The biosynthesis of plant lipids is a complex, multilayered regulatory process that involves a variety of transcription factors, signaling molecules, and their interaction networks. With the rapid advancement of genomics, transcriptomics, and functional genomics technologies, significant progress has been made in elucidating the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying plant lipid biosynthesis. This review summarizes the most recent research on the key transcription factors and their regulatory networks in lipid biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the regulatory mechanisms of transcription factors such as WRI1 and LAFL network, as well as their interactions with other signaling pathways. Furthermore, the review highlights the latest advancements in metabolic engineering strategies aimed at enhancing plant lipid yields through transcription factor modulation. It also discusses the potential applications and strategies for utilizing transcription factor regulatory networks in molecular breeding, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for genetic engineering improvements and crop breeding in plant lipid biosynthesis.
Phytosterols, as lipid concomitant in oil crops, have physiological functions as lowering cholesterol, anticancer and antioxidant. Phytosterols content in vegetable oil changes with the processing of oil crops, result in varied oil quality and application value. It is significant to study the effect of oil crops processing methods on content and distribution of phytosterols in vegetable oil. In this paper, we systematically analyzed and summarized the latest research on methods for analyzing phytosterols, and discussing the effects of processing on distribution of phytosterols in vegetable oil. It was expected to provide scientific basis for the high-value processing of oil crops and the effective analysis of phytosterols.
Walnuts are rich in oils, proteins, and various trace nutrient active components, and their processed products are widely used in food, feed, and other fields. Developing walnut processing technology is of great significance in promoting the progress of the walnut industry, improving product quality, and reducing walnut production costs. This article mainly provides an overview of the nutritional components of walnuts, walnut pretreatment techniques (baking, frying, microwave), oil extraction techniques (low-temperature pressing, hydration, organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, subcritical extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, enzyme assisted extraction), walnut protein (alkaline acid precipitation, ultrasound assisted extraction, reverse micelle extraction), and walnut peptide preparation techniques (enzymatic preparation, fermentation preparation). The characteristics of these techniques are analyzed and discussed, aiming to provide references for development of green and efficient walnut processing technologies.
Perilla seed is one of the characteristic oil-bearing crops in China. Its oilcake protein content after oil extraction could reach up to 45%. Perilla seed protein is rich in amino acids and suitable for human absorption. Its true digestibility reaches 94.2%, which shows great potential as a high-quality natural protein. However, perilla seed protein resources are often ignored, only used for low-value animal feed, fertilizer or directly discarded. Its potential value has not been fully utillized. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of perilla seed protein, we reviewed perilla composition, structure, and nutritional value. We summarized the extraction methods and functional properties of perilla seed protein, as well as optimization of its functional properties through modification. In addition, we also explored various applications of perilla seed protein in food, aiming to provide references for further development and research.
With the continuous progress of agricultural modernization, rapeseed industry is facing a challenge of transitioning from traditional production models to greener, more efficient, and more sustainable production system. Based on input-output panel data from 15 provinces in China from 2004 to 2023, we employs a radial efficiency model using directional distance function to calculate both traditional and sustainable capacity utilization rates of rapeseed industry at 3 levels on national, regional, and provincial. We also analyzed its evolution trends and regional differences. Results indicate that China's rapeseed industry has a traditional capacity utilization rate of 75.97% and a sustainable capacity utilization rate of 95.05%, which exhibiting slight overcapacity under traditional production model, and a certain degree of underutilization under sustainable model. At regional level, the traditional capacity utilization rate in southwest winter rapeseed production area is within the reasonable range, while the Yangtze River Middle and Lower Reaches winter rapeseed area and northern spring rapeseed production area are in a slight overcapacity range. However, all regions face issues of insufficient sustainable capacity utilization, with the Northern spring rapeseed area showing a more significant shortfall. At the provincial level, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Yunnan have made relatively full use of their traditional capacity, while most other provinces face the dual challenges of overutilization of traditional capacity and insufficient use of sustainable capacity. Overall, the disparities in both traditional and sustainable capacity utilization rates of rapeseed in China have been narrowing, showing a trend toward optimization and balance.
