Enhancing the national self-sufficiency rate of oilseeds is an essential requirement for building an agricultural powerhouse. Systematically assessing the resilience of rapeseed industry and its spatiotemporal evolution holds significant practical importance. Based on panel data from China's major rapeseed-producing provinces (municipalities) from 2000 to 2023, this study constructs an evaluation index system for rapeseed industry resilience encompassing risk resistance capacity, adaptive adjustment capacity, and innovation transformation capacity. Utilizing the XGBoost-SHAP explainable machine learning model, it systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of rapeseed industry resilience. The findings reveal that, during the study period, the overall resilience of China's rapeseed industry showed a steady upward trend. Spatially, the resilience exhibited a distinct “core-periphery” structure, with high-value areas primarily concentrated in the middle- and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River, and certain winter rapeseed-dominant regions in southwest China. Meanwhile, some spring rapeseed-producing areas remained at medium-to-low resilience levels over the long term. Economic foundations and production conditions are core factors influencing rapeseed industry resilience, exhibiting significant nonlinear and threshold characteristics in their effects. Policy instruments exert markedly divergent impacts on rapeseed industry resilience. The marginal contribution of production-oriented incentive policies, such as subsidies for high-quality rapeseed varieties, to the industry’s resilience is significant. However, “price-support” policies, such as the temporary stockpiling of rapeseed, might have negative impact in the long term by hindering the industry's ability to continuously build resilience. Furthermore, while natural endowment factors exhibit relatively limited overall explanatory power, their nonlinear and threshold effects warrant attention. Accordingly, this paper proposes establishing a regional collaborative mechanism for enhancing rapeseed industry resilience, guided by spatial differentiation. This approach aims to shift policy tools from a “price stabilization” orientation toward a resilience-driven focus on “capacity strengthening.” By continuously improving production conditions and the efficiency of factor allocation around key drivers, resilience foundation for rapeseed industry could become solid.
Based on the statistical data from 1978 to 2025, this paper investigates the changing characteristics of rapeseed in Jiangsu Province in terms of sown area, yield per unit area, and total output. Additionally, it examines the planting conditions of rapeseed across different regions of Jiangsu, as well as its planting characteristics as field type, stubble type, scale development, planting and sowing methods, variety application, etc. The production benefit and multifunctional application of rapeseed are also reviewed.Given the constraints currently plaguing rapeseed production—including challenges in expanding cultivation scale, contradictions in crop rotation scheduling, and the slow pace of mechanization adoption—this paper argues that future development should prioritize improving yield per unit area. It recommends improving the comprehensive production efficiency of rapeseed in terms of increasing policy inputs, rationally linking up stubble, cultivating high-yield models, and extending the industrial chain, to improve the comprehensive production efficiency of rapeseed, with a view to providing reference for accelerating high-quality development of rapeseed industry in Jiangsu.
China's hilly and mountainous regions are abundant in diverse specialty agricultural products. These products play a significant role in meeting diverse consumer demands and promoting income growth for farmers. However, their industrialization faces systematic challenges stemming from topographic constraints, including low mechanization levels, short industrial chains, and insufficient value realization. Taking Anhua small-seed peanuts as a case, this paper deconstructs its industrialization experience and future development path through literature analysis and field research. The results show that by leveraging their unique "high-protein, low-fat" quality, Anhua small-seed peanuts have established a differentiation strategy to compete with the high-yield, high-oil peanut production areas in the Huang-Huai region. Its industrial upgrading reveals a systematic pathway for quality improvement and efficiency enhancement. Its industrial upgrading reveals a systematic path for improving quality and efficiency that starts with breaking the mechanization bottleneck, with its links tightly interwoven. In the production stage, suitable farm machinery and socialized services should be promoted to lay the foundation for scaling up. In the processing stage, a tiered raw material utilization system oriented to "high-quality edible use" must be built to develop high-value products. In the branding and marketing stage, an anti-counterfeiting and traceability system should be established based on the credibility of "dual geographical indications," along with omni-channel marketing. In the stage of integrating primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, value experiences can be deepened through "peanut+" cultural creativity and agritourism. The internal logic of this pathway lies in breaking through key constraints at the production end, thereby sequentially driving a chain reaction of processing transformation, value certification, and benefit multiplication. The study indicates that effective implementation of this pathway depends on multiple conditions, including techno-economic feasibility, organizational synergy, and policy precision. It might provide an integrated analytical framework and practical references for similar specialty industries in hilly and mountainous areas to achieve the transition from "bottleneck identification" to "systematic upgrading".
