Sesame is a traditional high-quality oil crop in China, and it is also one of the sixth largest oil crop widely planted in the world. With the release of the physical map of sesame genome, there are more and more biological studies on sesame, but its origin and domestication are still controversial. This paper summarizes the change and current status of the global distribution of cultivated sesame, the progress of research related to the origin and domestication of cultivated sesame and its wild relatives. From the perspective of historical documents, the reasons for the confusion between the Chinese names of “Zhima” and "Huma" is discussed, and the Chinese translation of the family name and genus name in the taxonomy of sesame is recommended. The review will provide theoretical reference for the in-depth and scientific understanding, research and utilization of sesame and its relative species.
In order to clarify the key meteorological factors affecting rapeseed yield in the southern part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and improve the efficiency of rapeseed breeding, the meteorological data of the three-year test sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2018 to 2020 and the 106 rapeseed varieties participating in the national winter rapeseed variety experiment were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that, under the same cultivation conditions of rapeseed varieties, the yield per unit area in the southern region was 2307.15 kg/hm2, which was 25.28% lower than that in the northern region, among them, the 1000-grain weight, the number of seed per pod, the effective branch number and the disease index of sclerotiorum were the most different, which decreased by 16.09%, 4.43%, 9.19% and 27.84% respectively. Pathway analysis showed that the yield composition of rapeseed varieties in the southern region was significantly different from that in the north, Path analysis showed that the yield composition of rape varieties in southern China was significantly different from that in northern China. The direct effect of southern on yield per piot was effective branch number (0.2538) > 1000-seed weight (0.2887) > number of seeds per corner (0.1469) > disease Index of Sclerotiorum (-0.3981), while the direct effect of northern on yield per piot was whole growth period (0.5798) > effective pod per plant (0.2128) > number of seeds per pod (0.1624) > 1000-seed weight (-0.1630). Regression analysis of meteorological factors and yield showed that the yield of rapeseed in southern was significantly negatively correlated with the average temperature in November, the diurnal temperature difference in January and March was positively correlated, the lowest temperature in November and December was negatively correlated, the lowest temperature in February and April was extremely positively correlated, and the rainfall in February and April was negatively correlated. From the whole growth period, the main meteorological factors affecting rapeseed yield in the southern part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were the diurnal temperature difference the lowest temperature and rainfall. In the breeding strategy, in addition to breeding rapeseed varieties with high temperature tolerance and waterlogging tolerance, the southern region should also strengthen the selection of 1000-grain weight, effective branch number and number of grains per horn, so as to provide theoretical basis for further improving the yield of rapeseed in the southern region.
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a unique oil plant that has attracted worldwide attention due to its high content of liquid wax esters in its seeds. The oil content of jojoba seeds accounts for approximately 60% of the dry weight of the seeds, with liquid wax esters accounting for over 95% of the total oil content. Liquid wax esters have excellent properties such as oxidation resistance, high temperature resistance, and high insulation, making them widely applicable in fields such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, and lubricants. In the early stage, our research showed that fatty acyl CoA reductase (FAR) and wax synthase (WS) in jojoba seeds are key enzymes for liquid wax ester synthesis, while the high expression of WS and extremely low expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in jojoba seeds cotyledon are the main reasons why jojoba seeds can accumulate a large amount of liquid wax esters. The WS in jojoba seeds mainly synthesizes liquid wax esters of C42- C44 using C20:1-C22:1 fatty alcohols and fatty acids as substrates. High erucic acid rapeseed contains abundant C22:1, making it an excellent receptor material for heterologous biosynthesis of jojoba oil. This article systematically describes the research progress and application prospects of jojoba oil. Combining the biosynthetic pathway of jojoba oil and the substrate preference of WS, it proposes the idea of using biotechnology to synthesize jojoba oil in high erucic acid rapeseed, providing reference for the industrial development of jojoba oil.
