To improve rapeseed yield level in China and to ensure vegetable oil supply, this study systematically analyzed the current status of rapeseed yield, regional constraining factors, and application characteristics of high-yield technologies in China based on survey data from 5360 large-scale rapeseed growers in 199 counties and districts nationwide,. Results showed that significant regional differences existed in rapeseed yield in China, with the highest yield in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and the lowest in the spring rapeseed region. Soil conditions, disaster stress, and harvest loss were common constraints, with prominent contradictions between soil and stubble in rice stubble fields, and drought and harvest loss as the main limiting factors in dry stubble fields. The technology application rate in high-yield fields was significantly higher than that in medium- and low-yield fields. Technologies such as chemical weeding and high-yield varieties had high popularity, while mechanized loss reduction and green prevention and control technologies had low penetration rates. Based on these findings, the core pathway of "one variety, two improvements, three reductions" was proposed, and the "three ones" technical model was integrated: the upper reaches of the Yangtze River mainly promoted mechanical dense planting and disease resistance and loss reduction technologies; the middle reaches of the Yangtze River focused on precision sowing, waterlogging prevention and loss reduction harvest; the lower reaches of the Yangtze River adopted precision sowing, appropriate density and precise regulation; the Huang-Huai region strengthened narrow-row dense planting and stress-resistant cultivation; and the spring rapeseed region focused on promoting seed coating, film mulching for moisture conservation and mechanized loss reduction. This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the regional quality and efficiency improvement and coordinated yield increase of rapeseed in China.
To address uncertainties in the global rapeseed oil supply chain, this study constructs a worldwide trade network using 2013–2023 UN Comtrade data from 165 countries. We apply complex network theory and social network analysis to measure resilience through random and targeted shock simulations, evaluating four indicators: average clustering coefficient, average path length, network connectivity, and network efficiency. China’s evolving position is analyzed via eigenvector centrality, PageRank centrality, and interdependence index. Key results reveal: (1) The network exhibits a tripartite structure dominated by North American, European, and East Asian core nodes; while connectivity and efficiency improved, trade power concentration intensified; (2) Targeted attacks on core nodes cause sharp efficiency declines and path length fluctuations (initial surge followed by contraction), with regional clusters providing buffering capacity – though North American nodes show critical single-point vulnerabilities, and EU restructuring weakened traditional hub functions; (3) China maintains top-three global eigenvector centrality and has diversified import sources, yet faces a persistent "high centrality-low resilience" structural contradiction. We conclude that enhancing control over critical nodes, optimizing strategic channel resilience, and establishing intelligent risk-control mechanisms are essential for strengthening China’s supply chain robustness.
Southwest China is a crucial soybean production region in China. A systematically analysis of the current status of high-oil soybean resources in this region, along with proposing corresponding development strategies, is of great significance for enhancing high-oil soybean production capacity and ensuring national food and oil security. In this study, the quality traits of 241 soybean varieties certified in four Southwest provinces from 1998 to 2024, as well as 196 soybean cultivars collected by our research team were examined. The results indicated that among the 437 soybean germplasms in Southwest China, 179 were high-protein varieties, while only 20 were high-oil varieties. Yunnan Province ranked first in the number of high-oil varieties. Further analysis revealed that after Sichuan Province certified the first introduced high-oil variety, Fudou 1, in 2004, it was not until 2015 that Chongqing certified the second and third high-oil varieties, Yudou 3 and Xidou 9. The certification of high-oil varieties in Southwest China increased significantly after 2020. By assessing the intercropped soybean area and the planting area of compatible crops such as corn and tobacco in Southwest China, we identified considerable potential for expanding high-oil soybean cultivation. In the future, the high-quality development of high-oil soybeans in the region can be advanced through technical approaches such as optimizing cultivation practices, integrating conventional breeding with biotechnological methods.
