Welcome to CHINESE JOURNAL OF OIL CROP SCIENCES,
2024 Volume 46 Issue 1
Published: 28 February 2024
  
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  • Bo-shou LIAO
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    Implementation of the novel grand-food security strategy based on the principles of all-encompassing approach to food is highly crucial for diversifying sources, increasing supply amount, improving nutritional quality, enhancing market competitiveness, protecting eco-systems, ensuring self-coordination, promoting healthy consumption, and elevating comprehensive management of various foods in China under the New Era. Since the opening police starting in 1978, historical changes have occurred in production, trade and consumption of major agricultural products including the oilseeds, and food consumption and nutrition levels in the whole country have been significantly improved. However, the unbalanced production and consumption of certain agro-products have also led to serious problems such as an increase in chronic diseases, environmental pollution and risks within food supply chains, among which, the short domestic production and over-consumption of oilseeds and edible vegetable oils have been in a dilemma for more than ten years. Based on China’s natural resources and social-economic circumstances, the general road-map including enlarging production of rapeseed and peanut, promoting production of other special minor oilseeds and intensifying healthy consumption should be well followed in order to ensure the supply of oilseed products. It is proposed to increase the domestic vegetable oil production up to 20 million tons in the next decade, which would be the basic supply bottom line for domestic consumption. Meanwhile, further efforts should be made on improving the quality, production efficiency and market competitiveness and promoting healthy consumption of oilseed products.

  • Wu-quan WANG, Jia-ming LIU, Hua-wei YANG, Min YU, Luo-yi LIU, Yong-tao ZHENG, Ling HU, De-zhi ZENG
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    To better understand the potential of Brassica napus L. for both oilseed and vegetable in southern Sichuan, 6 oilseed varieties and 2 vegetable varieties were selected and analyzed from 3 aspects: economic benefits, agronomic characters and nutritional quality. Results showed that dual-purpose planting technique reduced the yield of rapeseed but increased the economic benefits. Stalk-cut treatment with the loss of the main stem and stem pod, while reducing primary branches and pods of primary branches, which indirectly affected the number of seeds per silique, resulting in reduced production of rapeseed. Rape stalk was found to be functional vegetable with good palatability and rich nutritional value. This study confirmed that oilseed-and-vegetable dual-purpose might be a suitable planting technology for popularization.

  • Ying HUANG, Pei-sen ZHAO, Ling-li XIE, Jin-song XU, Yong CHENG, Xue-kun ZHANG, Ben-bo XU
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    To improve efficiency of Brassica napus breeding, analysis were carried out for differences in agronomic traits and yield components of rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin according to the national winter rapeseed test from 2018 to 2020. Results showed that in the upper area of the Yangtze River, density, plant height, seed numbers per silique, seedlings growth and lodging resistance were significantly positively correlated with yield. Disease index was significantly negatively correlated with yield, and the maximum direct path coefficient of effective silique numbers per plant to yield was 0.665. In the middle area of the Yangtze River, plant height, seed numbers per silique, 1000-seed weight, lodging resistance and seedling growth were significantly positively correlated with yield, and the number of effective silique numbers per plant had the largest direct effect on yield of 0.529, but disease index and whole growth period were significantly negatively correlated with yield. In the lower area of the Yangtze River, yield was positively correlated with plant height, effective branch number, effective pod number, 1000-seed weight, growth period and seedling growth, and the density and disease index were negatively correlated with yield. The 1000-seed weight had the greatest impact on yield in the lower area of the Yangtze River, and the direct path coefficient was 0.694. In breeding strategies, population selection should be strengthened, varieties with strong lodging resistance and more seeds per silique should be strengtheneded in the upper- and middle- areas of the Yangtze River. 1000-seed weight of rape should be increased under the condition of sufficient effective silique numbers per plant in the lower area of the Yangtze River.

  • Da-gang WANG, Yong YANG, Guo-yu HU, Zhi-ping HUANG
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    To appropriate soybeans arrangement in southern Huang-Huai region and to improve the development of high-yield breeding, yield and main agronomic traits of 177 varieties from different origins were evaluated and analyzed in southern Huang-Huai region in 2016-2021. Results showed that the number of effective branches exhibited the greatest variation among the traits, followed by plant height, and bottom pod height. In contrast, the whole growth period showed the smallest variation. The average yield for the testing varieties ranged greatly from 2735.00-2918.00 kg·hm-2 during 2016-2021, with the highest average yield in 2020. Among different provinces, yield had extremely significant positive relation with seed weight per plant. Varieties tested in Shandong sites showed higher plant height, main stem node number, number of effective pod, seeds number per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100-seed weight than others, reaching 3156.32 kg·hm-2 for average yield. Varieties at Anhui sites showed the lowest in average yield (2471.15 kg·hm-2). The correlation analysis showed that the average yield had extremely significant positive relation with seed weight per plant from different-originated varieties. Variety with the highest average yield (2927.41 kg·hm-2) was found in Henan, followed by that from Jiangsu. Among the breeding sectors, the varieties with the highest average yields (3063.87 kg·hm-2) came from the Institute of Industrial Crops at Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, with average yield of 3100.42 kg·hm-2 and 3491.20 kg·hm-2 in Henan and Shandong sites respectively. Results also showed that soybean yield differed greatly among different provinces in southern Huang-Huai, and it was tightly associated with local cultivation environments as years, origins and genetic backgrounds of varieties.