The FRIZZYPANICLE ( FZP) gene encodes the AP2/ERF transcription factor and is involved in plant architecture (shoot branching) regulation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which is an important target gene for the improvement of plant architecture in rapeseed. In the present study, we assessed the functions of rapeseed homologues of FZP gene in rapeseed at first time. According to the rapeseed bioinformatics analysis and gene cloning, we identified six copies of BnaFZP in Brassica napus genome. There is only an exon for all copies, which contains a conserved AP2-domain at N-terminal of their proteins. Gene expression analysis revealed that the BnaFZP expression levels were very low in different tissues, with a relative higher expression in roots, petals and siliques. A total of 48 targeted mutants with loss-of-function alleles at different copies of BnaFZP gene were obtained at T0 generation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The induced mutations were stably transmitted to successive generations, and a variety of BnaFZP homozygous T-DNA-free mutants were obtained in the T1 generation. Phenotypic observation of the obtained mutants showed that the homozygous BnaA02g35090D / BnaC02g08170D double mutants and homozygous BnaC03g09100D / BnaA02g35090D / BnaC02g08170D triple mutants presented significant much shoot branching, which indicted that BnaFZP is involved in the regulation of plant architecture. Collectively, the mutants generated in this study would provide valuable resources for both basic studies and breeding programs.
In order to investigate the distribution of quality parameters of rapeseed in Tibet, explore the quality difference between rapeseeds from Tibet and Yangtze River basin, and clarify the advantageous indexes of rapeseed from Tibet, for selecting high-sterol varieties, we analyzed the oil content, fatty acid and phytosterol content of 31 samples from Tibet and 448 samples from Yangtze River basin in 2021. The results indicated that the average oil content of rapeseeds from Tibet is significantly higher than that of rapeseeds from Yangtze River basin, while the average phytosterol content of rapeseeds from Tibet is significantly lower than that of rapeseeds from Yangtze River basin. Because the sterol content in rapeseed is negatively correlated with erucic acid content, low erucic acid rapeseed was selected in 2022 to verify that the substandard erucic acid is an important cause of the lower average sterol content of rapeseed from Tibetan region than that of rapeseeds from Yangtze River basin, and the double low rapeseed varieties with higher oil content than that in Yangtze River basin and all higher sterol content were screened, including Xinyou 20, Qingxiangyou 168, Xinyou 17 and Zangyou 12, which can be taken as high sterol rapeseed varieties, which are of great significance to improve the overall quality of rapeseed and support the consolidation and expansion of the achievements of poverty elimination.
To improve rapeseed resistance to clubroot, Huashuang 5R and Huayouza 62R (carrying PbBa8.1 locus and CRb locus, respectively) were used as donor parents for transferring the resistant genes into the elite temperature-sensitive pol CMS line 616A, by combining with successive backcross and marker-assisted selection. By the process, three improved temperature-sensitive pol CMS lines 616A PbBa8.1, 616A CRb and 616A PbBa8.1 + CRb were obtained, with genetic background recovery rates of 95.45%, 94.80% and 92.58%, respectively. Subsequently, three clubroot resistant new hybrids Shengguang 128CR PbBa8.1, Shengguang 128CR CRb and Shengguang 128CR PbBa8.1 + CRb were derived from these three improved lines and 621R (the male parent of Shengguang 128). Clubroot resistance of the improved lines and the hybrids was identified by using race 4, the dominant physiological race in China. Results showed that 616A CRb, 616A PbBa8.1 + CRb and their hybrids (Shengguang 128CR CRb and Shengguang 128CR PbBa8.1 + CRb ) had immunity to race 4. The improved line 616A PbBa8.1 and the hybrid Shengguang 128CR PbBa8.1 were resistant to race 4; however, their resistance levels were lower than those of CRb-containing lines and hybrids. Evaluation of agronomic traits showed that no significant differences were observed between the improved lines and 616A, neither between the improved hybrids and Shengguang 128. The traits included plant height, number of the branch, silique length, seeds per silique and thousand seeds weight. Therefore, it is possible to use the three improved lines for breeding rapeseed hybrids with clubroot resistance.
Reducing plant height could significantly improve lodging resistance, increase planting density, and increase yield and harvest index of Brassica napus L. M6 is a semi-dominant dwarf mutant with plant height of 71cm at maturity and compact plant architecture. In order to explore the utilization value of M6 in hybrid production, F1 hybrids were generated by crossing six rapeseed cultivars (Yangguang 2009, Huashuang 5, Hua 128, Hua 919, Zheyou 7 and Zhongshuang 11) with the M6 mutant. Compared to the six wild-type rapeseed varieties, the plant height, the first primary branch height, the internode length and the branch angle of the F1 hybrids are significantly reduced. The length of main inflorescence of some hybrids did not change significantly, while the length of main inflorescence of some hybrids decreased significantly. The root crown diameter in the F1 hybrids are significantly increased compared to their corresponding of the wild-type parents. The effective branch numbers, the numbers of effective siliques on the main inflorescence, the silique number per plant and the yield per plant of most F1 hybrids increased significantly. These results demonstrated that the F1 hybrids produced between M6 and wild-type tall varieties are of semi-dwarf statures and compact plant architecture, and have strong heterosis of seed yield, indicating that M6 is an elite dwarf gene resource and has great potential value in the semi-dwarf rapeseed hybrid breeding programs.