Brassica napus (L.) is an dominant crop for improving and utilizing saline alkali land. To explore the salt tolerant functional genes and germplasm of rapeseed, in this study, we treated 350 rapeseed accession populations with salt stress during the germination stages, and recorded the germination force, germination rate, root length ratio, hypocotyl length ratio, and fresh weight ratio under salt stress. Genome wide association study was performed by combining SNP markers based on whole genome resequencing. A total of 128 significantly associated SNPs were obtained and located in 43 candidate intervals. Among them, 6 candidate intervals contain more than 5 SNPs, distributed on chromosomes A01, A02, A09, and C08, which are the key candidate intervals in this study. Subsequently, combined with salt stress transcriptome data and gene annotation, preliminary analysis was conducted on the key genes involved in the key candidate intervals. Based on various salt tolerance indicators, 5 salt tolerant and 5 salt sensitive germplasm resources were screened. In conclusion, this study established a complete salt tolerance evaluation system for rapeseed germination stages. Through GWAS analysis, candidate regions closely related to salt tolerance in rapeseed were identified, and rapeseed germplasm resources with extreme salt tolerance and sensitivity were screened. This study provides a reference for the exploration of salt tolerance functional genes and germplasm identification in rapeseed.
To improve the pod shattering resistance of soybean varieties and create research materials, 60Co-γ- ray and EMS mutagen were successively used on Wandou 15 which is widely cultivating in production but suffering from severe pod shattering phenotype. Then we conducted a series of experiments such as single seed propagation, pod shattering resistance screening, observation of pod belly suture slices during development, investigation of mutant agronomic traits, identification of mutant fingerprint maps, and genotype analysis of known pod shattering genes.Research found that the mutant MT23045 has a good pod shattering resistance phenotype. There is little difference in other agronomic traits except for a slight increase in plant height and node number and the yield has slightly increased compared to the control.The thickness of the seam on the belly of the pods 27 days after flowering increased by 143%.Compared with the wild-type material, there are 5 DNA markers differences (3 markers fall in the soybean pod shattering linkage group). Finally there were no mutations reported in the two pod shattering gene regions. Our research findings provide usable germplasm resources for soybean pod shattering resistance breeding, and MT23045 is also an ideal research material for discovering new pod shattering resistance genes in soybean.
To efficiently utilize sesame germplasm, we analyzed genetic diversity among core sesame germplasm of Jiangxi. In the study, we used 110 sesame core germplasm (constructed from 736 sesame germplasm resources in 78 counties of Jiangxi Province) as materials, to perform diversity and evaluation on their 25 phenotypic traits. Genetic diversity index, coefficient of variation, correlation, principal component analysis, and clustering, and molecular detection were studied by using 25 pairs of polymorphic SSR primers. Results showed that genetic diversity index of the 25 traits was 0.5573 to 2.0687, variation coefficient was 4.83% to 48.16%, basically close to that of the original collection population. The variation coefficients of 7 traits of 12 quantitative traits were more than 20%. Cluster analysis divided the tested germplasm into 4 categories. Among them, Group I could be used as a potential parent material for breeding new varieties with dwarf and high-yield, Group II as a whole belongs to potential low-yield germplasm resources, which should be avoided in the breeding process, Group III could be used as the potential parent material for breeding new varieties with multiple capsules and high yield, Group IV could be used as potential parent for breeding varieties with multiple capsules. 106 DNA bands were amplified from the core germplasm with 25 SSR primer pairs, resulting polymorphic ratio of 100%. The polymorphic bands amplified by each primer pair averaged 4.36. The variation range of primer polymorphism information content value was 0.0476-0.3606, with an average of 0.2609. The cluster analysis showed the variation range was 0.4528-0.9717, with an average of 0.6900, and the genetic distance was 0.0283-0.5472, with an average of 0.3100. Given all the core germplasm be divided into 3 regions by different geographical directions, the overall genetic similarity was as follows: Northern Jiangxi > Southern Jiangxi > Central Jiangxi. The genetic diversity in central Jiangxi was more abundant than that in northern and southern regions, which might be associated with the frequent circulation of germplasm in central Jiangxi to both northern and southern locations. According to seed color, it was divided into white sesame, black sesame and other seed color sesame. From comparison of genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance, it could be concluded that the genetic diversity of other seed color sesame germplasm is abundant, followed by white sesame. The genetic diversity of black sesame germplasm was relatively poor.