  • Wen-pei YAN, Xia SUN, Ying-ying DENG, Qiang LI, Xiu-ju WU
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    Soybean seed germination determines the seedling establishment and developmental process. Rapid germination and high germination rate are essential for achieving high yield in soybean production. Based on observing seed coat micromorphology and detecting the main physiological indexes at the early stage of germination, it was aimed to screen differentially expressed genes by transcriptome analysis with Heinong 35 and its mutant line M at the exposure stage (24 h after imbibition) so as to further clarify the mechanism of soybean seed germination. Results showed that there were significant differences in water absorption and germination rate. M had longer hilum and thinner seed coat than Heinong 35 by scanning electron microscopy, which might be the main reason that M absorbed water fast in the early germination stage. During germination, the abscisic acid (ABA) content gradually decreased, while the soluble protein content first decreased and then increased, and the soluble sugar content presented the trend of increase-decrease-increase with "S" shape. By transcriptome analysis, 1122 differentially expressed genes were screened, of which 478 were up-regulated and 644 were down-regulated. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway. 22 candidate genes related to the photosynthetic pathway were screened and down-regulated in M. It was deduced that these down-regulated genes in M might cause slower photomorphogenesis and then lead to lower germination rates. These results should be helpful for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of soybean seed germination.

  • Xiao-ye CHEN, Xin XU, Chun-lei ZHANG, Shan YUAN, Fu-lu CHEN, Bing-jun JIANG, Ting-ting WU, Da-wei XIN, Shi SUN, Qing-shan CHEN, Tian-fu HAN
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    There are some root-related problems including difficult rooting and inadequate rooting of regenerated shoots, microbial contamination of regenerated roots, low survival rate and poor growth of transplanted plants in the soybean tissue culture process, which significantly limit the efficiency improvement of genetic transformation. In this study, we established a simple and efficient propagation method for soybean regenerated shoot using a grafting system with cotyledon-only plant (COP) as stock. The results showed that the survival rate of the regenerated shoot in the grafting union with 4-6 d old COP as stock and the regenerated shoot with no root, few roots or microbially contaminated root as scion was as high as 79.8%±4.9%. After cutting a regenerated shoot into 2-3 stem segments and then grafting them with COP stock, the grafted shoots totally produced 1.8-fold more seeds (234.5±39.1) than that of an individual plant (83.7±13.2) derived from rooting induction in the tissue culture system. In conclusion, the grafting method using COP as stock and regenerated shoot as scion omits the root induction of the regenerated shoot in the tissue culture system; and resolves the problems of no rooting, few rooting and microbial contamination of roots in soybean tissue culture, improves the survival rate, and increases the seed number of the regenerated plants. Hence, the propagation efficiency was obviously elevated. This technology facilitates the efficient genetic transformation and engineered propagation in soybean and provides new insight into other dicots with problems in the rooting process of regenerated shoot in the tissue culture.

  • Peng XU, Wei-fang REN, Si-jian WANG, Zhe XU, Jia-hai FANG, Li-yun WAN
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    Peanut sprouts, also known as longevity sprouts, are a therapeutic food produced by sprouting peanut kernels and are now favored by more and more people. Therefore, the selection of suitable accessions in peanut germplasm resources is crucial for the production of peanut sprouts. In this study, 181 peanut accessions in germplasm resources were used to screen those which were superior suitable for sprout production by hydroculture in mearsuring of sprout length, sprout yield and weight gain rate. The results showed that 7 peanut accessions had sprout lengths longer than 8 cm, 15 peanut germplasm resources had sprouting rates over 95% and 17 peanut germplasm resources had weight gain rates higher than 300%. Combining these three indicators, four peanut germplasm resources with excellent performance, including JND44, JNP310, ZY131 and Huayu 16, were finally selected. The above four peanut germplasm resources were repeatedly tested by the sand culture method to determine their shoot length, shoot yield and weight gain rate, and the results were similar with hydroculture indicating these four germplasm resources were suitable for the production of peanut sprouts. This study provided basic materials for the subsequent production of peanut sprouts.