Branch number is an important agronomic trait of soybean, closely associated with the architecture, yield potential and adaptability. To mining the stable genetic loci of soybean branch number, 148 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population crossed by Charleston (high-branched variety) and Dongnong 594 (main stem variety), and 213 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) population crossed by Suinong14 (main stem variety) and ZYD00006 (high-branched wild variety) were used as materials. With two genetic populations, we used inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method in ICIMapping software and composite interval mapping (CIM) method in Win-QTL-Cart 2.5 software for mapping the QTLs of soybean branch number trait from 2018 to 2021, and the candidate genes from the QTL interval were screened. 17 QTLs associated with branch number were detected in the RIL and CSSL population, among which qBNA2_1 and qBNK_1 were repeatedly detected on chromosome 8 and 9 in different years and population. According to gene annotation and qRT-PCR, Glyma.08G053700, Glyma.08G068200, Glyma.08G082400 and Glyma.09G167100 were predicted as candidate genes regulating soybean branch number from two stable QTLs interval. These results are helpful to understand the genetic mechanism of branch number formation and provide candidate genes and materials for studying ideal plant type of soybean.
This study aimed to understand the genetic basis of different vegetable soybean germplasm resources and the kinship of populations, 212 pairs of SSR markers were selected to carry out genotypic analysis on 84 soybean germplasm materials from China (including Taiwan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Anhui) and Japan.Furthermore, Cluster analysis was conducted according to Nei's genetic distance and unweighted matching method (UPGMA), And the hybrid model clustering method of structure software was used to infer the genetic structure of the material composition population.The results showed that the number of alleles amplified by SSR primers in the population material was 1-6, with an average of 2.08 per primer pair; Effective alleles range from 1-3.74, 1.6 on average; The average value of gene diversity is 0.29, and the average value of PIC was 0.24. The 84 materials were divided into 4 groups by cluster analysis. The results of cluster analysis were verified by two - dimensional and three - dimensional principal coordinate analysis diagrams of principal component analysis. The population structure analysis showed that when K = 4, ΔK showed an obvious peak, indicating that the optimal number of groups was 4, which was basically consistent with the results of cluster analysis. The Q values of 74 of the 84 samples were higher than 0.7, indicating that the genetic diversity of vegetable soybean germplasm resources in this population was not rich enough and the genetic background was single. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the discovery and utilization of germplasm resources with large differences in genetic background and distant relatives, strengthen the sharing and exchange of germplasm materials, and promote the development of vegetable soybean breeding.
It is of great significance for cross breeding to study the pollen fertility of castor (Ricinus communis L.) pollen of different sex types, especially pistillate lines. In this study, first of all, the pollen viability of six castor germplasm materials including the pistillate lines with a few interspersed staminate flowers (ISF) and monoecious lines was detected by TTC staining and pollen germination method, respectively. Then, the pollen morphology of these materials was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the morphological characteristics were analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that there were significant differences in the viability of pollen from different materials. The pollen viability of the ISF pistillate line HCH3 was the highest (96.97%), followed by the ISF pistillate line HCH1. The pollens of two different sex types were single, long spherical shape, long spherical in the equatorial plane view, three-split and nearly round in the polar plane view, medium in size (polar axis length 30.17-42.07 μm), belonging to N3P4C3 type. The outer wall of pollen is reticular ornamented, and the murus has a dense tuberculate form. However, there were significant differences in the polar axis length, mesh diameter, reticular ridge width and the numbers of mesh per unit area of pollen among different materials. Six castor materials were divided into two groups according to pollen size by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. This study provides new data support for pollen fertility and cross breeding of castor.