In order to clarify regularity of oil accumulation in Cyperus esculentus tubers and to mine key genes related, high-oil cultivar Yuyousha 2 was used as material. Tubers were labeled with a double-layer (inner layer transparent) sand culture device, and then changes of oil content in tubers at different developmental stages were analyzed. Expression changes of core lipid anabolic pathway related genes and all transcription factor genes were explored through transcriptome sequencing of tubers at various developmental stages. Results showed that oil accumulation in C. esculentus tubers mainly lasted from 10 d to 50 d of tuber development, presenting an ‘S’ accumulation pattern. Moreover, oil accumulating rate gradually increased before 30 d of tuber development, and then gradually decreased. Through transcriptome sequencing of tubers at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days of tuber development, it was found that main genes related to plant core lipid anabolic pathway are expressed in different degrees in C. esculentus. Gene expression changes in tubers at multiple stages showed that, 30 core genes related to core lipid anabolism pathway, and 23 transcription factor genes were screened out for their consistency with oil accumulation trend, including key functional genes with extremely high expression levels such as Oleosin, Caleosin, FAD, ACP, PDHC, ACCase and SAD, as well as AP2 family transcription factor gene WRI1 involved in oil accumulation, which indicating that these genes are might to be involved in oil accumulation regulation in Cyperus esculentus.
To excavate elite perilla accessions for breeding and utilization or direct application in production, 40 perilla variety resources were used as materials in this study. Ten agronomic traits were investigated including plant height, growth period, leaf size, biological yield, total panicle number and seed yield related indexes, and 7 quality characteristics, such as oil content, linolenic acid and rosmarinic acid of leaf, were evaluated comprehensively in 2 areas (Wuhan, Hubei Province and Changde, Hunan Province) from 2021 to 2022. GGE biplots were constructed to analyze their adaptability and stability by weighted membership function value. Results showed that the variation degree of yield traits (seed yield per hectare area) for these perilla materials was the largest, followed by grain weight per plant and total panicle number. Six materials (S13, S15, S30, S25, S31 and S37) with high oil content and high linolenic acid content, 3 with high-rosmarinic acid in leaf (S4, S15, S29), 2 with excellent comprehensive traits and good adaptability and stability (S25, S22), 3 large leaf type materials (S25, S29, S34) were screened out. Our research was expected to provide materials and references for the breeding of new perilla varieties and the development and utilization of multi-functional functions.
Diaporthe helianthi is a destructive fungal on sunflower, which has been included in China's list of imported phytosanitary organisms.The fungus can infect all above-ground organs of sunflower plants, resulting in stem dryness and easy to break, unable to have mature seeds and in serious cases. The fungus even can lead to the death of the whole plant, resulting in irreparable economic losses. At present, this fungal has not occurred in China. China imports a large number of sunflower from abroad every year, and the risk of the disease being imported has increased dramatically. With the requirement of rapid customs clearance at ports, the rapid detection of D. helianthi has higher standards. The original detection methods cannot satisfy the demand of rapid customs clearance at ports. In this study, we designed specific primers based on the EF-1α gene of D. helianthi, and established the RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a detection system with a precise and rapid method for D. helianthi, which does not require large-scale professional testing equipment and has highly operable. The results of the optimised method showed that when the final concentration of the reporter molecule was 500 nmol/L in the fluorescence method, the fluorescence intensity of the positive samples was much higher than the blank control, and obviously green fluorescence could be observed under the blue light; when the concentration of the ss-reporter molecule was 50 nmol/L in the test strip method, the test line of the test strips was clearly and easy to judge. The whole process of RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a system that from the extraction of sample DNA, RPA amplification CRISPR cleavage and the visualisation of the detection results can be completed within 80 min with a sensitivity of 37 ag/μL. In simulated on-site detection, the method was compared with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and the results were consistently. This study provides technical support for the implementation of rapid detection of D. helianthi.