  • Ming-gang REN, Chun-hong LI, Ping YANG, Da-zhi HE, Yan-hua ZHAO, Jin-hua FAN, Ping LU, Xing-fa TANG, Ming-you FENG
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    In order to explore elite black seed coat peanut resources, observed phenotypes of 44 black seed coat peanut resources in consecutive 2 years were analyzed on their genetic diversity, correlation, systematic clustering and principal component. Results showed that 6 qualitative traits had great differences among varieties. The 19 phenotypic traits demonstrated that the coefficient of variation ranged from 2.64% to 97.98% with the average of 24.28%, the genetic diversity index ranged from 0.8652 to 2.0704 with the average of 1.7622, indicating that 44 germplasm had rich genetic diversity. Significant positive correlations exhibited between growth period and lateral branch length (r= 0.82), main stem height and first lateral branch length (r= 0.87), primary branch numbers and effective fruit numbers (r= 0.84), pod numbers per plant and full pods per plant (r= 0.96), rate of full pods weight and rate of full seeds weight (r= 0.88), shelling percentage and plumpness degree of pod (r= 0.82). Significant negative correlations were found between pod number per kilogram and 100 pods weight (r= -0.74), pod number per kilogram and 100 seeds weight (r =-0.62). The 44 black seed coat peanut germplasm were divided into 6 groups at the Euclidean distance 10.52. Principal component analysis showed that the accumulative contribution rate of 6 major factors to total variation of 17 phenotypic traits accounted for 89.45%, and 6 materials were identified, of which comprehensive score F was 0.40 or more.

  • Jian-nan MA, Cheng-bin SHAN, Xu FENG, Yue MA, Li-wei WANG, Xiang-qian ZHANG, Xiao-qing ZHAO, Zhan-yuan LU, De-jian ZHANG, Chao-mei MA
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    To better utilize the stem and leaf of Cyperus esculentus and facilitate its crop breeding, relationship was studied between phenotypic features and stem-and-leaf metabolites, by investigating phenotypic parameters of 10 cultivars. The parameters including leaf width, tuber width, tuber thickness and tuber height, were compared and analyzed. Stem and leaf metabolites were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results showed that 10 cultivars of C. esculentus were divided into 2 phenotypes, namely wide-leaf round-tuber type and narrow-leaf long-tuber type. Their leaf width was positively correlated with tuber width and tuber thickness. Relative contents of 28 main metabolites were discovered and investigated including flavane-3-ols, caffeic acids and flavonoids. Results showed that the contents of 4 flavonoids (luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide, luteolin 8-C-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucuronide, and luteolin) were significantly higher in wide-leaf round-tuber C. esculentus leaves. Biosynthesis pathways of the 4 differential flavonoids metabolites were deduced and mapped using KEGG and PlantCyc. It was predicted that the wide-leaf round-tuber type was more drought-tolerant than the narrow-leaf long-tuber ones.

  • Xiao ZHOU, Li-juan JIANG, Chang-zhu LI, Yun-zhu CHEN, Pei-wang LI, Yu-qing XIONG, Lu-hong ZHANG, Ke-zhai SHENG, Yan YANG, Jing-zhen CHEN
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    Sapindus saponaria L. is an economic tree species for biodiesel, medical, ecological and many other uses. In this study, MISA software was used to mine SSRs in transcriptome of S. saponaria. The SSRs characteristics were analyzed. SSR-PCR reaction system were constructed and optimized. Results showed 52 460 unigenes in S. saponaria transcriptome. Among which 7014 unigenes contained SSRs, and a total of 8654 SSRs were discovered. SSR richness was decreased from dinucleotide to hexanucleotide. SSR length ranged from 12 to 250 bp. 3619 SSRs had the length less than or equal to 15 bp, all of which were dinucleotide and trinucleotide. The length of the SSRs was greater than 15 bp, mainly dinucleotides and trinucleotides. Totally 435 different repeat units were in these SSRs, including 139, 115, 109, 60, 12 and 0 types respectively, from hexanucleotide to mononucleotide. The SSR repeat elements frequencies between 4 to 30 times, 89.65% of the total SSRs accounted to 7090 locis were distributed from 4 to 10 times. GO functional annotation of target genes at SSR locis showed that the Unigenes could be divided into 3 categories and 51 groups. KEGG function annotation showed that the metabolism pathway accounted for 65.18% in 5 categories. Through the construction and optimization of the reaction system of S. saponaria SSR-PCR, the optimal combination was as follows: 37 cycles, annealing temperature 60℃, primer amount 2.0 μL and DNA template concentration 40 ng/μL.

  • Jing-hui LIU, Xiao-qing YAO, Jun-ling LUO, Gang WU, Xiao-hong YAN
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    To verify the effectiveness of a plant genetic transformation method mediated by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), binding ratio and protection of PEI-SWNT (polyethyleneimine single-walled carbon nanotube complexes) to exogenous genes were investigated and veritied. Carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-SWNT) were used as raw material to construct PEI-SWNT modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Then PEI-SWNT complex was used to transform fluorescent plasmids (eg. RED and UBQ10-EGFP) into oilseed rape protoplasts and tobacco leaves. Results showed that PEI-SWNT nanomaterials successfully bind to the exogenous target genes and protect them from nuclease degradation. PEI-SWNT was found to carry the target genes into recipient cells and could successfully express them in recipient cells.