Soybean (Glycine max) is a vital global source of protein and oil, playing a crucial role in ensuring food security and meeting nutritional and health demands. Against the backdrop of global climate change and evolving trade patterns, breeding soybean varieties with low photoperiod sensitivity has become an important strategy to address these challenges, expand cultivation areas, increase yield per unit area, and enhance national food security. Soybean is highly sensitive to photoperiod, which significantly regulates its growth period, yield formation, and environmental adaptability. This is specifically reflected in the influence of photoperiod on key yield-related agronomic traits-such as flowering time, maturity, plant height, node number, branch number, and hundred-seed weight-thereby determining the adaptability of soybean to different ecological regions. Therefore, reducing photoperiod sensitivity is a key breeding objective for achieving high and stable soybean yield and broadening the latitudinal adaptation range of varieties. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the identification of photoperiod-regulated flowering-related genes and loci such as E1 to E11, the Tof series, and FTs, and outlines the molecular pathways regulating flowering under long-day, short-day, and broad adaptation conditions. Furthermore, it discusses photoperiod-related loci and genes such as E8, Dts, RIN1, and PH13 that regulate maturity and yield traits, and summarizes molecular mechanisms through which photoperiod affects yield traits from the perspectives of photoperiod–shoot apical meristem development and photoperiod–gibberellin signal synergistic regulation pathways. Finally, it prospects the development pathways for breeding low photoperiod-sensitive soybeans, providing theoretical support for mining superior photoperiod-responsive genes, elucidating the molecular regulatory network of photoperiod-controlled growth period and yield traits, and enhancing both yield potential and environmental adaptability.
One of the greatest threat to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) production is from basal stem rot (BSR), caused by white-rot fungus Ganoderma boninense. BSR is prevalent in tropical areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, the Central and South America, causes up to 50% to 80% loss of palms in lots of plantations. Oil palm planting industry in China is still in the initial stage of rapid development. At present there are no reports on the occurence of BSR. In this article, we summarized research progresses in recent 10 years on detection techniques, pathogenesis, interaction mechanism, control measures of BSR, which prospected research direction of BSR resistance against G. boninense, with a focus on exploring disease-resistant germplasm and control strategies. We expected to provide references for preventing and controlling domestic oil palm basal stem rot disease in China and abroad.
Low temperature stress severely influence the geographical distribution, growth and development, yield, and quality of rapeseed. In this study, to explore miRNAs response to low temperature and their target genes, elucidate the regulatory mechanism of resistance to low temperature stress in rapeseed, we used cold resistant rapeseed seedling leaves subjected to 6 hours of -3℃ stress and room temperature as material, constructed miRNA libraries for high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 76 known miRNAs and 200 novel miRNAs were identified, with 11 differentially expressed miRNAs, of which 5 were up-regulated and 6 down-regulated, and 618 corresponding target genes were predicted. GO analysis showed that the target genes were highly enriched in regulation of COPI vesicle coat, intracellular protein transport, and transporter activity items in the three categories of cell component, biological process, and molecular function, respectively. KEGG analysis indicated that target genes have been enriched in endocytosis, RNA transport and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. The qRT-PCR validation of differentially expressed miRNAs and their target genes showed that the five miRNAs exhibited negative regulatory relationships with their target genes. As a result, miRNAs in rapeseed can respond to low temperature stress by negatively regulating target genes, which can provide miRNAs and candidate target genes for the study of low-temperature stress mechanisms in rapeseed.
To elucidate the functional mechanisms of theGSK (glycogen synthase kinase) gene family in disease resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), this study aims to elucidate the response dynamics of this gene family to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection through genome-wide identification of its members combined with bioinformatic analyses and molecular experiments. Members of the GSK family were identified from the rapeseed genome (cv. ZS11) using BlastP and HMMER methods. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA7. Expression patterns were analyzed based on transcriptome sequencing (at 48 hpi with S. sclerotiorum) and qRT-PCR validation. The results showed that a total of 35 GSK gene family members were identified in B. napus genome, designated as BnaSKs. All members contained the conserved STKc_GSK3 kinase domain. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four subfamilies (Group I-IV). Collinearity analysis revealed the evolutionary dynamics of the B. napus genome and its phylogenetic relationships with related species. Promoter regions are enriched with hormone-responsive (ABA, JA) and stress-responsive cis-elements, suggesting they are involved in rapeseed resistance regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated functional divergence among BnaSK subfamily members across different developmental stages and organs: Group I members (e.g., BnaSK1.5, BnaSK1.6) are highly expressed in leaves; Group II showed preferential expression in leaves and stems; Group III are specifically expressed in pollen; and Group IV are widely expressed across various tissues. Following S. sclerotiorum infection (48 hpi), Group I members (BnaSK1.2, BnaSK1.4, BnaSK1.5 and BnaSK1.6) are significantly upregulated (P< 0.01), with BnaSK1.2 and BnaSK1.4 expression reaching four-fold relative to controls, only a few genes in Group II are slightly up-regulated, while Group IV exhibited no significant changes. These results confirmed that Group I members, particularly BnaSK1.2 and BnaSK1.4, were likely involved in the early defense response against S. sclerotiorum infection. This study systematically revealed the evolutionary characteristics of the GSK gene family in B. napus and its expression dynamics under S. sclerotiorum induction, providing key candidate genes for rapeseed disease resistance breeding.