WRI1 is a kind of transcription factors with APETALA2 domain, which is essential for the oil biosynthesis. In this study, the genomic sequence of PvWRI1 was cloned from fresh leaves of Plukenetia volubilis and analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Through the construction of overexpression vector, PvWRI1 gene was transformed into tobacco to obtain transgenic positive tobacco plants. Wild type and transgenic mature seeds were harvested and the fatty acid components were determined by gas chromatography. The expression level of downstream fatty acid pathway genes of PvWRI1 was analyzed by real-time PCR. The DNA sequence of PvWRI1 was 5072 bp, the coding region is 1312 bp, encoding 436 amino acids, and including 7 exons and 6 introns. Hydrophobicity analysis showed that the protein was hydrophilic. Domain analysis showed that the protein contained two AP2/EREBP structural regions and four inherently disordered protein regions, and the secondary structure analysis showed that the protein was relatively conserved. Phosphorylation predicts the characteristics of N-terminal chloroplast transport peptides. Amino acid homology analysis showed that the AP2 domain had high homology in several species, and the phylogenetic tree showed that PvWRI1 had the highest homology with WRI1 of castor. According to the analysis of fatty acid components, the contents of stearic acid and linolenic acid increased significantly, by 16.8% and 7.5%, respectively. The total oil content of transgenic seeds increased from 12.84% to 24.06%, and it was up to 1.87 times. At the same time, the linoleic acid / linolenic acid balance ratio decreased by 7.8%. RT-qPCR results showed that overexpression of PvWRI1 gene led to the up-regulation of fatty acid pathway genes, in which WRI1 gene was most significant, and FATA, KASI and FAD3 genes were significantly up-regulated. Therefore, as a crucial regulator in fatty acid biosynthesis, PvWRI1 plays a guiding effect on improving oil content and fatty acid balance in oil plants.
In order to deeply investigate the dynamic changes of plant density tolerance in the process of genetic improvement of soybean, 50 soybean varieties bred in 1940s-2020s were selected as test materials in this study, and normal density (200,000 plants·hm-2) and high density (300,000 plants·hm-2) were set up to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the changes in photosynthetic characteristics, stem lodging resistance, yield and yield components of soybean varieties from 1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s under different densities. The results showed that the new improved varieties (1990s-2000s and 2010s-2020s) had higher photosynthetic characteristics, stem resistance, yield and yield components than the earlier varieties (1940s, 1950s-1960s and 1970s-1980s) at normal density. While at high density, the new improved varieties showed only 3.25% and 1.34% lower net photosynthetic rate and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in leaf area index of 8.02% and 8.56% in the late reproductive stage compared to normal density, which resulted in a slower rate of photosynthetic capacity decay and better green-holding compared to the earlier varieties. At the same time, the new improved varieties had 20.59% and 15.38% increase in lodging score compared with the normal density, and the increase in plant height and center of gravity height, and the decrease in stem diameter and fracture resistance were smaller than that of the earlier varieties, so plant stability was enhanced. In addition, the yield of the new improved varieties under high density significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 4.23% and 4.53%, while seeds per plant and 100-seed weight were relatively stable, decreasing only by 12.37%, 7.87% and 2.87%, 2.89%, respectively, compared with the normal density. The results of principal component analysis showed that with the advancement of the breeding process, the new improved varieties could construct a larger leaf area index at high density, enhance the greening of their functional leaves, maintain a high net photosynthetic rate, and enhance the ability of the stem to resist lodging, which fully ensured the physiological state of the plant in the late stage of fertility with stable grain filling, and laid a solid foundation for the soybean varieties to obtain high yields. Therefore, under high density, the new improved varieties have better density tolerance characteristics, their functional leaves are strong in greening, photosynthesis capacity is higher and lasts longer, the accumulation of photosynthesis products is higher, plant stability is strengthened, the phenomenon of lodging is reduced, and the population structure tends to be more reasonable, so as to maintain a high seeds per plant and a relatively stable 100-seed weight, which significantly improves the yield.
