As the world's largest peanut-producing country, the peanut industry in China assumes significant strategic importance in guaranteeing national grain and oil security, facilitating farmers' income growth, and propelling rural revitalization. In recent years, under the guidance of the national agricultural science and technology innovation strategy, peanut breeding and cultivation techniques have been continuously refined, resulting in a steady enhancement of yield and quality. This has gradually contributed to the establishment of major production areas, including the Huang-Huai-Hai region, Northeast China, the Yangtze River Basin, and South China. Nevertheless, the industry still confronts challenges such as uneven regional development in mechanization, weak linkages among various segments of the industrial chain, and a low proportion of deeply processed products. The No. 1 central document of 2025 explicitly put forward for the first time the initiative to "tap the potential of expanding peanut planting," thus charting a course for the industry's high-quality development. This article comprehensively summarizes the current development status of China’s peanut industry through in-depth investigation and systematic data analysis. It thoroughly analyzes the constraints faced by the industry and proposes countermeasures and suggestions to promote high-quality development. Research indicates that by fully stimulating market demand potential, optimizing regional layouts, enhancing technological innovation capabilities and coordinating the entire industry chain, and increasing policy support, China’s peanut planting area is expected to expand from the current 72 million mu to 87-90 million mu by 2035. Moving forward, China’s peanut industry aims to steadily advance along a sustainable development path characterized by “technology enhancing quality, quality forging brands, and brands driving the industry,” ultimately achieving comprehensive industrial upgrading and high-quality development.

Phytosterols, as lipid concomitant in oil crops, have physiological functions as lowering cholesterol, anticancer and antioxidant. Phytosterols content in vegetable oil changes with the processing of oil crops, result in varied oil quality and application value. It is significant to study the effect of oil crops processing methods on content and distribution of phytosterols in vegetable oil. In this paper, we systematically analyzed and summarized the latest research on methods for analyzing phytosterols, and discussing the effects of processing on distribution of phytosterols in vegetable oil. It was expected to provide scientific basis for the high-value processing of oil crops and the effective analysis of phytosterols.

The biosynthesis of plant lipids is a complex, multilayered regulatory process that involves a variety of transcription factors, signaling molecules, and their interaction networks. With the rapid advancement of genomics, transcriptomics, and functional genomics technologies, significant progress has been made in elucidating the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying plant lipid biosynthesis. This review summarizes the most recent research on the key transcription factors and their regulatory networks in lipid biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the regulatory mechanisms of transcription factors such as WRI1 and LAFL network, as well as their interactions with other signaling pathways. Furthermore, the review highlights the latest advancements in metabolic engineering strategies aimed at enhancing plant lipid yields through transcription factor modulation. It also discusses the potential applications and strategies for utilizing transcription factor regulatory networks in molecular breeding, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for genetic engineering improvements and crop breeding in plant lipid biosynthesis.

Walnuts are rich in oils, proteins, and various trace nutrient active components, and their processed products are widely used in food, feed, and other fields. Developing walnut processing technology is of great significance in promoting the progress of the walnut industry, improving product quality, and reducing walnut production costs. This article mainly provides an overview of the nutritional components of walnuts, walnut pretreatment techniques (baking, frying, microwave), oil extraction techniques (low-temperature pressing, hydration, organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction, subcritical extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, enzyme assisted extraction), walnut protein (alkaline acid precipitation, ultrasound assisted extraction, reverse micelle extraction), and walnut peptide preparation techniques (enzymatic preparation, fermentation preparation). The characteristics of these techniques are analyzed and discussed, aiming to provide references for development of green and efficient walnut processing technologies.

Perilla seed is one of the characteristic oil-bearing crops in China. Its oilcake protein content after oil extraction could reach up to 45%. Perilla seed protein is rich in amino acids and suitable for human absorption. Its true digestibility reaches 94.2%, which shows great potential as a high-quality natural protein. However, perilla seed protein resources are often ignored, only used for low-value animal feed, fertilizer or directly discarded. Its potential value has not been fully utillized. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of perilla seed protein, we reviewed perilla composition, structure, and nutritional value. We summarized the extraction methods and functional properties of perilla seed protein, as well as optimization of its functional properties through modification. In addition, we also explored various applications of perilla seed protein in food, aiming to provide references for further development and research.