In this study, we analyzed the gene expression differences between fresh seeds of grain and vegetable soybean to providing theoretical basis and technical support for the mechanism of soybean fresh seed quality formation by transcriptome sequencing. High throughput sequencing technology (IlluminaHiSeq 4000) was used to perform transcriptome sequencing on R6 stage fresh seeds of the grain soybean variety Fudou 234 and the vegetable soybean variety Mindou 7. A total of 39.92 Gb sequencing data were obtained, representing 56,956 annotated genes. Among them, 932 new genes and 2088 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated. Taking Fudou 234 as a reference, 918 DEGs were upregulated in Mindou 7. Among 918 upregulated genes, GO analysis revealed that genes related to biological processes such as glutamine metabolism, (1->3)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly enriched; Genes related to galactose metabolism, lignin, lignin and wax biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and other pathways were significantly enriched in the KEGG pathway. Similarly, 1170 genes were downregulated in Mindou 7, and GO analysis showed significant enrichment of genes related to biological processes such as endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, xyloglucan metabolism, and cell wall biogenesis in biological processes; Genes related to pathways such as ABC transporters, GPI anchored protein biosynthesis, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum were significantly enriched in the KEGG pathway. Among the 48 DEGs related to starch and sucrose metabolism, 25 were upregulated in the fresh seeds of grain soybean Fudou 234 and 23 were upregulated in the fresh seeds of fresh soybean Min Dou 7. At the same time, qRT-PCR technology was used to verify the reliability of transcriptome sequencing. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of soybean fresh seeds.
Interspecific hybridization incompatibility is a key limiting factor in the transfer and utilization of the beneficial genes from wild peanut species. In this study, two cultivars Silihong and Tifrunner were used as female parents to cross with four wild species including Arachis duranensis (AA), A. magna (BB), A. cruziana (KK), and A. pusilla (HH), respectively, and the pollen germination, pollen tube growth, hybrid embryo development, and the reproductive processes of the F1 hybrids were observed in order to reveal the key stages of interspecific hybridization incompatibility. At pollen germination stage, the pollen grains of all four wild species could germinate regularly on the stigma of the cultivated peanuts. At pollen tube growth stage, normal pollen tubes were observed when crossing with closely related wild species such as A. duranensis, A. magna, and A. cruziana; conversely, slower pollen tube growth occurred when crossing with the distantly related wild species A. pusilla. At embryo or seed development stages, hybrid embryos derived from closely related wild species A. duranensis achieved a higher level of maturity but still needed embryo rescue to produce viable seedlings. In contrast, hybrid embryos from the distantly related wild species A. pusilla could not be successfully rescued. At the reproductive stage, since all hybrids were triploids, abnormal chromosome pairing and unequal chromosome segregation were observed at meiosis I and at anaphase I respectively, resulting in high level of pollen sterility and no pod formation in hybrids F1. These findings suggest that there are almost no incompatibility barriers at the pollen germination stage between cultivated peanuts and these four wild species; however, a certain degree of incompatibility exists at the pollen tube growth stage specifically between cultivated peanuts and distantly related wild species A. pusilla. The embryo developmental stage and the reproductive stage of interspecific hybrids F1 are critical barriers for introgression of beneficial genes of wild species into cultivated peanut.
The genetic basis of sesame yield-related traits was investigated using the recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from the cross of Yuzhi 8 and Yanzhou Erhongpi. A total of 46 yield-related QTLs, with LOD scores of 3.0 to 22.05 and PVE ranging from 2.74% to 21.62%, were detected by the Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method. Eight QTL clusters containing two or more loci were identified. A 1000-seed weight related QTL, qSW_LG09, could be detected in 3 environments and explained 13.79% to 21.62% of the phenotypic variation. Four candidate genes, SIN_1003729, SIN_1003713, SIN_1003683 and SIN_1004923, were identified within this QTL interval through gene enrichment and functional annotation. This study laid a theoretical foundation for genetic analysis and breeding applications of yield-related traits in sesame.