Peanut southern blight, a fungal soil-borne disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, poses a severe threat to peanut production globally, especially in major cultivation regions of China, where it often leads to yield losses of over 50% and even total crop failure under severe infection conditions. In this study, eight peanut accessions with varying resistance levels were selected to optimize the inoculum dosage via the mycelia plug inoculation method. The results showed that a mycelia disc with 0.7 cm diameter effectively distinguished the resistance levels of different peanut accessions.Using this method, the resistance of 392 peanut accessions was evaluated at the seedling stage in an artificial climate chamber, leading to the identification of 19 moderately resistant (MR) materials. To further validate the stability of resistant germplasm, adult-plant resistance assays were conducted on all 392 accessions under both greenhouse and field conditions. Five moderately resistant (MR) accessions were screened in the greenhouse at the adult-plant stage, while three accessions exhibited resistance in the field at the adult-plant stage.Based on the evaluation results across diverse environments, two germplasm lines,, Y135-241 and PI, were ultimately selected. This study will provide germplasm for genetic breeding of peanut resistance to southern blight, and lay a material foundation for subsequent mapping, cloning of resistance genes and dissection of molecular resistance mechanisms.
Development of ultra-high-oil (≥58%) cultivars was expected to improve peanut industrial efficiency, and to enhance market competitiveness, and also to ensure national edible oil security. In this study, we developed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 305 lines by crossing 2 elite high-oil parental lines as Zhonghua 12 (oil content 57.14%, containing introgressions from wild peanut species) and Xuhua 13 (oil content 56.16%, a widely cultivated variety). Seed oil content among 305 lines ranged from 50.54% to 60.89%, exhibiting broad variation and transgressive segregation. By using a major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model, genetic analysis results indicated that oil content inheritance followed a four-major-gene partial equal-additive (4MG-EEA) model. From the RIL population, we identified 66 high-oil lines (oil content >58%) and evaluated them consecutively for 3 years (2022–2024) in Wuhan. Among them, 10 ultra-high-oil lines maintained oil content above 58%. Multi-environment testing included 4 representative ecological regions: Dehong (Yunnan), Shijiazhuang (Hebei), Wuhan (Hubei), and Kaifeng (Henan). Results revealed that line QT0531 exhibited high oil content consistently exceeding 59% (mean 62.05%, up to 64.18%). These findings demonstrate that strategic hybridization between genetically divergent high-oil parents could effectively pyramid complementary high-oil loci, providing both valuable germplasm resources for ultra-high-oil cultivar development and foundational materials for gene discovery research.
Phosphatidic acid hydrolase (PAH) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol. To explore the potential functions of PAH family genes in soybean, 7 GmPAH genes were identified by genome-wide identification, which were divided into Cluster Ⅰ and Cluster Ⅱ subfamilies according to the evolutionary relationship. Chromosome mapping showed that 7 GmPAH genes were evenly distributed on chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 10, 13, 17 and 19. Their coding length are 183 to 917 amino acids, with molecular weight 58 857.39 Da to 101 832.68 Da. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that GmPAH expression was affected by low temperature, mannitol and jasmonate acid stress. Among them, GmPAH1, 3, 4 and 7 genes were significantly up-regulated under low temperature stress. Except for GmPAH5 and GmPAH6, other members were significantly up-regulated under jasmonic acid treatment. GmPAH1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 were down-regulated after mannitol stress. In conclusion, GmPAH gene is widely involved in soybean abiotic stress response and hormone response.
Mining key genes regulating seed weight/size is of great significance for high-yield breeding of crops. To provide molecular basis for further elucidating the mechanism of seed weight formation and to improve seed weight in sesame, transcriptome data of seeds and capsule walls from sesame accessions with different seed weights (L1 with large seeds and S1 with small seeds) at different stages (5 DAP, 10 DAP, and 20 DAP) were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected and subjected to GO and KEGG analyses to screen seed weight-related candidate genes. qRT-PCR was employed to investigate expression patterns of candidate genes associated with seed weight. A total of 160 DEGs were found simultaneously in capsule walls of L1 and S1 at all stages, including 60 up-regulated and 100 down-regulated genes. These genes were enriched into pathways of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine synthesis, carbon metabolism, plant hormone signaling, and ribosome-related processes by GO and KEGG. And a total of 253 DEGs were detected synchronously in seeds of L1 and S1 at different stages, including 123 up-regulated and 130 down-regulated genes, which were enriched into pathways of carbohydrate transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, plant hormone signaling, and ribosome-related processes by GO and KEGG. Based on RNA-Seq analysis and literatures reported, 14 genes (8 in seeds and 9 in capsule walls), which associated with photosynthesis, material synthesis and transport, carbon metabolism, and seed size-related traits, were identified as seed weight related candidate genes. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR analysis further revealed KLU, DA1 and ARF2 play complex and important roles during seed development and seed weight formation in sesame.