To tap the high-value utilization potential oilseed protein in food industry, 3 special oilseeds were studied. The oilseeds, including perilla (two types as perilla and white perilla), sesame and flaxseed, were extracted by alkaline extraction-isoelectric point precipitation. The protein composition, nutritional value, and functional properties were analyzed and investigated. Results revealed that the composition and distribution of subunit with regard to 3 special oilseed proteins were different. Perilla protein content was the highest (~84%). The analysis of amino acid composition demonstrated that 3 oilseed proteins had the highest content of glutamic acid, and were rich in phenylalanine and leucine. Among them, flaxseed protein possessed the highest essential amino acid index and biological value. Their isoelectric points were between 4 to 5. At pH 7, solubility of both perilla seed protein and sesame protein was the highest (~50%), emulsifying activity index of white perilla seed protein was the highest (~13 m²/g), emulsifying stability index of sesame protein was the highest (~68 min), and foaming stability of flaxseed protein was the highest (~82%). In conclusion, the composition and physicochemical properties of the 3 characteristic oilseed proteins differed, and all of them have high nutritional value.

To thoroughly examine the current status and challenges of peanut variety registration and application in China, and to support the breeding, registration, and promotion of peanut varieties, this paper provides a systematic analysis of the quantity, quality, resistance, and particularly the promotion and application of registered peanut varieties since the implementation of the non-main crops variety registration system in 2017. The results indicate that from 2017 to 2023, China has had an ample number of registered peanut varieties. The registration of these varieties is primarily led by research institutions, with varieties from major production regions dominating the registry, the Virginia and Spanish botanical types are predominant. Moreover, the number and proportion of high-quality varieties have been continuously increasing. In terms of the promotion and application of varieties, the currently leading varieties in production are mostly those that were previously released and have been re-registered. The newly developed and registered varieties are being accelerated in their promotion, and the primary regions for large-scale cultivation varieties highly coincide with the provinces where the breeding institutions are located. At present, there are still some prominent problems in the registration and promotion of varieties: Firstly, among the registered varieties, there are few specialized types suitable for fresh consumption or special processing purposes such as peanut butter production, and there is a lack of varieties suitable for mechanized production, resistant to soil-borne diseases, tolerant to saline-alkali conditions, and cold-resistant. Secondly, from the perspective of variety registration management, the application materials for some variety registrations are not standardized, and there is insufficient follow-up evaluation and supervision after registration. Thirdly, there are not many varieties with wide adaptability that can be promoted cross provincial borders. To address these issues, the following recommendations are proposed: Firstly, intensify innovation and research on peanut breeding for important traits, such as multi-resistant, suitable for mechanization, salt alkali resistant, cold resistant and other specialized varieties. Secondly, include the descriptions of important traits such as resistance to stem rot disease and pod rot disease, as well as specialized utilization when registering varieties. Thirdly, strengthen the linkage between the variety registration system and the variety protection system to enhance the protection of intellectual property rights in the seed industry. Finally, increase the promotion of excellent varieties, facilitate the widespread application of breakthrough superior varieties across the country, and contribute to increase yield and efficiency.

Brassica napus (L.) is an dominant crop for improving and utilizing saline alkali land. To explore the salt tolerant functional genes and germplasm of rapeseed, in this study, we treated 350 rapeseed accession populations with salt stress during the germination stages, and recorded the germination force, germination rate, root length ratio, hypocotyl length ratio, and fresh weight ratio under salt stress. Genome wide association study was performed by combining SNP markers based on whole genome resequencing. A total of 128 significantly associated SNPs were obtained and located in 43 candidate intervals. Among them, 6 candidate intervals contain more than 5 SNPs, distributed on chromosomes A01, A02, A09, and C08, which are the key candidate intervals in this study. Subsequently, combined with salt stress transcriptome data and gene annotation, preliminary analysis was conducted on the key genes involved in the key candidate intervals. Based on various salt tolerance indicators, 5 salt tolerant and 5 salt sensitive germplasm resources were screened. In conclusion, this study established a complete salt tolerance evaluation system for rapeseed germination stages. Through GWAS analysis, candidate regions closely related to salt tolerance in rapeseed were identified, and rapeseed germplasm resources with extreme salt tolerance and sensitivity were screened. This study provides a reference for the exploration of salt tolerance functional genes and germplasm identification in rapeseed.