  • Ze-wei HE, Xiao-yu DING, Jing-song XU, Peng YE, Ji-kui HE, Yong CHENG, Ben-bo XU, Xue-kun ZHANG
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    To better understand raining-weather effect on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield during seeding stage, 10 elite rapeseed varieties were planted in 11 ecological sites in the middle region of the Yangtze River. Agronomic traits, yield, quality and resistance between normal year (2019/2020) and autumn-rainy-waterlogging year (2020/2021) were observed to compare waterlogging rainy weather effects at seeding stage. Regression analysis between monthly rainfall, temperature and yield and agronomic traits changes, showed waterlogging rainy weather lead to rapeseed seed and oil yield reduced by 21.8%, 23.2%, and average seeding date delayed for 11.5 d, growth duration shortened for 11.2 d, despite with well drainage treatment in the field. Among them, the plant height, silique number per plant and harvest density significantly decreased by 9.2%, 21.1% and 6%, respectively. While the changes of oil content, elucic acid, glucosinolate, seed weight, seed per silique and Sclerotinia disease severity index were not different in significant level. The regression analysis showed that the monthly rainfall increase in October resulted in waterlogging, which cause of the yield loss directly, while secondary effects, such as delayed seeding date, low autumn temperature and reduced winter rainfall, contributed 25.4%, 50.5% and 33% to the yield loss, respectively. Varieties in this study showed different tolerance to autumn waterlogging rainy weather with higher seed yield and oil content in normal year and higher waterlogging tolerance index, H1951, Yueyou 1577, 9zyYP12 increased oil yield by 11%-16.5% to control variety, and waterlogging year increased by 5.4%-18.4%.

  • Yan LIU, Jie KONG, Jie YUAN, Xuan LIU, Ming-ming HUANG, Ren-Bo GUO, Xiao-Xia ZOU
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    Clarifing growth and physiological characteristics of peanut seedling germinated from seeds under low temperature was expected to provide reference for peanut production in regions susceptible to low temperature during harvest. Peanut variety Qinghua 7 was used. Seeds at 100% maturity without low temperature stress were used as control, seeds at 90% maturity with 2℃ and -1℃ low temperature stress were set as T1 and T2, respectively, seeds at 100% maturity with 2℃ and -1℃ low temperature stress were set as T3 and T4, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), dry matter accumulation and endogenous hormone content of peanut seedlings that germinated from different treated seeds were studied. Results showed that compared with control, seedlings Fv/Fm was inhibited when germinated from low temperature treatments. And the lower the seed maturity, the more obvious the effect of low temperature stress. At 10-18 d after emergence, the aboveground dry matter weight of seedlings under T1 and T2 was significantly lower than control, while the underground dry matter weight of seedlings in each low temperature treatment had no significant difference with control, but was significantly higher at 22-26 d after emergence. The hormone contents of GA3, ZR, IAA and ABA in each treatment showed the same trend with seedling growth, but the contents in each sampling period showed obvious differences under different stress temperature and maturity. At 10 d after emergence, the (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA ratios of T1-T4 were 12.82%, 25.64%, 25.64% and 38.46% lower than control respectively, but when 26 d after emergence, (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA ratios were 47.62%, 42.11%, 60% and 46.34% higher than control respectively. Temperature had extremely significant effects on GA3, ZR, ABA and (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA ratio, and had significant effects on Fv/Fm values. Maturity had extremely significant effects on GA3 and ZR. The (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA ratio was positively correlated with dry matter accumulation and was negatively correlated with root/shoot ratio and Fv/Fm. It is suggested that peanut is harvested after full maturity in areas with high incidence of cold damage to avoid seed quality degradation and seedling growth limitation caused by low temperature stress.