Lateral root (LR) plays an important role in plant drought resistance. This study was carried out to explore role of GmYUC12a in LR development under drought stress and lay a foundation for analysis of the response mechanism of soybean LR to drought stress. The changes of morphological characteristics, indole-3-acetic acid content and expression levels of several genes involved in IAA biosynthesis and signal transduction of roots and net photosynthetic rate (Pn ) and relative water content (RWC) of leaves have been analyzed in Xudou 18 and Xu 9302 exposed to drought stress induced by 5% (m/V) polyethylene glycol 6000 treatment. Drought stressed improved LR number and length, total root length and IAA content, GmYUC12a, GmTIR1A and GmAFB3A expression levels in roots of Xu 9302, while the opposite effects on Xudou 18 were observed, which triggering a smaller drought-induced decrease in Pn and RWC in Xu 9302. The transgenic Xu 9302 hairy root complexes were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Overexpression analyses showed that GmYUC12a caused an increase in LR number and length, total root length, IAA content and GmYUC12a, GmTIR1A and GmAFB3A expression levels in hairy roots and Pn and RWC in leaves of stressed Xu 9302 hairy root complexes. However, LR number and length did not change in stressed GmTIR1A-overexpressing and GmAFB3A-overexpressing hairy root complexes, as compared with stressed empty-vector hairy root complexes, while they increased in stressed complexes with hairy roots simultaneous overexpressing GmTIR1A and GmAFB3A. Thus, GmYUC12a up-regulated GmTIR1A and AFB3A which cooperated to induce LR development under drought stress, ultimately improving drought resistance in soybean.
In order to provide reference for sunflower cultivation in central China, the effects of different sowing dates on the flowering habits, economic traits, yield and quality of sunflower were researched. The results showed that the time from sowing to flowering was greatly shortened by transplanting seedlings than direct seeding in early spring. Except for the early-maturing variety 6K132, the maturity time of sunflower for each sowing date treatment was shortened with the delay of sowing date. The maturity time of summer and autumn sowing treatment was shortened by 9-25 days compared with that of early spring sowing, and by 9-11 days compared with that of spring sowing. The effects of direct seeding and seedling transplantation in early spring on grain yield were different between two years, and there was interaction effect with varieties; The fatty acid content of oil sunflower was significantly affected by different sowing dates, linoleic acid content of seeds harvested from summer and autumn sowing treatment increased significantly, increasing by 13.2%-39.1% and 16.0%-35.4% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The L/O (linoleic acid content/oleic acid content) ratio increased from 0.39-0.65 and 0.26-0.67 in spring sowing to 1.47-3.42 and 0.65-2.11 in summer /autumn sowing, respectively. In addition, seeds harvested from summer and autumn sowing had the best germinating ability, with emergence rates of 92.2% to 97.8% (for 2021 year) and 60.0% to 93.3% (for 2022 year), respectively. It was concluded that sunflower seeds with different L/O ratios can be produced by selecting different sowing dates in Wuhan and other central provinces. Sowing in spring can increase the oleic acid content of sunflower seeds, while sowing in summer and autumn can increase the linoleic acid content. The demand of biannual sunflower production and multi-season flower viewing can be realized in the central region, and has the potential to increase the yield through variety selection and appropriate cultivation measures. High quality seeds can be obtained by adjusting sowing date to avoid high temperature and high humidity in flowering and filling stages, sowing in summer and autumn is beneficial to improve seed quality.
In order to further tap the potential of dense planting and improve the grain yield of oilseed flax, the split plot experiment was conducted in 2021 to study the effects of increasing density （ 750 × 104, 850 × 104 and 950 × 104 grains/hm2 ） and expanding width（ 10 cm ） on the photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield formation of oilseed flax. The results showed that the leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and population growth rate of oilseed flax were significantly increased by 34.52 % - 38.66 %, 35.60 % - 36.23 % and 20.17 % - 21.60 %, respectively, compared with conventional drilling sowing treatment. And which was the largest under wide-width uniform sowing with 20 cm row spacing. Increasing of the width significantly increased the dry matter accumulation after budding stage and the dry matter distribution ratio of reproductive organs at maturity stage, and the dry matter accumulation increased with the increase of planting density at different row spacing levels. Compared with conventional drilling sowing treatment, wide sowing significantly increased the grain yield of oilseed flax by increasing the number of effective capsules per plant, with an average increase of 13.85 % - 17.38 %. Among them, the highest grain yield has reached 1884.44 kg/hm2,under the treatment of 20 cm row spacing and 950 × 104 grains /hm2 density. In summary, the combination of wide planting spacing of 20 cm and planting density of 950 × 104 grains/hm2 can effectively improve the photosynthetic capacity dry matter accumulation and grain yield of oilseed flax in the dry region of northwest.