To improve rapeseed yield level in China and to ensure vegetable oil supply, this study systematically analyzed the current status of rapeseed yield, regional constraining factors, and application characteristics of high-yield technologies in China based on survey data from 5360 large-scale rapeseed growers in 199 counties and districts nationwide,. Results showed that significant regional differences existed in rapeseed yield in China, with the highest yield in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and the lowest in the spring rapeseed region. Soil conditions, disaster stress, and harvest loss were common constraints, with prominent contradictions between soil and stubble in rice stubble fields, and drought and harvest loss as the main limiting factors in dry stubble fields. The technology application rate in high-yield fields was significantly higher than that in medium- and low-yield fields. Technologies such as chemical weeding and high-yield varieties had high popularity, while mechanized loss reduction and green prevention and control technologies had low penetration rates. Based on these findings, the core pathway of "one variety, two improvements, three reductions" was proposed, and the "three ones" technical model was integrated: the upper reaches of the Yangtze River mainly promoted mechanical dense planting and disease resistance and loss reduction technologies; the middle reaches of the Yangtze River focused on precision sowing, waterlogging prevention and loss reduction harvest; the lower reaches of the Yangtze River adopted precision sowing, appropriate density and precise regulation; the Huang-Huai region strengthened narrow-row dense planting and stress-resistant cultivation; and the spring rapeseed region focused on promoting seed coating, film mulching for moisture conservation and mechanized loss reduction. This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the regional quality and efficiency improvement and coordinated yield increase of rapeseed in China.

Off-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 system have long been an important issue that concerns researchers. Off-target editing might be reduced among regenerated edited plants when Cas9 is driven by a callus-specific promoter. For effective reduction, we cloned a rice callus-specific promoter P _OsCSPpro and investigated its expression activity and base editing efficiency in peanut callus. GUS histochemical staining revealed that P _OsCSPpro was active in peanut callus. The 190th amino acid P190 encoded by AhALS2 was chosen as the target site and a base editor with its cytosine deaminase and nCas9 driven by P _OsCSPpro was constructed. The base editor was transformed into peanut to determine the editing efficiency. Result showed that P _{OsCSPpro drove cytosine base editor and achieved 3.6% editing efficiency in peanut.}

Ralstonia solanacearum utilizes its type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells, inhibiting the host's immune response or disrupting normal cellular functions, thereby causing disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpressing the RipTAL gene in Nicotiana benthamiana, an effector from peanut Ralstonia solanacearum, significantly enhanced the resistance level to R. solanacearum. To further investigate the interaction mechanism between peanut and R. solanacearum mediated by the RipTAL effector protein, a normalized library of peanut root tissues induced by R. solanacearum was constructed. The candidate host target proteins interacted with RipTAL were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology. Functional annotation showed that these genes mainly involved post-translational modification, translation, ribosome structure, and biogenesis, amino acid transport and metabolism. the expression of these genes in resistant and susceptible peanut varieties induced by Phytophthora infestans, and the expression characteristics of these genes induced by different exogenous hormones. The expression patterns of these genes in different tissues and organs were elucidated based on RNA-seq analysis. Additionally, their expression level induced by R. solanacearum in resistant and susceptible peanut varieties, as well as induced by different exogenous hormones, were also investigated. Two candidate interacting proteins NPR5 and TIFY 10b, were identified using one-to-one yeast two-hybrid verification, and both of them were found to interact with RipTAL..