Chilo suppressalis is one of the major agricultural pests of rice. It has many host species, wide distribution and serious harm, and the control difficulty is increasing year by year. Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is an emerging crop protection technique and chloroplast Small Heat Shock Protein (CssHsp) can be used as an RNAi target in rice. In this work, a novel extraction free one-step RT-qPCR method for rapid detection of dsRNA in plants was developed using RNAi rice leaves as a template. Specific primers and probes were designed for CssHsp target sequence, and the combination of DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase, primer probe concentration, reaction program and leaf sampling diameter were optimized. The results showed that the optimal enzyme combination in the amplification composition was reverse transcriptase Mix (RRM014) and DNA polymerase Mix (200U), the optimal primer probe concentration was 0.6 µmol/L primer and 0.3 µmol/L probe; the optimal blade sampling diameter was 1.5 mm. Combined with portable and rapid fluorescence amplification instrument, the amplification procedures can be implemented within 31 min. The developed method without extraction could be applied for rapid and simple identification of RNAi rice within 35 min from sample preparation to result collection in the field. It provides more accurate trend selection for monitoring and mastering the expression of target dsRNA in RNAi crops at different growth stages and for pest control.
The no-till aerial sowing model of rapeseed is of great significance for exploiting the production potential of winter fallow fields in the Yangtze River Basin and achieving simplified production. Determining the optimal straw height is crucial for optimizing the core parameters of this model. A two-year field experiment was conducted in Wuxue City and Huangpi District, Hubei Province. In 2020-2021, four straw height treatments (0, 20, 40, and 60 cm) were set up, while in 2021-2022, based on the results of the previous year, seven straw height treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm) were established to systematically analyze the effects of straw height on key agronomic traits, rapeseed yield, and yield components. The results showed that straw height significantly regulated rapeseed yield, with the optimal range being 20-40 cm, which increased yield by 25.5% and 26.6% compared to 0-10 cm and 50-60 cm treatments, respectively. The differences in rapeseed yield were attributed to the combined effects of population density and single-plant pod number. When straw height was below 20 cm, reduced seedling emergence led to a 23.8% decrease in mature plant density and a 10.4% reduction in pods per unit area. When straw height exceeded 40 cm, physical shading from the stubble significantly reduced seedling survival rates before and after winter, resulting in a 17.6% decrease in mature plant density and a gradual decline in single-plant pod number, ultimately reducing pods per unit area by 28.8%. In conclusion, for no-till aerial sowing of rapeseed, the optimal straw height should be controlled below 40 cm, and regional rice biomass dynamics should be considered to achieve stable and simplified production goals.
Guangdong is an important region for double-season rice production in China. To optimize planting structure of the whole province, and to improve its grain and oil self-sufficiency rate, we evaluated the suitable planting areas for "rice-rice-oil" triple cropping system rotation model in Guangdong. We used 8 short-growth period rapeseed (Brassica napus) varieties to analyze photothermal requirements for high yield and intact growth periods of rapeseed, with the objects to match climate resources of double-season rice zoning in Guangdong. Results indicated that 8 counties/districts had suitable temperature, with a large diurnal temperature range and balanced precipitation distribution, and with the rice double-cropping growth period ranges less than 210 days. The 8 areas are Wengyuan County, Zhenjiang District, Wujiang District, Qujiang District Heping County, Lianping County, Jiaoling County, and Mei County. These areas are more suitable for planting short-growth period rape with an annual application potential of 51 000 hectares for "rice-rice-rapeseed" system. In 27 counties/districts where rice double-cropping growth period ranges between 210 to 235 d, including Nanxiong City, Shixing County, Renhua County in most parts of northern Guangdong and northern parts of the Pearl River Delta. Earlier-maturing rape varieties as Xiangyou 420 and Zhongyou 990 were suitable for production, with an annual application potential of 276 000 hectares for the system. In regions of northern Guangdong as Shaoguan, northern Qingyuan, most parts of Yunfu City, central of the Pearl River Delta, northern parts of western Guangdong, and central and northern parts of eastern Guangdong, where winter precipitation is relatively low and diurnal temperature range is small, there was a risk of frost damage during rape flowering in some high-altitude areas, e.g. these regions were classified as suboptimal areas for the system. In other areas, rape growth and yield formation are significantly affected by weather. The areas include mountainous regions of northern Guangdong, central and southern parts of the Pearl River Delta, central and southern of western Guangdong, and most parts of eastern Guangdong, by their low precipitation during late rape growth period, high temperatures at rape maturity, and occasional low temperatures in high-altitude areas of northern Guangdong. These areas could be categorized as unsuitable for "rice-rice-rapeseed" system. Overall, "rice-rice-rapeseed" rotation cropping system in Guangdong might choose short-growth rapeseed varieties with a full growth period of fewer than 150 d. The triple-cropping mode is most suitable or suitable in 35 counties/districts, mainly located in the main double-season rice-producing areas in northern Guangdong and the northern part of the Pearl River Delta, with an annual application potential of 327 000 hectares. The results of this study might provide scientific guidance for production layout of "rice-rice-rapeseed" mode in Guangdong, and for adjusting planting structure to enhance grain and oil production capacity this Province.