Mycosphaerella linicola Naumov is an important quarantine pathogen that can damage the whole growth period of flax. China imports more than 100 000 tons of flax seeds from abroad every year.The risk of transmission and diffusion of this disease is increasing.The original traditional separation and identification methods are difficult to meet the needs of rapid customs clearance due to their long cycle and complicated operation.Based on RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a technology, this study designed specific primers and three crRNAs for the β-tubulin gene (TUB2) sequence of brown spot disease of flax, and selected the one with the best cutting efficiency for subsequent detection system optimization experiments.The optimized experimental results showed that the suitable reaction time of RPA is 20 minutes.The appropriate concentration of fluorescence reporter molecules was 50 nmol/L, and the appropriate concentration of test strip report moleculars was 200 nmol/L.The established detection method was used to detect and verify the simulated fungal seed.The results showed that the system could detect 100 conidia in samples with 5% fungal seed band rate.This method can complete the detection in 80 minutes, and the sensitivity can reach 34 ag/μL. The whole detection process is simple to operate, highly sensitive and short in time, which provides technical support for the real-time rapid detection of Mycosphaerella linicola.
Sunflower seeds are prone to lipid oxidation during high-temperature and high-humidity storage, leading to quality deterioration and nutritional losses. To establish a method for evaluating the “freshness” feature of sunflower seed products, this study focused on developing an accurate quantitative method for volatile oxidation products and assessing its effectiveness in “freshness” evaluation. The extraction, clean-up, and GC (gas chromatography) detection conditions for volatiles in samples were optimized. By using petroleum ether for extraction, Florisil column for clean-up, n-hexane/ethyl acetate (95∶5, V/V) performed for elution, followed by GC, an accurate quantification method for volatiles was established. Changes in volatile components of raw materials and sunflower seed products under different accelerated oxidation times were further investigated and validated using 31 real-world samples. The results showed that trans,trans-2,4-decadienal increased in a regular manner during accelerated oxidation and exhibited well discriminatory power for sunflower seed products' freshness, indicating that it could serve as a key marker for freshness identification, and thus to provide a basis for quality control throughout production, storage and sales.
Low temperature stress can lead to the loss of rapeseed yield, and brassinolide plays an important role in the process of low temperature response. The purpose of this study was to dissect the regulatory roles of BnaBIN2 kinases of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway in low temperature tolerance of rapeseed. Genome-wide analysis showed that there were six genes encoding BnaBIN2 kinases in B. napus, all of which contained STKc_GSK3 domain. Although these kinases share 96.3% of sequence similarity at the amino acid level, the corresponding genes vary in the cis-acting elements in the promoter regions, implying the possible existence of functional redundancy and functional divergence of homologous BnaBIN2 genes. RT-qPCR analysis showed that although all BnaBIN2 genes were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested and induced by low temperature, the extent to which they respond to low temperature appeared to be different. The expression levels of BnaA03.BIN2, BnaA05.BIN2 and BnaC01.BIN2 showed an approximately 8-fold increase after cold treatment, whereas only about a 6-fold increase for BnaA01.BIN2 and BnaC06.BIN2 and a less than 3-fold increase for BnaC03.BIN2 were registered. To further elucidate the function of BnaBIN2s, gene editing technology was employed to generate single, quintuple, sextuple loss-of-function mutants of BnaBIN2 genes. It was found that the cold tolerance of these mutants was significantly higher than that of wild type. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that the mutants had weaker DAB staining and reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species relative to the wild type (WT). Accordingly, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the mutants were significantly higher than those in WT plants. Meanwhile, the contents of proline and soluble sugar increased in the mutants, whereas the opposite trend was seen for the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content. Collectively, these results indicate that the mutations of BnaBIN2 enhance the stability of cell membrane and the capacity of scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby improving rapeseed cold tolerance. These mutants are expected to be useful in genetic improvement of cold tolerance trait of rapeseed.