To comprehensively analyze transcription factor regulatory network during peanut seeds development, this study first measured phenotypic data of seeds and pods at 3 different developmental stages (5 d, 25 d, and 45 d) after fruit needle entered to soil. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing was performed for gene expression analysis, identifying a total of 71 044 expressed genes, of which 5198 were newly identified transcripts. The study identified 5159 (25 vs 5), 7714 (45 vs 5), and 1712 (45 vs 25) differentially expressed genes at the 3 different developmental stages. Differential genes were studied by analyzing their involvements on biological metabolic pathways. Results showed that the most metabolic pathways focused on 25 d-seeds after fruit needle entering the soil. When 45 d after needle entering, the number of metabolic pathways decreased, but oil synthesis was becoming dominant. Based on differential gene profile, 544 transcription factors were screened, and a transcriptional regulatory network was constructed, which was mainly involved in important pathways related to seed development, such as plant hormone signal transduction, circadian rhythm regulation, and MAPK signaling pathways. Further research showed that 18 transcription factors were specifically highly expressed in seeds, and were positively correlated with developmental rate of the seeds in terms of oil accumulation-related transcription factors family ABI, NFYB, and WRI, which were verified by qPCR.

In order to achieve the minimally suitable and classified processing of flaxseeds, this study comparatively analyzed physical properties, anti-nutritional factor contents, and key lipometabolic activities of 30 varieties of Chinese flaxseed. Results indicated that flaxseed possesses unique physical characteristics, with flat seeds, hard seed coats, and a dense combination with endosperm, which showed significant variety differences. Among them, length and width ranged 0.32-0.54 cm and 0.2-0.26 cm, respectively. Hardness and elastoplasticity ranged 75.6-102.9 N and 0.75-0.87, respectively. Elasticity values were greater than 0.3 mm for all but a few varieties. Activities of lipolytic and oxidative enzymes also showed significant variety differences. Activity ranges of lipase, phospholipase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase were 61.26-167.14 U, 112.73-503.29 U, 292.90-1283.06 U, and 12.55-50.41 U, respectively. Additionally, contents of anti-nutritional factors in flaxseeds showed significant variety differences. Specifically, the activity ranges for lipase, phospholipase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase in the 30 varieties were 61.26-167.14 U, 112.73-503.29 U, 292.90-1283.06 U, and 12.55-50.41 U, respectively. Principal component analysis results indicated that data points from different varieties showed a clear dispersion, suggesting that physicochemical properties, lipolytic enzyme activities, and anti-nutritional factor content have distinct variety and geographic specificities. Cluster analysis results showed that Gansu-produced Xiaohuangzi series 3 and 5 had lower lipolytic enzyme activities and relatively fewer anti-nutritional factors, making them more suitable for whole flaxseed cooked processing. Longya series had better elasticity and elastoplasticity, which suitable as raw materials for flax oil extraction.

Protoplast fusion represents a pivotal biotechnological approach for surmounting distant hybridization barriers and innovating novel germplasm in Brassica napus. This review systematically elaborates on the application of protoplast fusion in somatic hybridization between B. napus and other cruciferous species, including Isatis indigotica and Orychophragmus violaceus. It synthesizes advancements in resistance trait introgression, quality enhancement, and male-sterile line development via this technology. Current limitations, such as suboptimal fusion efficiency and alien chromosome instability, are also critically discussed. Furthermore, the potential of somatic hybridization between B. napus and B. oleracea var. acephala (ornamental kale) is evaluated. Based on these insights, a breeding strategy is proposed to create multifunctional germplasm: utilizing the Guizhou-localized B. napus line DW871 (characterized by diverse flower colors, high yield, and elevated oil content) as the recipient, ornamental traits (e.g., leaf color and morphology) from ornamental kale are introgressed via somatic hybridization. This approach aims to develop agri-tourism integrated B. napus varieties with combined ornamental foliage, attractive flowers, and oil-production functionality.