Oilseed-and-vegetable rape is important multifunctional utilization for this crop. It significantly improves the efficiency of rapeseed production. This study aims to clarify the effects and differences between basal nitrogen fertilizer rates and follow-up nitrogen fertilizer application after shooting on rapeseed yield, as well as its component factors, nitrogen uptake and use efficiency, and economic benefits of stalk-free and stalk-cut rape. Field trial was conducted in Shayang County, Hubei Province, in 2021-2022. The main treatment included stalk-free and stalk-cut rape, while the secondary treatments were 0, 135, 180, 225 and 270 kg/hm² of basal nitrogen fertilizer rates. These treatments were set up as split zones, which were divided into no follow-up nitrogen fertilizer and follow-up nitrogen fertilizer 45 kg/hm² after stalk cut. Results indicated that both rape stalk and rapeseed yields exhibited gradual increase with rising nitrogen fertilizer rates. The yield of rape stalk was significantly higher than other treatments reaching 3579 kg/hm² at nitrogen fertilizer rate of 225 kg/hm². By linear and plateau model fitting, when no follow-up nitrogen fertilizer, seeds yield of stalk-free reached a plateau of 2402 kg/hm² when nitrogen fertilizer rate was 238 kg/hm². In contrast, seeds yield of the stalk-cut reached a plateau of 2036 kg/hm² when nitrogen fertilizer rate was 228 kg/hm². The seeds yield was reduced by 15.2% after stalk-cut, which was mainly attributed to 20.6% decline in silique number, along with reduced shoots’ nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency. Under follow-up nitrogen fertilizer treatment, seeds yield of the stalk-free reached a plateau of 3353 kg/hm² when nitrogen fertilizer rate was 271 kg/hm², while seeds yield of the stalk-cut reached a plateau of 2236 kg/hm² when nitrogen fertilizer rate was 242 kg/hm². The seeds yield was reduced by 33.3% after stalk-cut, which was mainly attributed to 27.6% decline in silique number. Compared to no follow-up nitrogen fertilizer, the application of follow-up nitrogen fertilizer resulted in yield increases of 39.6% for stalk-free rapeseed and 9.8% for stalk-cut rapeseed. In conclusion, the basal nitrogen fertilizer rate for oilseed-vegetable rapeseed was lower than conventional rapeseed. Additionally, application of follow-up nitrogen fertilizer after shooting led to further seeds yield enhancement. It concluded that synergistic improvement in yields of both stalks and seeds. Economic benefit could be achieved when basal nitrogen fertilizer rate of 242 kg/hm² is combined with follow-up nitrogen fertilizer application of 45 kg/hm² after stalk-cut.