For stress resistance breeding in Brassica napus, β-glucosidase (BGLU) gene family members were identified across the B. napus genome using HMMER 3.0 and validated through NCBI CDD and SMART. The physicochemical properties of BnaBGLUs were analyzed using ExPASy and TBtools. Phylogenetic analysis, chromosomal localization, gene structure analysis, conserved motif identification, and promoter cis-acting element prediction were performed using MEGA, TBtools, MEME, and PlantCARE, respectively. Expression patterns under cadmium stress, salt stress, and waterlogging were examined using transcriptome data. Protein structures were predicted using SWISS-MODEL and NetSurfP-3.0. Totally 198 BGLU family members were identified distributing unevenly across 19 chromosomes. They were classified into 8 subfamilies (Clade 1-Clade 8) by Phylogenetic analysis. Notably, glucosinolate-hydrolyzing typical myrosinase (TGG) specifically clustered in Clade 6. Gene structure analysis revealed substantial variation in exon numbers (1-10), yet TGG subfamily members exhibited conserved gene structures and motif compositions (Motif 1-5). TGG core sequences remained highly conserved during polyploidization. Both tandem and segmental duplications contributed to BGLU family expansion. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that purifying selection dominated the family's evolutionary trajectory. Synteny analysis confirmed conserved evolutionary relationships of TGG genes among B. napus, Arabidopsis thaliana, B. rapa, and B. oleracea. Expression profiling and promoter analysis revealed that TGG homologs are enriched in methyl jasmonate and defense-responsive cis-regulatory elements. In summary, this study elucidates the expansion and functional specialization patterns of TGG genes in an allopolyploid context, which might provide deeper understanding on glucosinolate metabolic regulation.
The Yangtze River Basin is the core rapeseed-producing region in China. Frequent rain in the season severely restricts rape production. To improve the accuracy of early selection for rapeseed varieties, the study reports diversity of waterlogging tolerance traits in rapeseed germplasm resources, and relationship between waterlogging tolerance at germination stage and yield after waterlogging stress. Forty-two widely popularized winter rapeseed varieties were sown in autumn of 2020 (waterlogging) and 2021 (normal rainfall). Yield and agronomic traits of each variety were systematically investigated at maturity, and indoor waterlogging tolerance tests at germination stage were conducted simultaneously. Descriptive analysis and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the diversity of waterlogging tolerance at germination stage, and linear regression and path analysis were applied to explore the relationship between waterlogging tolerance and yield. The coefficient of variation of waterlogging tolerance traits ranged from 6% to 55.03%, among which CVs of root length index, vigor index and hypocotyl index were relatively high, being 55.03%, 28.39% and 23.45%, respectively. The 42 varieties could be divided into 4 clusters: Cluster Ⅰ showed higher stem index and fresh weight index, Cluster Ⅱ was characterized by high survival rate, Cluster Ⅲ had high root length index, and all traits of Cluster Ⅳ were not prominent. Stem length index had an extremely significant correlation with yield under waterlogging stress, and its prediction accuracy was the highest compared with other indices. Path analysis showed that under waterlogging stress, fresh weight index and stem length index affected yield by influencing harvest density, while survival rate exerted indirect effect on yield via effective silique number per plant. The 42 rapeseed accessions are revealed to have abundant phenotypic genetic variation and diversity. They are clustered into 4 distinct groups, and stem length index could be used as a core indicator for evaluating waterlogging tolerance, which is suitable for predicting the actual yield of rapeseed under waterlogging stress. The relationships between different waterlogging tolerance indices at germination stage and key agronomic traits were clarified, which could feciliate rapid screening of waterlogging-tolerant varieties.
To screen effective insecticides for controlling peanut white grub, this study used the second-instar larvae of Holotrichia parallela as test insects. The toxicities of 7 insecticides were determined using the insect dipping method, soil mixing method, and food dipping method, and field trials were conducted. Results showed that phoxim exhibited high toxicity across all 3 laboratory bioassay methods, especially in the soil mixing method, with an LC₅₀ as low as 0.902 mg/L and a relative toxicity index as high as 1154.03, which significantly outperforming the other insecticides. Tetraniliprole also demonstrated strong toxicity in both the insect dipping and soil mixing methods. Clothianidin demonstrated higher toxicity in the insect dipping method, whereas bifenthrin was more effective in the soil mixing method. Field trials confirmed that hole-spray application of phoxim provided the best control in terms of grub control and pod protection, while seed-dressing with tetraniliprole and clothianidin resulted in particularly significant yield increases. In conclusion, phoxim remains a highly effective, fast-acting insecticide for current white grub control, whereas tetraniliprole and clothianidin represent promising candidates for application as seed treatment agents.