To excavate elite perilla accessions for breeding and utilization or direct application in production, 40 perilla variety resources were used as materials in this study. Ten agronomic traits were investigated including plant height, growth period, leaf size, biological yield, total panicle number and seed yield related indexes, and 7 quality characteristics, such as oil content, linolenic acid and rosmarinic acid of leaf, were evaluated comprehensively in 2 areas (Wuhan, Hubei Province and Changde, Hunan Province) from 2021 to 2022. GGE biplots were constructed to analyze their adaptability and stability by weighted membership function value. Results showed that the variation degree of yield traits (seed yield per hectare area) for these perilla materials was the largest, followed by grain weight per plant and total panicle number. Six materials (S13, S15, S30, S25, S31 and S37) with high oil content and high linolenic acid content, 3 with high-rosmarinic acid in leaf (S4, S15, S29), 2 with excellent comprehensive traits and good adaptability and stability (S25, S22), 3 large leaf type materials (S25, S29, S34) were screened out. Our research was expected to provide materials and references for the breeding of new perilla varieties and the development and utilization of multi-functional functions.

Guangdong is an important region for double-season rice production in China. To optimize planting structure of the whole province, and to improve its grain and oil self-sufficiency rate, we evaluated the suitable planting areas for "rice-rice-oil" triple cropping system rotation model in Guangdong. We used 8 short-growth period rapeseed (Brassica napus) varieties to analyze photothermal requirements for high yield and intact growth periods of rapeseed, with the objects to match climate resources of double-season rice zoning in Guangdong. Results indicated that 8 counties/districts had suitable temperature, with a large diurnal temperature range and balanced precipitation distribution, and with the rice double-cropping growth period ranges less than 210 days. The 8 areas are Wengyuan County, Zhenjiang District, Wujiang District, Qujiang District Heping County, Lianping County, Jiaoling County, and Mei County. These areas are more suitable for planting short-growth period rape with an annual application potential of 51 000 hectares for "rice-rice-rapeseed" system. In 27 counties/districts where rice double-cropping growth period ranges between 210 to 235 d, including Nanxiong City, Shixing County, Renhua County in most parts of northern Guangdong and northern parts of the Pearl River Delta. Earlier-maturing rape varieties as Xiangyou 420 and Zhongyou 990 were suitable for production, with an annual application potential of 276 000 hectares for the system. In regions of northern Guangdong as Shaoguan, northern Qingyuan, most parts of Yunfu City, central of the Pearl River Delta, northern parts of western Guangdong, and central and northern parts of eastern Guangdong, where winter precipitation is relatively low and diurnal temperature range is small, there was a risk of frost damage during rape flowering in some high-altitude areas, e.g. these regions were classified as suboptimal areas for the system. In other areas, rape growth and yield formation are significantly affected by weather. The areas include mountainous regions of northern Guangdong, central and southern parts of the Pearl River Delta, central and southern of western Guangdong, and most parts of eastern Guangdong, by their low precipitation during late rape growth period, high temperatures at rape maturity, and occasional low temperatures in high-altitude areas of northern Guangdong. These areas could be categorized as unsuitable for "rice-rice-rapeseed" system. Overall, "rice-rice-rapeseed" rotation cropping system in Guangdong might choose short-growth rapeseed varieties with a full growth period of fewer than 150 d. The triple-cropping mode is most suitable or suitable in 35 counties/districts, mainly located in the main double-season rice-producing areas in northern Guangdong and the northern part of the Pearl River Delta, with an annual application potential of 327 000 hectares. The results of this study might provide scientific guidance for production layout of "rice-rice-rapeseed" mode in Guangdong, and for adjusting planting structure to enhance grain and oil production capacity this Province.