  • Jun-hua LIU, Ji-shun YANG, Zheng-feng WU, Yong-mei ZHENG, Li-yu YANG, Jia-lei ZHANG, Jian-guo WANG, Yu-cheng ZHAO, Xiao-mei XIE, Li WANG, Shu-bo WAN
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    In order to clarify the mechanism of yield increase of single seed precision sowing, two sowing types of single-seed sowing (SS) and double-seed sowing (DS, as control) were set with Huayu 22 under field conditions, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, canopy structure, and root characteristics of peanut at different growth stage were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in dry matter weight of single plant and population between SS and DS in the early growth stage of peanut, but SS was significantly higher than DS in the middle and late growth stage, and the leaf area index of SS was significantly higher than that of DS in the pod setting stage. As to different canopy structures at pod setting stage, the leaf area index of upper, middle and lower canopy layers of SS were 23.03%, 9.34% and 86.43% higher than those of DS, respectively. The dry weight of leaf and stem per single plant and population canopy of SS was significantly higher than that of DS, in addition the proportion of dry weights of leaves and stems in the lower part of SS was higher. The total root dry weight, root length, root surface area and root volume per plant and population of SS were higher than those of DS, and the proportion of middle and lower layer roots were higher. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between root dry weight and leaf dry weight in the middle, lower layer, and stem dry weight in the lower layer. In conclusion, compared with double-seed sowing, the stronger development of the middle and lower parts of the canopy and the deeper root distribution of single seed precision sowing are the important reasons for its yield increase of peanut. It is an effective way to reduce cost and increase yield for peanut for promote root development and stronger canopy by single seed precision sowing.

  • Yue ZHAO, Yong-chao LYU, Xiao-shu CHEN, Mei-jun LI, Feng GUO, Hua-yuan GAO, Zhi-min ZHANG, Chun-yu LI
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    To determine the optimal nitrogen application rate for chernozak peanuts, Jihua 25 was selected as the experimental material and subjected to six different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. These levels included a control group with no added nitrogen (0 kg/hm2, CK), traditional fertilization at 112.5 kg/hm2 (N1), a 20% reduction in nitrogen at 90 kg/hm2 (N2), a 30% reduction in nitrogen at 79.5 kg/hm2 (N3), a 40% increase in nitrogen at 159 kg/hm2 (N4) and double the amount of applied nitrogen at 225 kg/hm2 (N5). The impact of varying application rates on enzyme activity, yield, and quality related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism were assessed. The results indicated that the use of optimal nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase in the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS). Conversely, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a decrease in the activities of NR, GS, GDH, SS and SPS. The yield of each nitrogen application treatment exceeded that of the no-fertilizer control. Among all treatments, the peanut yield was highest when traditional fertilizer was applied with a 20% reduction in nitrogen (N2), resulting in a 9.21% increase compared to the control and a 1.57% increase compared to traditional fertilizer alone. These results indicated that N2 treatment could not only meet the nitrogen demand of peanut growth and development, but also ensure the activity of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism in leaves, enhance the ability of peanut to absorb and utilize nitrogen, and increase the number of double-kernel pods per plant, 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight per plant, reduce the number of immatured pods and single-kernel pods per plant, increasing the number of double-kernel per plant, 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight, the peanut yield was finally increased.

  • Yan-ling HU, Hai-tang YANG, Pan LI, Mu YU, Yan-zhao SHI, Ruan-zhi LIU, Zhen-zhen ZHU, Yan-hong HAN, Xiao-chuan ZHENG, Li-min ZHAO
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    To explore the effect of different meteorological conditions on the yield of high oleic acid peanut, 19 varieties derived from 5 main peanut producing areas, such as Henan and Shandong province, were planted in Zhengzhou from 2019 to 2021, meteorological data such as 10-day average temperature, 10-day precipitation and 10-day sunshine hours during the key growth period of peanuts (from June to September) were collected, and the yield data of each variety were combined for comprehensive analysis. The results showed that the varieties had different response to temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours. Jihua 16 and Jihua 11 were more sensitive to temperature and sunshine hours at flowering and peg setting stage. The abnormal high temperature at this stage would cause the yield to drop significantly. The yields of Zhonghua 413, Zhonghua 412 and Huayu 917 were significantly negatively correlated with 10-day precipitation, and be least tolerance to waterlogging. The stability analysis of varieties showed that 10 varieties with high oleic acid, including Kainong 1768, Nanchong 1704, Jinong 16, Kaixuan 016, Huayu 961, Zhengnong 25, Zhengnong 23, Jinong 11, Huayu 633 and 1508G, had good inter annual stability. The research provides guidance for the cultivation and further utilization of high oleic acid varieties.