To establish a salt tolerance evaluation system for soybeans that accounts for both above-ground and below-ground phenotypes and to identify superior germplasm, a total of 91 soybean accessions were used as materials. At seedling stage, salt stress treatment with 150 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl was applied. Spectral and fluorescence parameters of leaves, as well as root morphological traits, were systematically measured. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate soybean salt tolerance. Results showed that there were certain correlations among spectral and fluorescence parameters of leaves and root morphological parameters in the 91 soybean materials. Among these, the multispectral fluorescence ratios reflecting the content of leaf secondary metabolites and chlorophyll, namely the relative F440/F690 (RF440/F690) and relative F440/F740 (RF440/F740), exhibit the most significant correlation, while the correlation between relative root tip number and relative total root length in roots was the most significant. Principal component analysis indicated that 16 leaf indicators could be reduced to 5 principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 83.25%; the 5 root indicators could be reduced to 2 principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 82.63%. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation values (D-values) for salt tolerance of leaves and roots were calculated separately using membership function method. Based on the D-values of leaves and roots, 10 salt-tolerant materials were screened out from each category, among which 5 salt-tolerant materials were commonly identified. By conducting phenotypic comparative analysis of the representative salt-tolerant material S88 (Nantong Aijiao huang) and salt-sensitive material S82 (Zhenjiang Xiejiao dou), the reliability of the screening results was further verified. This study demonstrates that combining leaf spectral and fluorescence parameters with root morphological traits could be effectively used for identification of soybean salt tolerance.
To investigate the effects of red-blue light ratios (R∶B) on peanut growth, yield and quality in plant factory, cultivar Tieling Silihong was used as material under 16L/8D light-dark cycle. At 500 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), white light was fixed at 25% of total light intensity, and the rest 75% was set as 5 R∶B ratio treatments, which were 0∶1 (T1), 1∶3 (T2), 1∶1 (T3), 3∶1 (T4) and 1∶0 (T5). Light ratio effects on peanut growth, development and agronomic traits were systematically investigated. Results showed that high red treatments (T3/T4/T5) significantly increased main stem height and lateral branch length but decreased stem diameter. High red favored dry matter accumulation, with T4 optimal. High blue promoted photosynthate translocation to pods, yet most were uneconomical young/shrunken pods, while high red facilitated plump pod formation. For photosynthetic parameters, T4 treatment significantly elevated peanut Pn, Gs and Tr, while Ci showed no significant difference across all treatments, and optimally enhanced qP, Fv/Fm and Fv'/Fm'. In contrast, high blue significantly increased NPQ, with T1 the best. For yield and quality, T4 achieved the highest per-plant productivity and oil content, while excessively high or low red reduced these indicators. In conclusion, R∶B= 3∶1 (as T4) was optimal for Tieling Silihong cultivation in plant factories, for promoting growth, enhancing photosystem Ⅱ activity and photosynthetic performance, thus facilitates dry matter accumulation, and improves yield and quality.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress imposed during the seedling stage and throughout the entire growth period on root growth and development in peanuts, identify drought-resistant cultivars, and determine key indicators for drought resistance evaluation, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for peanut breeding under drought conditions. A total of 103 peanut varieties were used in pot experiments with controlled water supply during the seedling stage and field experiments with regulated irrigation throughout the whole growing season. Eleven root-related traits—including root fresh weight, root dry weight, and root length—were analyzed using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function evaluation, cluster analysis, and grey relational grade analysis. A comprehensive assessment of drought tolerance across genotypes was conducted, and optimal indicators for drought resistance identification were selected. Results indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited multiple root traits such as root fresh and dry weights, whereas physiological ratios including root-to-shoot ratio and dry-to-fresh weight ratio increased under stress conditions. Most root traits exhibited significant or highly significant correlations across growth stages. Based on the D-value index, cluster analysis classified the 103 peanut accessions into five categories—Category I (extremely drought-sensitive), Category II (strongly drought-sensitive), Category III (moderately drought-sensitive), Category IV (moderately drought-resistant), and Category V (strongly drought-resistant)—both at the seedling stage and over the full growth period. At the seedling stage, Category I accounted for 1.90% of the total, while Category V represented 17.47%. Jizhong 5059 exhibited the highest D value (0.87), indicating superior drought tolerance among tested varieties, whereas Z5235 had the lowest D value and was classified as extremely drought-sensitive. Over the entire growth period, Category I comprised 23.33% of the total, and Category V accounted for 3.80%. GH01464 showed the highest D value (0.70), demonstrating the strongest drought resistance, while Z5224 had the lowest D value (0.29), indicating the weakest performance. By integrating D values with single-plant yield data, four high-yielding and drought-tolerant varieties were identified: Z5205, Yufa 22, 0215A (black), and Huayu 917. Grey relational analysis and correlation results revealed that root fresh weight and root tip number exhibited the closest association with the D value at the seedling stage, suggesting their suitability as primary selection criteria; for the whole growth period, root dry weight, root length, and root volume were determined to be the most effective indicators. Regression models for predicting drought resistance at both developmental stages were established, with predicted D values showing significant correlation with observed values, enabling reliable estimation. Six linear regression equations were developed using the D value as the independent variable and aboveground traits and yield as dependent variables, all yielding R² values exceeding 0.5, which underscores the critical role of root system development in supporting shoot growth and yield formation. This study established a comprehensive evaluation system for peanut drought resistance based on root morphological and physiological traits across growth stages, identified elite drought-tolerant varieties, and provided both theoretical support and germplasm resources for drought-resilient peanut breeding and variety selection in arid environments.