This study explored the effects of exogenous zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) application on the growth and physiological characteristics of Brassica napus seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress through a hydroponic experiment. Two Brassica napus varieties (ANY 1 and ZHZ 418) were selected as research subjects. Under 10 μmol·L⁻¹ Cd stress, exogenous Zn was applied at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μmol·L⁻¹. The effects of Zn on seedling growth, photosynthetic system, and Cd accumulation were systematically analyzed, and comprehensive evaluations were conducted using principal component analysis and random forest analysis. The results showed that Cd stress significantly inhibited the growth and photosynthesis of Brassica napus seedlings. Both varieties exhibited significant reductions in aboveground and underground biomass, total root length, and total root surface area. Additionally, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were all significantly decreased. Exogenous application of different concentrations of Zn alleviated the inhibition of seedling growth and photosynthesis by Cd to varying degrees, and reduced Cd absorption in both the aboveground and root parts of the seedlings. The treatment with 10 μmol·L⁻¹ Zn + Cd showed the most significant effect: compared to the Cd-only treatment, the underground fresh weight of ANY 1 and ZHZ 418 increased by 37.84% and 56.34%, respectively. The total root length increased by 53.50% and 78.02%, and the root surface area improved by 56.34% and 61.73%, respectively. Furthermore, the Cd content in the underground part decreased significantly by 43.40% and 47.90%, respectively. Notably, the Cd translocation coefficient of ANY 1 peaked under the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ Zn + Cd treatment, while ZHZ 418 reached its highest value under the 25 μmol·L⁻¹ Zn + Cd treatment. However, when the exogenous Zn concentration exceeded 10 μmol·L⁻¹, the growth and photosynthesis of Brassica napus were inhibited, as reflected by the gradual decrease in biomass and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in the Cd content in the underground parts. The evaluation using the membership function analysis showed that the 10 μmol·L⁻¹ Zn + Cd treatment had the highest comprehensive score, indicating that this treatment effectively promoted seedling growth under Cd stress and enhanced their tolerance to Cd toxicity. In conclusion, under Cd stress, the appropriate addition of exogenous Zn (10 μmol·L⁻¹) significantly promotes the growth of Brassica napus seedlings, enhances photosynthesis, and improves their tolerance to Cd toxicity. This finding provides important theoretical and practical guidance for the management of heavy metal-contaminated farmland and food security production.
In order to investigate the effects of phosphorus and exogenous naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on drought-resistant physiological characteristics and yield of dryland oilseed flax, cultivar Lunxuan 2 was selected as the test material. A two-factor split-plot experimental design was employed to investigate the regulatory effects of different levels of phosphorus (pure P2O5, P0: 0 kg/hm2, P1: 67.5 kg/hm2, P2: 135 kg/hm2) and different concentrations of NAA (N0: 0 mg/L, N1: 20 mg/L, N2: 40 mg/L) applied during budding and anthesis stages on peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and grain yield of dryland flax. Results demonstrated that phosphorus application significantly increased SP content, and both POD and SOD activities in oilseed flax leaves. At P0 and P1 levels, SP, POD and SOD continuously increased with NAA concentration at 1 and 3 days after spray, respectively, while MDA content decreased with NAA concentration at 1 to 10 days after spray. The POD, SOD and SP contents of P1N2 treatment were significantly higher than those of no fertilization or hormone spray (P0N0, CK) by 4.51%-52.37%, 16.47%-47.91% and 6.33%-14.80%, respectively, while the MDA contents were significantly decreased by 3.91%-27.17%. NAA spray had significant effects on the number of branches, effective numbers and 1000-grain weight. Grain yield under P1N2 treatment increased significantly by 14.39% compared to CK. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield of oilseed flax was significantly correlated with leaf POD, SOD, MDA and SP. In summary, basic application of phosphorus fertilizer of 67.5 kg/hm2 and spraying of 40 mg/L exogenous NAA at the budding and anthesis stages could significantly improve drought resistance of oilseed flax, and significantly increase grain yield.
Phoma black stem of sunflower is a seed-borne disease caused by Phoma macdonaldii Boerema. This research aims to investigate whether seeds contaminated byP. macdonaldii can be the pre-inoculum or the infection of both seedling and mature plants. In this study, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was used to transfer green fluorescent gene （gfp） into P. macdonaldii genome, and a total of 72 positive transformants with GFP marker were obtained. Among them, 20 positive transformants were randomly selected together with the wild type for biological characterization, and 1 transformant, PL16, which was not significantly different from the wild-type strain on pathogenicity, was selected as the strain for subsequent inoculation study. After inoculation of sunflower discs with PL16 conidial solution, contamination results of seed （after 3 d plate culture） showed that seed hull contamination rate ranged from 58.14% to 82.24%, seed coat contaminated rate ranged from 51.96% to 86.05%, and embryo infection rate ranged from 30.67% to 58.30%. Subsequently, both seedlings （after 7 d germination） and mature plants （after 12 w of growth） were investigated. Results indicated that seedling infection rates ranged from 37.50% to 60.00%, and mature plants infection rates ranged from 7.90% to 42.33%. The above findings clearly demonstrated that contaminated seed was the main resource of primary infection of sunflower black stem disease. It could be obviously concluded that contaminated seeds will be an important carrier for long-distance spreading of the disease. Therefore, pre-sowing seed treatment should an essential way to reduce primary infestation of sunflower black stem.