  • Yun-xiang LI, Yu-lei FENG, Feng-hu CHANG, Jun-shuai LU, Fu-ping HU, Xing-fu WANG, Qian LIU, Bin BAI
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    A field experiment was conducted over a period of five consecutive years to assess the abundance-deficiency index of soil nutrients for oil flax in the middle arid region of Gansu. The results indicated that for local oil flax, the abundance-deficiency index of N, P and K nutrients can be classified into six fertility levels based on relative yield:<50% (extremely low), [50%-60%) (low), [60%-70%) (lower), [70%-80%) (medium), [80%-90%) (higher), ≥90% (high), The corresponding values for total N were <0.38, [0.38-0.53), [0.53-0.75), [0.75-1.05), [1.05-1.48), and ≥1.48 g·kg-1 respectively; for available P were<4.6, [4.6-7.8), [7.8-13.1), [13.1-22.1), [22.1-37.3), and ≥37.3 mg·kg-1 respectively; for available K were <91.0, [91.0-117.3), [117.3-151.1), [151.1-194.7), [194.7-250.9), and ≥250.9 mg·kg-1, respectively. and to put forward in different fertility levels the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate were as follows: >130, (115-130], (105-115], (95-105], (75-95], and ≤75 kg·hm-2; the corresponding phosphorus fertilizer recommendation rates were as follows: >110, (95-110], (80-95], (65-80], (50-65], and ≤50 kg·hm-2; the corresponding potassium fertilizer recommendation rates were as follows: >70, (60-70], (50-60], (40-50], (35-40], and ≤35 kg·hm-2. According to the long-term survey and monitoring of soil nutrients, since 1983, there has been an upward trend in soil alkali-hydrolyzable N and available P. a slight decrease in total N, and a significant decrease in available K in the local oil flax producing area. The abundance-deficiency indexes obtained from the experiment also indicate that currently, the content of local soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are still at low levels. However, although the local soil's potassium nutrient content remains at a higher level, it exhibits a significant downward trend compared to the past. This indicates that in local oil flax production, more attention should not only be paid to increasing nitrogen fertilizer but also to increasing phosphate fertilizer and appropriately applying potassium fertilizer.

  • Na JING, Yu-hong GAO, Qiao-xia ZHANG, Ming WEN, Zheng-jun CUI, Bing WU, Bin YAN, Yi-fan WANG
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    To further improve the N utilization efficiency of oilseed flax, and to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer input in the northwest arid region, field two-factor split plot experiment was carried out to study the regulatory effects of 3 N application levels (N1: 60 kg·hm-2; N2: 120 kg·hm-2; N3: 180 kg·hm-2) and 3 application periods (T1: all basal; T2: 2/3 basal + 1/3 topdressing at the beginning of bud emergence; T3: 1/3 basal +1/3 topdressing at the beginning of stem division + 1/3 topdressing at the beginning of bud emergence) on N metabolism and N fertilizer utilization efficiency of oilseed flax in dryland. Results showed that the activities of N metabolism enzymes, leaf N accumulation and transport and grain yield increased and then decreased with N fertilizer application. At the same time, N agronomy efficiency and partial N productivity decreased. During the fertilization periods, the above indicators were the highest under T2 treatment. The comprehensive operation of N fertilizer showed that under N2T2 treatment, the activities of N metabolizing enzymes (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase) and N accumulation were significantly increased by 14.21-34.93%, 18.66-29.27%, 14.92-55.82% and 10.63-36.74% compared with the traditional model (N3T1), and were increased dramatically by 22.75-54.84%, 23.62-69.81%, 43.61-78.09% and 23.33-57.88% compared with no N application (CK). The grain yield, N utilization efficiency in grain, pre-anthesis N transport and their contribution to grain were higher under N2T2 treatment, which was 14.35%, 4.20%, 28.45% and 17.37% higher than other treatments on average. The correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between N accumulation and N metabolism enzyme activity, N transport, grain yield, and N utilization efficiency. In conclusion, application of 120 kg·hm-2 N fertilizer at the rate of 2/3 basal + 1/3 topdressing at the beginning of budding stage could significantly improve N metabolism enzyme activities and N fertilizer utilization efficiency of oilseed flax, which might be used as a N fertilizer operation mode to achieve efficient production in dryland.