To clarify the regulatory effects of the synergistic interaction between ARC microbial inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer on peanut yield, and to provide a theoretical basis for green and high-yield peanut cultivation, this study investigated the responses of photosynthetic characteristics in peanut varieties with contrasting nodulation traits to combined inoculant and nitrogen application. A two-year field pot experiment (2023–2024) was conducted using a highly nodulating cultivar Xianghua 11 (XH11) and a non-nodulating line DH9, with two ARC inoculant rates (0 kg·hm⁻², T0; 30 kg·hm⁻², T1) and two nitrogen application levels (0 kg·hm⁻², N0; 75 kg·hm⁻² pure N, N1). Results showed that the combined application of ARC inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency, promoted dry matter accumulation, and optimized yield components compared with single-factor treatments. Specifically, the T1N1 treatment (30 kg·hm⁻² ARC + 75 kg·hm⁻² N) significantly increased main stem height, lateral branch length, leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, evaporation rate, and stomatal conductance in both peanut genotypes. For XH11, two-year average dry matter accumulation under T1N1 was 13.90% and 28.86% higher than that under T1 and N1 alone, respectively, accompanied by increases of 20.79% and 18.29% in pod number per plant, 16.73% and 23.85% in filled pod number, and 13.58% and 8.77% in kernel yield per plant. For DH9, T1N1 increased dry matter accumulation by 8.81% and 22.32%, pod number by 18.14% and 7.95%, filled pod number by 26.78% and 17.95%, and kernel yield by 12.50% and 12.75% compared with T1 and N1 alone, respectively. These findings indicate that the synergistic effect of ARC inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer in T1N1 treatment is superior to single-factor applications, as it ensures stable yield while reducing nitrogen input, providing a green, high-yield, and efficient cultivation strategy suitable for large-scale field promotion.
To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of root exudates on soil microecological environment in sugarcane-peanut intercropping system, this study selected fumaric acid as a key metabolite based on previous metabolomic analyses. Soil treatments were conducted using exogenous fumaric acid, artificial root exudates, and actual root exudates at 3 concentration gradients (low, medium, and high) to evaluate their effects on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial communities. The results demonstrated that fumaric acid significantly modulated soil nutrients and enzyme activities. Specifically, all treatments increased soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) content, decreased available potassium content, and enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase and urease, with medium and high concentrations exhibiting the most pronounced effects. Variations in efficacy were observed among exudates from different sources: actual root exudates at the medium concentration maximized the promotion of alkali-hydrolyzable N and urease activities, whereas artificial exudates at the high concentration further enhanced urease activity and elevated soil pH. Furthermore, microbial responses exhibited distinct taxon-specific patterns. A low concentration of exogenous fumaric acid promoted bacterial growth, while actual root exudates inhibited bacteria across all tested concentrations. Conversely, high concentrations of both exogenous fumaric acid and artificial exudates stimulated the proliferation of actinomycetes. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the abundance of actinomycetes and soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, pH, as well as bacterial abundance, indicating that actinomycetes play a crucial role in soil nitrogen transformation. In conclusion, fumaric acid in the sugarcane-peanut intercropping system might synergistically regulate soil microecological environment by improving nitrogen availability, enhancing the activities of key soil enzymes, and optimizing structure of microbial community.