To explore the key loci and genes associated with flax lodging resistance, 10 traits related to lodging resistance in 269 flax germplasm resources were identified and their genome-wide association analyses were conducted in 5 environments. The results showed that there were extensive phenotypic variations in flax lodging resistance traits, with the coefficient of variation of fresh weight being the largest (54.94%) and that of plant height being the smallest (13.68%). The phenotypic coefficient of variation of the 10 traits of flax lodging resistance is sorted in the following order: fresh weight > stem breaking force > stem bending resistance > lignin > cellulose > puncture strength > compressive strength > center of gravity height > stem thickness > plant height. Under the five environments, the generalized heritability of lignin in this group was the largest, reaching 65.72%, and the generalized heritability of the center of gravity height was the smallest, at 46.12%. The order of generalized heritability was lignin > cellulose > fresh weight > stem breaking force > compressive strength > puncture strength > stem bending force > stem thickness > plant height > center of gravity height. Genome-wide association analysis of flax lodging resistance traits yielded 61 significantly associated SNP loci, with phenotypic interpretation rates ranging from 6.45% to 12.35%. A total of 72 candidate genes were annotated within a range of 10kb upstream and downstream of the significantly associated SNP loci (-log10≥5.1), among which 4 genes were jointly detected in 2 environments. The candidate gene LUSG00009364 for cell wall synthesis was detected at 1815 bp downstream of the SNP (group8:26914041) locus on chromosome 8, with a phenotypic interpretation rate of 10.89%. The DHHC palmitoyltransferase gene LUSG00009997 detected at 6843 bp upstream of the SNP (group3:153196) locus on chromosome 3 has a phenotypic interpretation rate of 12.35%. The Ppx/GppA phosphatase gene LUSG00003108 was detected at 6043 bp upstream of the SNP (Group 11:23793243) locus on chromosome 11, and the pantothenic acid phosphorylase gene was detected at 6189 bp downstream of the SNP (Group 12:11454172) locus on chromosome 12 LUSG00023784, with phenotypic interpretation rates of 12.57 and 11.56% respectively; Two genes were jointly detected in the three environments. The NPH3 family gene LUSG00005402 detected at 7626 bp upstream of the SNP (group13:21285679) locus on chromosome 13 and the cell transition metal ion-related gene LUSG0005402 detected at 9888 bp downstream of the SNP (group13:17033610) locus The phenotypic interpretation rates of 04744 were 11.24% and 12.57% respectively. The expression levels of these six candidate genes at the stem and root sites of anti-lodging and easily lodging materials were significantly different. It is speculated that these key candidate genes are closely related to the anti-lodging of flax, providing reference value for molecular breeding of anti-lodging of flax.
Aiming at the lack of cultivation techniques for rapeseed after suffering freezing rain disasters, this study systematically analyzed the effects of 16 combined disaster mitigation measures—including removing frozen bolts vs. retaining frozen bolts, different foliar fertilizers, plant growth regulators, and ground topdressing—on the yield and economic benefits of freezing-injured rapeseed through field experiments. The results showed that under the condition of low-temperature freezing rain and snow disasters, the freezing injury plant rate of all 22 rapeseed varieties reached 100%, with an average freezing injury index of 67.16, and the correlation between the freezing injury index and yield was not significant among different rapeseed varieties. There were extremely significant differences in the effects of different disaster mitigation measures on increasing yield and efficiency of freezing-injured rapeseed. The yield of the treatment with retained frozen bolts was extremely significantly higher than that with removed frozen bolts. Compared with the treatment of "retaining frozen bolts + blank control", the treatment of "retaining frozen bolts + Xinmeizhouxing" could extremely significantly increase yield and efficiency, with a yield increase of 415 kg/hm² (an increase rate of 24.9%) and an efficiency increase of 2024 yuan/hm²; the treatment of "retaining frozen bolts + Bihu" could significantly increase yield and efficiency, with a yield increase of 365 kg/hm² (an increase rate of 21.9%) and an efficiency increase of 1624 yuan/hm². Therefore, after rapeseed suffers from freezing rain and snow disasters, the removal of frozen bolts should be avoided, and timely spraying of Xinmeizhouxing or Bihu is the optimal disaster mitigation measure that balances yield and economic benefits. This study provides strong technical support for the post-disaster recovery and production of freezing-injured rapeseed and has important guiding significance for ensuring the safe production of rapeseed.
