. The research progress of lignocellulosic synthesis and the regulation mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana and rapeseed is reviewed. The research of lignocellulosic in Arabidopsis thaliana is expected to promote the further research of rapeseed, and the potential application of the lignocellulosic research in rapeseed is discussed.

In order to verify the effects of different storage methods on the germination of peanuts, the high oleic acid peanut variety Yuhua 37 and Kainong 1715, the high oil peanut variety Yuanza 9102 and Yuhua 9326 were used as test materials, and different storage temperatures and packaging methods were selected to study the effects of different storage methods on seed germination ability, oxidation degree and endogenous hormone content. The results showed that peanut type, storage temperature and packaging method had significant effects on the storage resistance of peanut seeds. Higher oleic acid content, low temperature and storage conditions in ziplock bags could effectively slow down the oxidation process and maintain the content of endogenous hormones in seeds at a relatively high level, thus ensuring seed vigor and germination ability. Compared with normal temperature storage, low temperature storage could better maintain the vitality of seeds. After 39 months of low temperature storage, the average germination rate of the four varieties was above 82%, while the average germination rate of the four varieties stored at normal temperature was less than 32%. The packaging method of ziplock bags was better than plastic bags and mesh bags. After 39 months of low temperature storage, the germination rates of ziplock bags, plastic bags, and mesh bags were maintained at about 85%, 83%, and 80%, respectively. After 39 months of normal temperature storage, the germination rates of ziplock bags, plastic bags, and mesh bags were maintained at about 38%, 33%, and 24%, respectively. The peanut varieties with high oleic acid were more resistant to storage. After 39 months’ storage, the average germination rate of two high oleic acid varieties could be maintained above 75%, but the average germination rate of two normal peanut varieties was less than 40%. As far as peanut types are concerned, the storage resistance of high oleic acid peanuts is better than that of ordinary peanuts, and reducing the ambient temperature and increasing the sealing degree of the package can also improve the activity of the seeds after storage to a certain extent.