To explore the role of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the growth of soybean seedlings with different nodulation characteristics under low nitrogen stress, a pair of near-isogenic lines (non-nodulating WT and nodulating MT) was employed as experimental materials. The plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, active oxygen content, sugar content and key enzyme activities of sucrose metabolism were compared and analyzed under normal nitrogen supply (CK, nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution of 7.31 mmol·L⁻¹), low nitrogen stress (LN, nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution of 2.11 mmol·L⁻¹) and low nitrogen stress with 5 mmol·L⁻¹ GABA (LN+GABA). The results showed that compared with CK, LN treatment significantly inhibited the growth of soybean seedlings. Compared with LN treatment, LN+GABA treatment significantly improved the aboveground morphology (plant height, stem diameter, leaf area) and root growth (root length, root volume), increased dry matter accumulation, and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) in leaves and roots, and significantly reduced the O2 - production rate and H2O2 content. Specifically, in the leaves of MT, these enzyme activities increased by 18.09%, 13.30%, 16.10%, and 12.38% respectively, while the superoxide anion (O₂-) production rate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content decreased by 11.75% and 10.36% respectively; in the roots of MT, the enzyme activities increased by 9.78%, 18.14%, 24.87%, and 20.24% respectively, and the O₂- production rate and H2O2 content decreased by 8.25% and 10.50% respectively. In the leaves of WT, these enzyme activities increased by 17.62%, 24.89%, 36.12%, and 14.24% respectively, while the O₂- production rate and H₂O₂ content decreased by 9.10% and 13.12% respectively; in the roots of WT, the enzyme activities increased by 16.88%, 33.09%, 29.89%, and 16.07% respectively, and the O₂- production rate and H₂O₂ content decreased by 10.75% and 5.96% respectively.In addition, LN+GABA treatment also significantly increased the contents of sucrose, fructose, soluble sugar and the activities of key enzymes of sucrose metabolism in leaves and roots of the two tested soybeans under low nitrogen stress. Mantel analysis results showed that in MT, antioxidant enzyme activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, sugar contents, and key enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism were all significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with dry matter accumulation; SOD, H₂O₂, O₂⁻, SUC, SUS, and SPS in leaves and roots were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with plant morphology. In WT, except for fructose, invertase (AI, NI) in leaves, APX, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and soluble sugar (SS) in roots were not significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation, most other physiological indexes were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with dry matter accumulation; At the same time, except root CAT, all physiological indexes were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with plant morphology. In conclusion, exogenous GABA alleviated the inhibition of low nitrogen stress on Soybean Seedlings by synergistically enhancing antioxidant defense ability and regulating sucrose metabolism pathway.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop in China, but its traditional breeding process is time-consuming and inefficient, which limits the development of new cultivars. To achieve rapid generation advancement in flax, this study used 3 genotypes with distinct growth durations (Longya 13, Longya 15, and hlinum) to systematically investigate the effects of different photoperiod–light intensity combinations on key growth stages, agronomic traits, yield components, and seed quality. The potential of early harvest of immature seeds for shortening the breeding cycle was also evaluated.Results showed that both photoperiod and light intensity exerted significant regulatory effects on all growth stages. Among the treatments, T1 (24 h light, 714 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) was the most effective, substantially shortening the period from emergence to maturity. Under this condition, the total growth durations of the early-maturing Hlinum, the mid-maturing ‘Longya 13’, and the late-maturing ‘Longya 15’ were reduced to 65 d, 77 d, and 82.3 d, respectively, allowing a theoretical annual generation turnover of 4-6 cycles. Light treatment significantly affects agronomic and yield traits. Among these, the thousand-kernel weight of Longya 15 remained at a relatively high level (5.43-7.33 g). Under the T2 treatment, the number of capsules per plant and the number of seeds per capsule showed the best comprehensive performance, demonstrating the potential for maintaining an ideal plant architecture. The response of quality traits was germplasm-specific. A longer dark period combined with low to medium light intensity (T7) generally increased the lignan content to 8.81%-13.24%.Moreover, seeds harvested 12 d after pollination exhibited a germination rate of approximately 50%, providing a key technical basis for further shortening the “seed-to-seed” cycle by more than 20 d. This study has established a rapid flax breeding system that integrates the synergistic regulation of photoperiod and light intensity with early harvesting of young fruits. This approach shortens the field growth cycle and enables accelerated generation advancement, thereby providing support for the efficient breeding and fundamental research of flax.