To solve the problem of extremely easy oxidation of flaxseed oil during storage, soybean protein isolate (SPI), chitosan (CS), and sodium alginate (SA) were used as emulsifiers to encapsulate flaxseed oil using layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, and the physical stability, antioxidant performance, and digestibility of the encapsulated oil were studied. The particle size, zeta-potential, emulsification properties, stability, antioxidant properties and digestion characteristics of multilayer nanogel emulsion were determined. Results indicated that multi-layer nanogel emulsion (containing 1% SPI, 0.2% CS and 0.2% SA) exhibited a smaller average particle size, higher zeta-potential, and higher emulsifying activity and stability. Low field nuclear magnetic analysis showed that addition of 0.2% SA increased the content of unmovable water in emulsion, leading to a more uniform distribution of the emulsion. Dynamic light scattering and oxidation analysis exhibited that the addition of 0.2% SA improved physical stability of the multi-layer nanoemulsion, and significantly decreased hydroperoxide value and thiobarbiturate value of the oil. Additionally, digestive properties analysis showed that the addition of 0.2% SA made oil droplets more evenly distributed and slowed down release rate of free fatty acids. In summary, multilayer nanogel emulsion constructed by adding an appropriate amount of SA significantly improved the physical stability and antioxidant capacity of flaxseed oil, slowed down the release rate of free fatty acids, and improved the bioavailability of flaxseed oil, providing a theoretical basis for its application in the food industry.
In order to achieve the minimally suitable and classified processing of flaxseeds, this study comparatively analyzed physical properties, anti-nutritional factor contents, and key lipometabolic activities of 30 varieties of Chinese flaxseed. Results indicated that flaxseed possesses unique physical characteristics, with flat seeds, hard seed coats, and a dense combination with endosperm, which showed significant variety differences. Among them, length and width ranged 0.32-0.54 cm and 0.2-0.26 cm, respectively. Hardness and elastoplasticity ranged 75.6-102.9 N and 0.75-0.87, respectively. Elasticity values were greater than 0.3 mm for all but a few varieties. Activities of lipolytic and oxidative enzymes also showed significant variety differences. Activity ranges of lipase, phospholipase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase were 61.26-167.14 U, 112.73-503.29 U, 292.90-1283.06 U, and 12.55-50.41 U, respectively. Additionally, contents of anti-nutritional factors in flaxseeds showed significant variety differences. Specifically, the activity ranges for lipase, phospholipase, lipoxygenase, and peroxidase in the 30 varieties were 61.26-167.14 U, 112.73-503.29 U, 292.90-1283.06 U, and 12.55-50.41 U, respectively. Principal component analysis results indicated that data points from different varieties showed a clear dispersion, suggesting that physicochemical properties, lipolytic enzyme activities, and anti-nutritional factor content have distinct variety and geographic specificities. Cluster analysis results showed that Gansu-produced Xiaohuangzi series 3 and 5 had lower lipolytic enzyme activities and relatively fewer anti-nutritional factors, making them more suitable for whole flaxseed cooked processing. Longya series had better elasticity and elastoplasticity, which suitable as raw materials for flax oil extraction.