  • Hai-di WANG, Yu-hong GAO, Bing WU, Bin YAN, Zheng-jun CUI, Yi-fan WANG
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    This study aimed to investigate the impact of different crop rotation patterns and previous crops on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of oilseed flax in a long-term field positioning experiment conducted from 2012 to 2020. Oilseed flax was selected as the primary research subject. The effects of previous crops, flax planting frequency, and continuous cropping years on leaf area index, SPAD value, photosynthetic potential, net assimilation rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield of flax were examined in the northwest dry farming area under six different crop rotation patterns: FFFF (flax → flax → flax → flax), FWPF (flax → wheat → potato → flax), FPFW (flax → potato → flax → wheat), FFWP (flax → flax → wheat → potato), FWFP (flax → wheat → flax → potato) ,and FWPW (flax → wheat → potato → wheat). The objective was to provide theoretical foundations and technical guidance for optimizing the planting system of dryland farming areas while elucidating the photosynthetic physiological mechanisms underlying high-yield production in oilseed flax. Furthermore,the results demonstrated that compared with continuous cropping,crop rotation significantly increased leaf area index by 8.11%-86.49%,SPAD value by 3.54%-42.86%,and photosynthetic potential by 10 .38%-76 .58 % in oilseed flax.The stubble biomass after wheat or potato cultivation was significantly higher than that after oilseed flax cultivation.Moreover,the planting frequencies at 25% and 50% were significantly higher than that at 100% ,which also increased with decreasing years of continuous cropping.Meanwhile,net assimilation rate exhibited an increasing trend after budding stage.Additionally, crop rotation significantly enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics of oilseed flax, resulting in a substantial increase in net photosynthetic rate (8.26%-106.00%) and leaf water use efficiency (20.77%-51.84%), except for the (F)WPF treatment during the anthesis stage. Compared to continuous cropping, crop rotation significantly boosted grain yield, non-grain yield, and total biomass yield of oilseed flax at maturity stage by 29.89%-109.59%, 44.60%-111.90%, and 38.98%-111.01%, respectively. In addition, four-year continuous cropping led to a significant decrease of 23.01%, 30.85%, and 28.05% in grain yield, non-grain yield, and total biomass yield compared to two-year continuous cropping respectively; however, these yields increased when previous crops were replaced and flax planting frequency was reduced. Correlation analysis revealed that aboveground biomass yield and grain yield exhibited a significant positive correlation with net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of oilseed flax during budding and anthesis stages, but showed a significant negative correlation with intercellular CO2 concentration. Notably, the correlation coefficient was higher during the anthesis stage than during the budding stage. Therefore, crop rotation facilitated the development of robust individual and population-level photosynthetic capacity in oilseed flax while maintaining strong photosynthetic performance throughout its growth period. This approach led to increased accumulation of photosynthetic products resulting in improved grain yield as well as overall biological productivity for oilseed flax cultivation. Among various crop rotation patterns tested, "flax → wheat → potato → wheat" proved to be an appropriate choice.

  • Jing-ping NIU, Cai-ni YANG, Jin-zhong ZHAO, Yu-tao CHEN, Ying-xin WANG, Li LI, Min WANG, Ai-qin YUE, Wei-jun DU
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    Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) disease is one of the main diseases affecting production and quality of soybean. Analyzing the genetic basis of soybean disease resistance can lay a foundation for controlling this disease by using soybean resistant varieties. In this study, 193 germplasm resources were performed phenotypic identification by inoculating soybean mosaic virus strains SC7 and SC15, these phenotypic data and 656 977 SNP markers of germplasms were used to perform genome-wide association mapping. One significant SNP-trait association with SC7 resistance was detected on chromosome 15. Ten significant SNP-trait association with SC15 resistance were detected and located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 17 and 19, respectively. These resistance SNP loci maybe new loci. In addition, all genes were found in the upstream and downstream 50 kb of each resistance locus by referring to the Williams82. a2 genome, some genes with SNP difference were selected as the candidate genes for resistance and analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that genes Glyma.02g163300, Glyma.19g027200, and Glyma.19g057700 might be involved in resistance to SC15 in soybean. The results of this study was expected to provide important genetic resources for soybean germplasm cultivation.

  • Ning HAN, Ji-jun SUN, Pu-xiang SHI, Hong-xi SUN, Yi-bo WANG, Hai-xin WANG
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    In order to define the pathogen of peanut scorch spot disease in Liaoning Province, tissue isolation method was utilized. Its pathogenicity was determined according to Koch's postulates. Morphology of colony, perithecia, asci and ascospores was observed. LSU, ITS and Tub2 genes of pathogen were sequenced for multi-gene joint construction analysis. Results showed that the pathogen formed flat colonies with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth and lobate margins. Mycelium was initially white and then changed to black brown from the center of the colony. Ascospores were ellipsoid to oblong with a gelatinous sheath and septum. Based on the combined phylogenetic analysis of LSU, ITS and Tub2 gene sequences, the pathogen was identified to be Leptosphaerulina arachidicola causing peanut scorch spot in Liaoning Province. Biological characteristics showed that a suitable temperature for pathogen mycelial growth was 25℃, at the optimal pH 5, under the optimal carbon source of soluble starch, and the optimal nitrogen source of pancreatic peptone. Its lethal temperature of the mycelial was 50℃.