To clarify the effects of single application and combined application of calcium (Ca), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) on the biomass, yield and economic benefits of peanuts, and to determine the optimal application combination of Ca, B, and Mo fertilizers, a two-year field experiment was conducted. There were eight treatments: conventional fertilization (CK), Ca fertilizer (Ca), B fertilizer (B), Mo fertilizer (Mo), Ca and B fertilizers (Ca + B), Ca and Mo fertilizers (Ca + Mo), B and Mo fertilizers (B + Mo), Ca, B and Mo fertilizers (Ca + B + Mo). The aim is to clarify the effects of Ca, B and Mo fertilizers on the biomass, yield and economic benefits of peanuts in red soil upland. The results showed that the root biomass of peanuts treated with B and Ca+B was the largest, which were 131.39% and 138.56% higher than that treated with CK, respectively. The biomass of peanut shells, kernels, underground parts and total biomass were all the highest in the Ca+B treatment, which were 29.45%, 51.65%, 49.07% and 43.53% higher than those in the CK treatment, respectively. While the biomass of peanut stems and leaves and total above-ground biomass were the highest in the treatments of Ca+Mo, B+Mo and Ca+B+Mo, respectively. Factor analysis further confirmed that the B treatments mainly promoted the growth and development of the lower organs of peanuts, while the Mo-containing treatments (Ca+Mo, B+Mo and Ca+B+Mo) mainly promoted the growth and development of the upper organs of peanuts, the combined application of B fertilizer and Mo fertilizer produced a significant antagonistic effect. Compared to the CK treatment, the increased application of medium and micro-fertilizers boosted peanut yield by 14.70% to 44.59% and profit by 15.84% to 50.83%. Among them, the increase in peanut yield and profit was the highest under the Ca+B treatment. In conclusion, increasing the application of Ca, B, and Mo effectively enhanced the yield and economic benefits of peanuts in upland of red soil. The effect was best when both Ca and B fertilizers were applied simultaneously. This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific application of medium and micro-fertilizers for peanut production in red soil areas.
Iron deficiency in peanuts is widespread in calcareous soil. We investigated the effects of leaf spraying 15 mg·L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) (T1), 0.2%FeSO4∙7H2O (T2), their combined application (T3), and 0.67% EDDHA-Fe (T4) on leaf physiological characteristics and plant growth in Shanhua 7 peanuts in calcareous soil, spraying water served as the control (CK). The mechanisms of leaf spraying in promoting iron absorption and utilization in peanuts were also explored. Results showed that leaf spraying of 15 mg·L-1 5-ALA and 0.2% FeSO4∙7H2O significantly increased the leaf chlorophyll (a+b) content and active iron content by 15.3%, 30.0%, respectively, compared to spraying of 0.2% FeSO4∙7H2O. Iron content in root, stem, and shells also significantly increased by 16.1%, 4.9%, and 18.9%, respectively. Additionally, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and proline (PRO) content in leaves, were significantly elevated, respectively. These enhancements promoted the growth of peanut plants, resulting in a significant increase by 7.29% in yield. The results of the above experiment showed no significant difference compared to the application of 0.67% EDDHA-Fe. Based on agricultural safety and input costs, the combined foliar application of 5-ALA and FeSO4∙7H2O could be considered as an essential measure to correct iron deficiency in peanuts grown in calcareous soil.
To investigate the characteristics of peanut plant growth and nitrogen (N) absorption and utilization under layered fertilization, this study used the peanut cultivar Qinghua 7 as the test material, with conventional farmer fertilization management as the control (CK). Two fertilization layers were set: two-layer fertilization (D: 10 cm and 25 cm) and three-layer fertilization (T: 10 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm). Each layered fertilization treatment included three fertilization gradients (100%, 90% and 80%), resulting in six treatments (D100, D90, D80, T100, T90 and T80). Additionally, within the two-layer and three-layer fertilization treatments, each fertilization layer was labeled with 15N isotope as a sub-treatment to study the effects of layered fertilization on peanut main stem height, lateral branch length, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen absorption and utilization from different fertilization layers. The results showed that layered fertilization significantly promoted peanut main stem height and lateral branch length, with increases of 8.14%-23.28% and 14.50%-26.46%, respectively. Under both two-layer and three-layer fertilization, the dry matter accumulation in various peanut plant organs was significantly higher than that of CK, with whole-plant dry weight increasing by 14.48%-20.34% and 8.54%-45.87%, respectively. All layered fertilization treatments significantly enhanced the plant's absorption of fertilizer N. Notably, under three-layer fertilization, peanut plants exhibited higher N uptake from the 10 cm fertilization layer, with greater absorption from the 15 cm layer than the 25 cm layer. Layered fertilization also significantly improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), with the nitrogen utilization rate from the 10 cm layer increasing by 10.35-13.42 percentage points compared to CK, with the T100 treatment performing the best. Additionally, layered fertilization significantly increased peanut yield, by 21.19%-50.53% compared to CK, and the T100 treatment again achieving the highest results. In conclusion, the T100 and T90 treatments demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance in plant growth and N absorption and utilization, providing valuable insights for sustainable peanut production. However, the 25 cm fertilization layer in the three-layer fertilization treatment requires further optimization in terms of either fertilizer application rate or fertilization depth.