To screen seed dressings agents for peanut production, the germination rate, seedling survival rate, and peanut yield of different peanut varieties were investigated by treating seeds with five seed dressing agents in three years in Xiangyang and Wuhan, respectively. The germination rate and seedling growth traits of infected seeds and high oleic acid seeds treated by Carbxin·Thiram were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the seedling germination rate, survival rate, and the yield of peanut varieties were improved treated by those five seed dressing agents compared to untreated control, and the seeds treated with Carbxin·Thiram had the highest germination rate, survival rate, and yield. Compared to the untreated control, Carbxin·Thiram treatment groups significantly increased in germination rate (13.2%), survival rate (17.1%), and yield (28.2%). Treatment with Carbxin·Thiram significantly improved the germination rate and survival rate of infected seeds and high oleic acid seeds, and there was no significant difference in seeding growth traits between the treatment and untreated control. The results suggested that Carbxin·Thiram was safe to peanut, and can promote peanut germination, seedling survival, and yield, especially for the infected seeds and high oleic acid seeds. Carbxin·Thiram is suitable for peanut seed dressing in the Yangtze River region.
In this study, two peanut varieties with high susceptibility to root rot were used as test materials to evaluate the effects of eight seed coating treatments on peanut emergence and seedling growth and the control effect on root rot. The objective was to identify seed coating agents that exhibited high seedling emergence rates and effective disease prevention. Field efficacy trials for controlling root rot were conducted using seed coating methods, with untreated seeds serving as the control (CK). The results indicated that all seed coating treatments promoted seedling emergence and plant growth, leading to reduced yield losses. The disease control efficacy ranged from 11.42% to 36.94% and 17.53% to 34.01% for the two peanut varieties, respectively. The main stem height, seedling emergence rate, and yield showed a significantly negative correlation with disease severity index, while exhibiting a significantly positive correlation with disease control efficacy. The seed coating agent ZYJ1 was found to effectively control peanut root rot, contributing to seedling vigor, reducing disease severity, and promoting increased yield. It demonstrated good efficacy in the prevention and control of root rot in peanuts.
In order to screen fungicides for managing peanut stem rot, the toxicity of five fungicides against Athelia rolfsii was determined through inhibiting mycelial growth and sclerotia germination under laboratory conditions. Controlling efficacy to peanut stem rot was also evaluated in the field. Results of in vitro assay showed that thiofuramide and its compound formulations exhibited stronger inhibition on the mycelial growth of A. rolfsii, with EC50 values ranging from 37.12 µg/L to 80.35 µg/L. In contrast, thiram·dimetachlone exhibited weaker inhibition on the mycelial growth, with an EC50 value of 9541.39 µg/L. The medium containing higher amounts of thiofuramide resulted in less sclerotia production by A. roflsii, while the medium with different amounts of thiram·dimetachlone did not show significant difference. All five fungicides inhibited A. rolfsii sclerotiagermination. Thiofuramide and its compound formulations on sclerotia germination decreased from 48 hours to 1 week, whereas thiram·dimetachlone exhibited consistent performance. Four fungicides, excluding thiofur·tebuconazole, exhibited field control efficacy ranging from 8.36% to 28.26%. Thiofuramide, thiofur·pyrazolate, and thiofur·azoxystrobin treatments increased peanut yield by over 20% compared to the untreated control. Based on results of in vitro assay and field tests, thiofur·pyrazolate and thiofur·azoxystrobin, were found to be effective against A. rolfsii.