Based on rural revitalization strategy, rapeseed industry development in Guizhou Province is not only an important task to ensure national oil security but also a key pathway for promoting high-quality agricultural development in mountainous areas. From the perspective of scientific and technological support, this paper systematically reviews current situation and challenges of Guizhou’s rapeseed industry. It analyzes the progress and typical experiences of agricultural science and technology empowerment at home and abroad, and discusses practical cases in Guizhou. It shows that although the rapeseed area and yield in Guizhou have increased rapidly, the industry still faces problems, including frequent climatic disasters, low mechanization levels, high production costs with low benefits, weak infrastructure, and insufficient technological support systems. Regional experiences (e.g. Beijing, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Tianjin) demonstrate that collaborative mechanisms linking research institutes, extension services, enterprises, and farmers are effective in promoting high-quality agricultural development. In recent years, Guizhou has explored a range of models, such as challenge-driven initiatives like the 'Unveiling the List and Appointing the Leader' demonstration projects, high-yield trials, breeding of superior and short-growth-period varieties, a science and technology commissioner system, and rapeseed flower-themed rural tourism—all of which have yielded phased outcomes. Looking ahead, efforts should be strengthened to develop high-quality, high-yield, and multi-resistant rapeseed varieties as well as short-growth-period varieties, and to promote their application in different ecological regions of Guizhou. At the same time, research and development of simplified and efficient cultivation techniques for mountain agricultural machinery and equipment, along with the construction of high-standard farmland, should be enhanced. This would facilitate the integrated and synergistic improvement of prime farmland, superior seeds, efficient machinery, and advanced practices for mountainous rapeseed cultivation, while also strengthen technology transfer, agricultural extension, and social service system. These measures are hoped to strengthen the role of Guizhou’s rapeseed industry in rural revitalization.

As an environmentally friendly cropping pattern, intercropping increases field crop diversity and system productivity, maintain farmland ecosystem stability, and is an important measure for the development of intensive ecological agriculture. However, due to the differences of component crops in intercropping systems, shading of higher crops puts lower crops at a light energy disadvantage. Shading stress becomes a major factor limiting the yield of intercropping systems and negatively affects plant morphology, leaf structure, photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of crops. Therefore, based on the results of previous researches, this paper reviews the response mechanism of crops to shading stress and measures to alleviate shading stress and improve light energy utilization in intercropping systems, with a view to providing a basis for the selection and breeding of shade-tolerant crop varieties and stable high yields in intercropping systems.

Diglycerides (DAG) are beneficial natural components of dietary fats and oils. For low-cost and high-efficiency industrial production of diacylglycerol, technology on DAG enzymatic synthesis was researched by using rapeseed oil and glycerol as raw materials. A homemade immobilised Aspergillus niger lipase ANL@PMOS was used to catalyse the glycerolysis of rapeseed oil and glycerol to prepare glycerol diesters in a solvent-free system. Process conditions of the immobilised enzyme-catalysed glycerolysis of rapeseed oil and glycerol for the synthesis of glycerol diesters were optimised through one-way experiments. In the results, the optimal process conditions were obtained as 1:1 mass ratio of rapeseed oil and glycerol, 2% lipase addition, reaction at 60℃ for 4 h. Under the above process conditions, glycerol diesters content in rapeseed oil could reach 51.6%. This process has the advantages of low reaction cost, simple process operation and good reusability, which might provide a certain basis for subsequent industrial production of DAGs.

To solve the problem of extremely easy oxidation of flaxseed oil during storage, soybean protein isolate (SPI), chitosan (CS), and sodium alginate (SA) were used as emulsifiers to encapsulate flaxseed oil using layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, and the physical stability, antioxidant performance, and digestibility of the encapsulated oil were studied. The particle size, zeta-potential, emulsification properties, stability, antioxidant properties and digestion characteristics of multilayer nanogel emulsion were determined. Results indicated that multi-layer nanogel emulsion (containing 1% SPI, 0.2% CS and 0.2% SA) exhibited a smaller average particle size, higher zeta-potential, and higher emulsifying activity and stability. Low field nuclear magnetic analysis showed that addition of 0.2% SA increased the content of unmovable water in emulsion, leading to a more uniform distribution of the emulsion. Dynamic light scattering and oxidation analysis exhibited that the addition of 0.2% SA improved physical stability of the multi-layer nanoemulsion, and significantly decreased hydroperoxide value and thiobarbiturate value of the oil. Additionally, digestive properties analysis showed that the addition of 0.2% SA made oil droplets more evenly distributed and slowed down release rate of free fatty acids. In summary, multilayer nanogel emulsion constructed by adding an appropriate amount of SA significantly improved the physical stability and antioxidant capacity of flaxseed oil, slowed down the release rate of free fatty acids, and improved the bioavailability of flaxseed oil, providing a theoretical basis for its application in the food industry.