To investigate the effects of nitrogen reduction and calcium fertilizer application rates on peanut nutrient accumulation and yield, a field experiment was conducted using the cultivar Qianyou No.1 at two sites: Jinxian, Nanchang (N) and Linchuan, Fuzhou (F). Treatments included three nitrogen (N) levels: N1: 120 kg/hm² (conventional rate), N2: 96 kg/hm² (20% reduction), N3: 72 kg/hm² (40% reduction); and four calcium (Ca, as slaked lime) levels: C1: 0 kg/hm² (control), C2: 300 kg/hm², C3: 600 kg/hm², and C4: 900 kg/hm². The study assessed impacts on agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, yield components, and nitrogen/calcium accumulation and distribution. The results showed that compared to no calcium application (C1), nitrogen-calcium interactions increased 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight by 5.44% and 3.70% on average. At maturity, dry matter accumulation under C4, C3, and C2 increased by 2381.57 kg/hm², 1721.916 kg/hm², and 1270.08 kg/hm², respectively, compared to C1. Conventional fertilization (N1) enhanced root dry matter accumulation by 9.11% and 12.17% compared to N2 and N3. Peanut yield under N1 increased by 2.57% and 3.98% compared to N2 and N3, while C4 improved yield by 2.79%, 5.07%, and 10.07% compared to C3, C2, and C1. Nitrogen reduction by 20%， the average yield of N2C3 and N2C4 was 4.73 % higher than that of N1C1.Under the treatment of 40 % nitrogen reduction, the average yield of N3C3 and N3C4 was 3.46 % higher than that of N1C1.Under the interaction of nitrogen and calcium, the average yield was 7.31 % higher than that without calcium fertilizer. Nitrogen accumulation in peanut organs followed the order: seed > leaf > stem > shell > root. Total nitrogen accumulation under C4 increased by 4.52%, 10.77%, and 20.66% compared to C3, C2, and C1. Conventional fertilization (N1) elevated root nitrogen accumulation by 33.77% and 18.95%, leaf nitrogen by 30.73% and 8.43%, and shell nitrogen by 25.53% and 12.22% compared to N2 and N3. Under the interaction of nitrogen and calcium, the average nitrogen accumulation increased by 15.01 % compared with that without calcium application. Calcium accumulation followed: leaf > stem > shell > seed > root. C4 increased calcium accumulation by 7.11%, 14.46%, and 31.90% compared to C3, C2, and C1, while N1 enhanced calcium accumulation by 9.68% and 4.87% over N2 and N3. Under the interaction of nitrogen and calcium, the average calcium accumulation was 23.42 % higher than that without calcium fertilizer. Nitrogen allocation rates averaged 2.91% (root), 8.20% (stem), 16.56% (leaf), 7.64% (shell), and 64.84% (seed). Calcium allocation rates averaged 3.17% (root), 27.68% (stem), 58.01% (leaf), 5.78% (shell), and 5.36% (seed). In conclusion, combined nitrogen-calcium fertilization significantly influences dry matter accumulation and agronomic traits, improves nutrient utilization, and enhances yield in red soil regions. The recommended practice is 120 kg/hm² nitrogen with 900 kg/hm² calcium, while 20% nitrogen reduction combined with 900 kg/hm² calcium also demonstrates effective yield improvement, serving as a key strategy for high-yield peanut cultivation and fertilizer reduction in local areas.