To address the issue of uneven soil covering by the peanut film seeder's soil covering device during operation, which lead to exposed seeds and seed drying, a double-disc combined soil covering device is designed. The device combines soil covering disc with soil covering roller to enhance the uniformity of soil covering. The motion state of the double-disc combined soil covering device during soil covering operation was analyzed, and the key structural parameters affecting soil covering performance were obtained by combining the kinematic analysis of the soil during operation. With the help of a EDEM simulation software, a simulation model of soil covering device was established to explore the influence of different parameters on operation performance of the soil covering device. The number of soil guiding plates of the soil covering roller was determined, and the key structural parameter range of the device was optimized. Taking the operation speed, soil covering port width, and soil guiding plate deflection angle as the test factors and the coefficient of variation of soil covering uniformity as the evaluation index, a Box-Behnken test was conducted, and the optimal working parameters of the double-disc combined soil covering device were determined as an operation speed of 3.9 km/h, a soil covering port width of 75 mm, and a soil guiding plate deflection angle of 45. Field tests were conducted with the average operation speed set at 3.9 km/h. The field test results showed that under the optimal working parameters, the coefficient of variation of soil covering uniformity was less than 8%, meeting the requirements of soil covering operation on peanut film seeding, and could improve soil covering performance of the seeding machine, contributing to the increase of large-scale peanut yield per unit area.
For high-throughput, low-cost, and reproducible field phenotyping of peanut nodules, and for a new avenue in deep investigation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation mechanisms on precision breeding, this study developed a smartphone-based rapid field phenotyping method. It is to address the challenges associated with peanut nodule phenotyping in field, including small size nodules and dense distribution, frequent adhesion and occlusion, complexity of field imaging conditions, and substantial image variability across smartphone devices. A closed white-light calibrated imaging device integrating a standard color card and scale ruler was constructed to enable standardized acquisition of root images in terms of both color and scale, thereby improving the consistency and comparability of field images at the source. In addition, a lightweight nodule detection model, STAC-YOLO11n, was proposed for complex field backgrounds, enabling rapid image analysis and nodule counting on smartphones. The results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved robust nodule detection and stable counting performance under complex environmental conditions, with an accuracy of 86.85%, and exhibited good cross-device generalization across different smartphone platforms.
Peanut is a crucial oil crop in China, and achieving high yield and quality in its production is of great significance for ensuring food security and promoting green agricultural development. As a leguminous crop, peanut can obtain nitrogen through symbiotic nitrogen fixation to support its growth and development. Effective utilization of this process can significantly reduce reliance on chemical nitrogen fertilizers, lower production costs, and minimize environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizers. However, the mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in peanut is complex and numerous factors influence its efficiency, such as moisture, temperature, pH, soil nitrogen content, and soil microorganisms. In this review, we summarize the establishment of the peanut-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen fixation system, its underlying mechanisms, and key factors affecting the formation and development of peanut nodules. It aims to provide valuable insights for advancing theoretical research on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in peanuts and enhancing its practical applications in agricultural production.
China confronts a substantial disparity in straw feed supply, while oilseed rape straw is rich in nutrients, indicating great potential for its utilization as feed. Based on the national straw resource inventory and literature, this study analyzes the nutritional basis, current utilization status, processing technologies, and existing challenges of rapeseed straw feed in China, and proposes development recommendations. The results show that the crude protein content (approximately 5.5%) and crude fat content (2.14%-3.48%) in oilseed rape straw were higher than those in major grain crop straws. From 2019 to 2023, both the volume and proportion of oilseed rape straw utilized as feed increased annually, though the overall level remains low. In 2023, the utilization of oilseed rape straw for feed accounted for only 7.5%. Currently, the quality improvement of oilseed rape straw as feed primarily relies on physical, chemical, biological, and combined treatment methods. Key constraints to its utilization include spatial resource allocation imbalances, high processing costs, and a lack of technical standards and regulations. To enhance the utilization of oilseed rape straw as feed, efforts are needed in three areas: policy support, technological breakthroughs, and standard system construction.
Oleic acid content is a key factor determining the quality and nutritional value of sunflower seed oil. Breeding of high-oleic acid varieties is a core objective in sunflower breeding, with precise and rapid fatty acid detection technology acting as a critical technical support. This paper comprehensively reviews the breeding status of high-oleic sunflower and the application of near-infrared spectroscopy in detection of fatty acids in sunflower kernels, and also the construction process of related near-infrared spectroscopy models. This technology enables rapid quantitative determination of fatty acid components without complex sample pretreatment. The article clarifies the ideas for model construction and application directions, which lays a foundation for research and development of non-destructive and efficient detection technology for sunflower fatty acids and provides important reference value for promoting high-oleic sunflower breeding.