  • Li-li ZHAO, Zi-qin LI, Zhi-dan SHI, Chun-yu MU, Hai-yan HUANGFU, Gui-qiang QI, Pei-ling SONG, Meng-jiao YAN, Jiu-ru HUANGFU, Yong-qing YANG
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    In order to identify the risk of tebuconazole resistance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, susceptibility baseline of 119 strains of S. sclerotiorum to tebuconazole was established by growth rate method, and two resistant strains were obtained by UV induction combined with drug screening. Genetic stability of resistance, mycelial growth rate, sclerotinia production ability, pathogenicity, sequence analysis and expression measurement of target gene of resistant strains were studied. Results showed that EC50 values of all strains ranged from 0.0121 to 0.8907 μg/mL, with an average of 0.2403±0.1365 μg/mL, showing a unimodal curve distribution. No field resistant strains were detected. Two resistant strains 19AH-5A and 19AH-5C were obtained by indoor induction, and their EC50 values of tebuconazole were increased by 5.857 and 12.903 times, respectively. In addition, the biological characteristics of 19AH-5C strain were not significantly different from those of susceptive strain, while the pathogenicity of 19AH-5A was seriously degraded. The sequence of CYP51 gene encoding the target protein of tebuconazole in the two resistant strains were completely consistent with that in susceptive strain, and no base mutation resulting in amino acid change was found. However, the relative expression of CYP51 gene in the resistant strain 19AH-5C was significantly up-regulated by 3.72 times in condition treated with tebuconazole. Under the selective pressure of tebuconazole, it was suggested that S. sclerotiorum had a moderate resistance risk to tebuconazole. Therefore, when using tebuconazole to control S. sclerotiorum, resistance level of the pathogen is recommended to be monitored continuously, and fungicides of different action mode could be used alternately in rapeseed production to delay the occurrence of fungicide resistance in fields.

  • Ai-ting ZHOU, Fang WANG, Rui-qi PENG, Jian-rong WU, Huan-cheng MA
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    To explore the mechanism of Camellia oleifera response to endophytic YYC155 inducing disease resistance, 2-year-old C. oleifera was used as material to determine the biological control effect of YYC155 on anthracnose of C. oleifera and the changes of disease resistance defense enzyme activity after induction, and RNA Seq technology was used to sequence and analyze the transcriptome of samples induced for 15 days. The results showed that YYC155 had a significant control effect on anthracnose of C. oleifera, which was 48.28%, and the defensive enzyme activity was activated. Moreover, 1655 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from CK vs YYC155 samples. DEGs were involved in biological processes, molecular functions and cell components in GO functions, and were enriched in 102 KEGG pathways, among which MAPK plant signal pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, and plant pathogen interaction were significantly enriched; In addition, resistance related genes AUX1,GID1, PP2C, JAR1, etc. were up-regulated. The above confirmed that YYC155 can better induce the disease resistance and defense system of C. oleifera, and it is a biocontrol endophytic strain with potential application value.

  • Mei-juan LIANG, Xiu-lan ZHAO, Hao-hua GU, Xiao-feng YUE, Xiao-qian TANG, Hui LI, Wen ZHANG, You-guo LI, Qi ZHANG, Pei-wu LI
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    A efficient detection method for nitrogenase activity in peanut and soybean have successfully developed via acetylene reduction method by using capillary column headspace gas chromatography (GC). This method realized highly sensitivity discrimination and analysis of low concentration of C2H4 from high concentration C2H2 atmosphere. Headspace injection mode was adopted, and HP-PLOT Q capillary-column chromatography acted as the separation column with temperature programming with flame ionization detector for C2H4 detection. The calibration curve of C2H4 showed wide linear relationship ranging from 0.125 to 30 000 μmol/mol, where the correlation coefficient of R2 was 0.9996. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0341 μmol/mol, which was better than previous. The proposed headspace GC method showed a good precision with the relative standard deviation of 5 tests of 2.32%. The recoveries of C2H4 samples were 95.8-110% with the relative standard deviations of 1.54-3.47%. Meanwhile, the results in real samples were consistent with those of conventional gas chromatography with GDX-502 packed column, revealing that this GC method was high reliability. Additionally, analysis time for C2H4 and C2H2 was only 3 min, realizing a rapid analysis and qualitative of actual samples by combing the automatic sample injection device. The aforementioned results demonstrated this proposed method could achieve rapid and accurate determination of nitrogenase ability in peanut and soybean samples, which could meet the demand of C2H4 determination by acetylene reduction method in peanut and soybean biological nitrogen fixation research.

  • Zi-cong HU, Chao-fan HU, Yan-po LI, Qiao-jun JIANG, Qun-he LI, Cui-lan FANG
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    Pomegranate seed oil is a functional vegetable oil extracted from pomegranate seed, the byproduct of pomegranate processing. It has promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases activities. In this article, the research results of pomegranate seed oil at home and abroad in recent years were comprehensively reviewed from the aspects of the extraction method, nutritional composition, and health benefit of pomegranate seed oil. Aqueous enzymatic method, solvent extraction method, supercritical fluid extraction method and physics-assisted extraction method had significant influences on the yield and fatty acid composition. Although there were differences in the fatty acid composition of pomegranate seed oil from different origins and different extraction methods, overall, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in pomegranate seed oil reached 88.57%-95.33%. The unsaturated fatty acids were dominated by punicic acids (60.62%-81.40%). They were the main bioactive ingredients of pomegranate seed oil which could exert various nutritional effects. Therefore, pomegranate seed oil is a woody vegetable oil with high nutritional value and potential utilization value. This paper aims to provide a theoretical reference for further research on pomegranate seed oil and its development, and its utilization in food, biomedicine and other fields.