This study aims to explore the piercing-sucking damage preference and mechanism of Riptortus pedestris Fabricius to pods of different soybean varieties. Forty soybean varieties were planted at the same density in separate nets and inoculated with R. pedestris, and their piercing-sucking damage to pods of different soybean varieties was observed. The pierced points per pod, percentage of pierced pods, pierced points per seed, and percentage of pierced seeds were counted. The pod surface characteristics and the anatomical characteristics of pod skin were measured at the seed-filling stage. The correlations of R. pedestris damage with pod surface characteristics (pod hair density and length) and anatomical characteristics of pod skin were analyzed. The results showed that no more than 5% of the 40 test varieties were subjected to too high or too low piercing-sucking frequency of R. pedestris. The preference and damage of R. pedestris varied among different varieties. The density and length of pod hairs and the thickness of pod skin and each anatomical layer also varied among different soybean varieties. The pierced points per pod and the percentage of pierced pods had significantly positive correlations with the pierced points per seed and the percentage of pierced seeds, respectively. The pierced points per pod and the percentage of pierced pods had negative correlations with pod hair density, pod hair length, and pod skin thickness and significantly negative correlations with the thickness of the inner cell tissue layer of the pod. The relationship between the pierced points per pod and the thickness of inner cell tissue layer was in accordance with the linear equation (F = 6.271, P = 0.013, r = -0.389) and that between the pierced points per seed and the thickness of inner cell tissue layer conformed to the linear equation (F=5.133, P=0.022, r= -0.362). The results indicated that the pod skin characteristics of soybean directly affected the piercing-sucking damage degree of R. pedestris. The soybean varieties with denser and longer pod hairs and thicker pod skin were generally subjected to milder damage, thus demonstrating stronger resistance. The thickness of the inner cell tissue layer of pod skin was the most significant factor affecting the resistance. The findings can provide a scientific basis for the selection and resistance evaluation of R. pedestris-resistant soybean varieties.
Orobanche cumana has become a bottleneck factor restricting the healthy development of the sunflower industry in China. Planting sunflower varieties resistant to broomrape is the simplest, feasible, and cost-effective control measure at present. It is important to clarify the mechanism of sunflower resistance for breeding resistant varieties to broomrape. In this study, we used the petri dish filter paper system to edaluate and identify the resistance level of 32 sunflower varieties. We selected two sunflower varieties (JK103 and LD5009) with significant difference in resistance and sensitivity level. After artificial inoculation of the G race, the differences in the number of parasitic nodulation on roots, callose deposition in cell wall, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, ROS scavenging enzyme activity and transcription expression of resistance genes between resistant and susceptible varieties were compared at germination stage, nodulation stage and shoot meristem stage. The results showed as follows: (1) The average number of parasitism tubercle in the roots of JK103 was 3.2, significantly lower than that of LD5009, which was 16.2. The callose mass deposited in the root cell wall of JK103 was significantly higher than that of LD5009; The content of hydrogen peroxide and the activities of different ROS scavenging enzymes in the roots of JK103 and LD5009 showed an initial trend of increase and then later decreased. The magnitude of the changes of the above indicators in the roots of JK103 was significantly higher than that of LD5009 at the same time point; The quantitative transcription level results of the resistance-related genes showed that, except XTH6, the relative expression content of all tested resistance-related genes, such as Ha-PR1, LOX, CAT, etc. in resistant variety JK103 was significantly higher than the susceptible variety LD5009. The above results suggested that sunflower against the infection of broomrape via structural and physiological resistance mechanism, meanwhile, the signal molecules, such as H2O2, JA and SA were also involved in the establishment of sunflower resistance upon the infection of broomrape.
Edible oils are susceptible to contamination by di-butyl phthalate (DBP) during various stages of production, processing and storage. In this paper, we have developed and optimized a highly sensitive ELISA method for the determination of di-butyl phthalate in edible oil using monoclonal antibodies as the recognition element. The results demostrated that the sensitivity (IC50) of the ELISA method was 16.29 ng/mL, and the detection range was 0.33~94.45 ng/mL (IC90~IC10) at an antigen encapsulation concentration of 1μg/mL, with 4% skimmed milk powder as the blocking agent, and the sample was used at pH 7.4 with an ionic concentration of 20 mmol/L in 40% methanol-PBS. The sensitivity (IC50) was 92.57 ng/mL, the detection range was 2.44-606.12 ng/mL (IC90-IC10), and the LOD (IC90) was 2.44 ng/mL. The matrix standard curve was established by the edible oil spiking test, and the sensitivity (IC50) was 92.57 ng/mL, the detection range was 2.44-606.12 ng/mL (IC90-IC10), and the LOD (IC90) was 2.44 ng/mL. The edible oil samples were spiked with DBP standards of 40 ng/mL, 120 ng/mL and 200 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 71.34%-97.23%, and the coefficients of variation were 1.05%-6.38%. The established DBP ELISA method was used to test the actual samples of soybean oil and corn oil, and the correlation between the results and the national standard test method reached 99.17%, indicating that the method can be used for the determination of DBP content in the actual samples of edible oil.