Soybean and maize strip intercropping is an important cultivation measure to ensure food security and solve the contradiction between crops for land. In this study, the effects of straw returning and irrigation methods on the growth and yield of strip intercropping crops were studied. It is to provide a basis for how to carry out straw treatment and irrigation to promote yield in strip intercropping. The experiment was carried out in Yucheng City, Dezhou City, Shandong Province in 2022 and Anju District, Suining City, Sichuan Province in 2023. Two-factor split plot zone design is adopted, three straw returning methods (non-returning straw S1, returning straw with no stubble S2, returning straw with stubble S3) and three irrigation methods (non-irrigation W1, check irrigation before sowing W2, spray irrigation after sowing W3) were set up. Compared with W1, W3 could significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation and yield of soybean in Yucheng. Among them, LAI increased by 295.56 %, dry matter accumulation increased by 76.44 %, and yield increased by 126.61 %. The dry matter accumulation of maize in W3 was 24.50 % higher than that in W1, and the yield increased by 20.68 % in Yucheng. Compared with W1, W3 and W2 could improve the light and capacity of crop leaves and yield in Anju. The LAI of soybean increased by 57.25 % and 81.68 %, the SPAD of soybean increased by 27.14 % and 16.81 %, and the yield of soybean increased by 30.99 % and 19.88 %, respectively. Compared with W1, the LAI of maize increased by 27.39 % and 24.75 % respectively, the dry matter accumulation of maize increased by 27.67 % and 24.27 % respectively, and the yield of maize increased by 42.46 % and 28.68 % respectively in Anju. The effects of straw returning on dry matter accumulation and yield of soybean and maize in Yucheng were the highest in S3 and the lowest in S2. Soybean dry matter accumulation was 27.04 % higher, maize dry matter accumulation was 42.46 % higher, soybean yield per plant was 56.46 % higher, and maize population yield was 24.30 % higher. Compared with S1, S2 could significantly improve the light and capacity of soybean, SPAD increased by 8.84 % and net photosynthetic rate increased by 45.97 % in Anju. The dry matter accumulation of soybean in S2 was 61.81 % higher than that in S1, and the yield of soybean in S2 was 17.89 % higher than that in S1. In summary, spray irrigation after sowing increased the leaf area index of strip intercropping crops in Yucheng, promoted dry matter accumulation and increase yield. Check irrigation before sowing and spray irrigation after sowing improved the light and capacity of crops and promoted yield increase. Reasonable straw returning is helpful to increase yield. Yucheng and Anju have the best effect of returning straw with stubble and returning straw with no stubble respectively.
To investigate the effects of exogenous application of sodium chloride and phenylalanine on the morphological characteristics and resveratrol content of peanut sprouts, and to screen for optimal treatment conditions to enhance resveratrol content in peanut sprouts, the different concentrations of sodium chloride and phenylalanine solutions were used to treat germinating peanuts. The characteristics of peanut sprouts at various treatment stages and their resveratrol content were analyzed. The results demonstrated that germination rate and hypocotyl elongation displayed concentration-dependent inhibition. NaCl treatments with varying concentrations exhibited no significant impact on water content, but significantly enhanced resveratrol accumulation in peanut sprouts. Notably, sprouts treated with 120 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl solution showed higher resveratrol content compared to the control group and other treatment groups (P < 0.05). Exogenous phenylalanine (Phe) applications exhibited concentration-independent effects on germination rates, yet significantly improved fresh weight, water retention, hypocotyl elongation, and resveratrol accumulation in peanut sprouts. Notably, among all treatment groups, the content of resveratrol in peanut sprouts with 0.4 mmol/L phenylalanine treatment showed the highest level across all time points. In conclusion, treatment with either 120 mmol/L NaCl or 0.4 mmol/L phenylalanine solution during peanut germination significantly increased the resveratrol content in peanut sprouts, with the 0.4 mmol/L phenylalanine treatment demonstrating a more pronounced enhancing effect. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development, utilization, and value enhancement of resveratrol in peanut sprouts.