To provide high-quality black sesame specifically for processing, it is necessary to clarify the adaptability, selenium-enrichment characteristics, and the expression of important quality traits of germplasm in various ecological regions. 5 black sesame cultivars and lines were planted in 7 experimental sites in 4 environments, namely Wuhan, Badong, and Enshi in Hubei Province, and Jinxian in Jiangxi Province. Mineral elements were tested including selenium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper. Oil content, oleic acid, linoleic acid, sesamin, sesamolin, total flavonoids, total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of sesame seeds were detected. Results showed that 4 element contents were significantly various in different environments, including selenium, calcium, magnesium, copper. Other traits were also showed significant regional variability, including sesamin, sesamolin and protein. High-generation line GZ14 exhibited selenium-enriched feature and had significant advantages in sesamin and sesamolin contents, and oil content. High-generation line NH16 displayed significant advantages in antioxidant capacity, linoleic acid and protein content. External leaf spray of selenium fertilizer significantly increased seed selenium, as well as sesamin and sesamolin contents in 2 sites in Badong. After spray 500 mL of a 20 mg/kg sodium selenite solution on leaves during full bloom stage, seed selenium contents were increased from 0.14-0.49 mg/kg to 4.69-5.78 mg/kg, sesamin contents were increased from 0.99-1.09 mg/g to 1.92-1.81 mg/g, sesamolin contents increased from 1.11-0.81 mg/g to 1.57-1.12 mg/g. In summary, the study mined out black sesame germplasm with excellent quality traits for processing.
To optimize enzymatic hydrolysis process of walnut cake, protein content, total solid content, luminance value L*, particle size and ζ potential of walnut supernatant were studied by pressing walnut cake at low temperature, and complex polysaccharide enzyme V2010 and bromelase were screened from 23 kinds of common enzymatic hydrolysis of walnut protein. Single factor test was used to determine the factor level, and orthogonal test was used to optimize two-step enzymatic hydrolysis process of walnut cake. Results showed that the optimal conditions of the first step enzymatic hydrolysis of complex polysaccharide enzyme V2010 were as follows: when 1.2% enzyme added, enzymolysis time as 90 min, and enzymolysis temperature at 30℃, brightness value L* of the enzymolysis supernatant is up to 86.73. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of bromelase in the second step are as follows: when enzymolysis time is 75 min, 2.4% enzyme added, and enzymolysis temperature at 60℃, protein content of the enzymolysis supernatant is up to 1.96%. In this study, walnut cake, a by-product of walnut oil production, was effectively used to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process to obtain walnut supernatant with both luminance value L* and protein content, and the composition and structure of the enzymatic hydrolysis solution were analyzed, which provided a reference for enzymatic hydrolysis technology of low temperature squeezing walnut cake and vegetable protein beverage.
To tap the high-value utilization potential oilseed protein in food industry, 3 special oilseeds were studied. The oilseeds, including perilla (two types as perilla and white perilla), sesame and flaxseed, were extracted by alkaline extraction-isoelectric point precipitation. The protein composition, nutritional value, and functional properties were analyzed and investigated. Results revealed that the composition and distribution of subunit with regard to 3 special oilseed proteins were different. Perilla protein content was the highest (~84%). The analysis of amino acid composition demonstrated that 3 oilseed proteins had the highest content of glutamic acid, and were rich in phenylalanine and leucine. Among them, flaxseed protein possessed the highest essential amino acid index and biological value. Their isoelectric points were between 4 to 5. At pH 7, solubility of both perilla seed protein and sesame protein was the highest (~50%), emulsifying activity index of white perilla seed protein was the highest (~13 m2/g), emulsifying stability index of sesame protein was the highest (~68 min), and foaming stability of flaxseed protein was the highest (~82%). In conclusion, the composition and physicochemical properties of the 3 characteristic oilseed proteins differed, and all of them have high nutritional value.
Diglycerides (DAG) are beneficial natural components of dietary fats and oils. For low-cost and high-efficiency industrial production of diacylglycerol, technology on DAG enzymatic synthesis was researched by using rapeseed oil and glycerol as raw materials. A homemade immobilised Aspergillus niger lipase ANL@PMOS was used to catalyse the glycerolysis of rapeseed oil and glycerol to prepare glycerol diesters in a solvent-free system. Process conditions of the immobilised enzyme-catalysed glycerolysis of rapeseed oil and glycerol for the synthesis of glycerol diesters were optimised through one-way experiments. In the results, the optimal process conditions were obtained as 1:1 mass ratio of rapeseed oil and glycerol, 2% lipase addition, reaction at 60℃ for 4 h. Under the above process conditions, glycerol diesters content in rapeseed oil could reach 51.6%. This process has the advantages of low reaction cost, simple process operation and good reusability, which might provide a certain basis for subsequent industrial production of DAGs.