Stress-resistant soybean IND-ØØ41Ø-5, which contains HaHB4 gene and bar marker gene, has been granted a safety certificate for importation as a processing material into China. In this study, We designed 19 primer pairs based on the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of the stress-resistant soybean IND-ØØ41Ø-5 event, in combination with one pair of primer providing by Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia Rosario (INDEAR) S.A. The specific screening for the 20 primer pairs was performed using qualitative PCR technology. The results indicated that the primer pair of 14 at the 5' flanking sequence had good specificity. After optimization, the best reaction system and reaction procedure were obtained. The primer pair was tested for their specificity and stability, with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1% and an amplified fragment size of 248 bp. The specificity, LOD, repeatability and reproducibility of this method were verified by eight qualified laboratories, all of which met the requirements of national standards. This study successfully established a qualitative PCR method to detect the stress-resistant soybean IND-ØØ41Ø-5 event, which can provide technical support for the safety regulation of IND-ØØ41Ø-5 event in China.
Rapeseed stalk as a kind of vegetables is popular with Chinese residents. However, pesticide residues in rapeseed stalks were not well monitored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current situation of pesticide residues in rapeseed stalk from four provinces in south China, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of related industries and food safety. A total of 38 pesticide residues were detected in 86 samples collected from 4 provinces including Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan in the period of January to March 2022. The types of pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators. The test results were judged according to the Chinese National Standard GB/T 2763-2021 "National food safety standard - Maximum residue limits for pesticides in Food" and EU pesticide residue regulations. A total of 50% of the samples contained pesticide residues. The detected compounds wereprocymidone, carbendazim, paclobutrazol, quizalofop-P-ethyl and benazolin-ethyl. Although a high incidence of pesticide detection was observed, the levels of pesticides detected were low, which indicating a low risk to food safety.
Due to the high oil content and complex matrix, the extraction rate of weak polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil crops is low, which becomes the bottleneck of accurate detection of PAHs in high oil samples. In this paper, the mass spectrum signal responses of 16 PAHs were compared between GC-MS/MS detection condition -- SIM (Single Ion Monitoring) mode and Selective Reaction Monitoring (SRM) mode. The SRM mode has less interference peak and lower detection limit. The extraction effects of QuEChERS and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on 16 PAHs from soybean, rapeseed and peanut were compared. The matrix effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction was high, some PAHs matrix was reduced by more than 80%, and the extraction stability of rapeseed was poor, and some relative standard deviations reached 32% - 45%. The extraction effects of acetonitrile and acetone as QuCEhERS were compared. The results showed that acetonitrile was used as extraction solvent in QuCEhERS method, and the recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the weakest polarity was low, such as benzo-fluoranthrene and benzo-fluoranthrene, and the recovery was even less than 10%. Acetone was used as the solvent to extract PAHs, and the recovery rate of PAHs with weak polarity was improved by 3-5 times, which was suitable for extracting PAHs from high oil samples. The correlation coefficients of three oil matrix matching standard curves are all above 0.99. The recoveries of 16 PAHs were 58% ~ 100%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.4% ~ 10.6%. The method had good stability.
In order to optimize the subcritical butane extraction process for dehulled tiger nut oil, single factor experiment was taken to determine the levels of the factor, central composite face-centered design (CCF) was used to optimize the subcritical extraction conditions, based on which response surface methodology (RSM) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) models were constructed, respectively. The BP-ANN was optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the optimization results of the RSM model and PSO-BP-ANN model were compared. The optimal extraction conditions optimized by RSM and PSO-BP-ANN models were as follows: solid-liquid ratio (dehulled tiger nut: butane) was 1:10.36 g/mL, incubation time for 45 min, extraction temperature was 30℃, the rolling thickness was 0.5 mm; the solid-liquid ratio was 1:10.67 g/mL, the extraction time was 40.10 min, the extraction temperature was 34℃, and the thickness of the rolled billet was 0.5 mm. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted extraction rate of the RSM model was 91.63%, the experimental result was 94.27%, and the relative error was 2.56%. The prediction value of the PSO-BP-ANN model was 95.58%, the validation value was 95.14%, and the relative error was 0.46%. The artificial neural network coupled particle swam optimization (PSO-BP-ANN) was used to optimize the subcritical extraction process of tiger nut oil, which had advantages of high extraction rate and small error. This study can provide a reference for the application of subcritical extraction technology in the efficient production of tiger nut oil.