To better understand the response mechanisms and adaptation strategies of two main Camellia oleifera varieties to drought stress, providing important theoretical basis and technical support for the management measures for efficient cultivation of high-quality varieties of C. oleifera, three-year-old seedlings of C. oleifera varieties Xianglin 210 and Changlin 53 were selected for investigating adaptive strategies under drought stress. A controlled pot experiment lasting 90 days was conducted with three moisture treatment levels, including mild (40%-50% of the field water holding capacity), moderate (field water holding capacity 30%-40%), and severe (field water holding capacity 20%-30%) drought stress. Quantitative assessments were conducted on carbon allocation patterns, leaf construction costs, gas exchange parameters, and dynamic water relations. Comparative analyses were performed to elucidate the differential responses of contrasting C. oleifera varieties to gradient drought stress, with particular emphasis on characterizing their adaptive strategies and underlying physiological mechanisms. Under drought stress, 2 C. oleifera varieties exhibited differentiated adaptation strategies. Under mild drought conditions, both Xianglin 210 and Changlin 53 can maintain basic growth. However, under the stress of moderate and severe drought, 2 varieties showed different response strategies. Under moderate and severe drought stress, Xianglin 210 exhibited a 30.80%-47.40% reduction in plant height, with the most pronounced decrease in ground diameter reaching 82.22% after 30 days of treatment. In contrast, this genotype demonstrated adaptive morphological adjustments, showing significant increases in root-to-shoot ratio (40.00%-44.30%) and specific leaf area (36.14%-73.80%), which may contribute to its drought tolerance mechanism. Under prolonged drought stress, Changlin 53 plants cultivated exhibited significant morphological adjustments, with plant height reduction ranging from 29.78% to 63.06% and maximum basal diameter decrease reaching 66.77%. Notably, this genotype demonstrated dynamic regulation of specific leaf area (SLA) characterized by an initial decline followed by compensatory increase, accompanied by enhanced dry matter accumulation (elevated by up to 31.90%). Physiological responses included rapid stomatal conductance reduction (34.69%-36.45% decrease within 15 days) and sustained water conservation mechanisms, with cumulative height reduction stabilizing at 61.23%-64.10% after 60 days. Principal component analysis revealed that Changlin 53, in contrast to Xianglin 210, maintains superior homeostasis and phenotypic plasticity under drought stress through coordinated regulation of morphological remodeling and physiological adjustments, suggesting its putative adaptive strategies for improving drought resilience in oil tea plantations. This study elucidated the divergent drought resistance strategies employed by 2 major C. oleifera cultivars. Xianglin 210 demonstrated a "dynamic acclimation" strategy for coping with episodic drought, characterized by rapid biomass redistribution, plastic leaf morphology adjustment, and progressive stomatal conductance modulation. In contrast, Changlin 53 adopted a "homeostatic maintenance" strategy to address prolonged drought, exhibiting intrinsic drought-resistant traits, conservative leaf morphology, and threshold-triggered stomatal closure. This cultivar-specific strategy classification system provides novel insights into the mechanistic basis of drought resilience in C. oleifera, offering theoretical guidance for differentiated breeding programs and regionalized planting schemes.
To systematically investigate the structural characteristics of weed communities in the peanut fields in Southern Xinjiang, a "W" nine-point sampling method and the "seven-level" visual assessment method were employed for systematic field weed community surveys. Redundancy analysis was applied to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on weed community composition. The results showed that there were 70 weed species belonging to 50 genera and 17 families in these fields. The dominant families were Asteraceae （7 genera, 12 species, 17.14%）, Amaranthaceae （10 genera, 15 species, 21.43%）, and Poaceae （8 genera, 15 species, 21.43%）. Based on the integrated harm value, the most harmful weeds were Chenopodium acuminatum Willd., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Solanum nigrum L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola Ohwi, Portulaca oleracea L., Phragmites australis （Cav.） Trin. ex Steud., and Abutilon theophrasti Medikus. Regional dominant species varied: E. crus-galli var. praticola and C. acuminatum dominated in Kashgar; P. australis and S.nigrum were primary in Aksu; whereas P. oleracea and P. australis prevailed in Hotan. Analysis of ecological diversity revealed high weed community diversity across all three regions （Shannon index >2 and Simpson index >0.9）. Specifically, Aksu had the highest species richness （4.73）, Kashgar showed the highest Simpson index （0.91） and Shannon index （2.79）, and Hotan achieved the highest evenness index （0.80）. Community similarity was highest between Kashgar and Aksu （0.63） and lowest between Hotan and Kashgar （0.41）. Redundancy analysis identified soil available water capacity and March precipitation as key environmental factors influencing weed distribution. This study clarifies the weed community structure in Xinjiang's major peanut-producing areas and reveals its driving factors, providing a scientific basis for weed control in southern Xinjiang's peanut fields.
Girdling and fertilization are commonly used measures to promote production in fruit trees. In order to explore the effects of girdling period on nutrient distribution, growth and fruiting of Camellia oleifera under different fertilization conditions, and clarify the relationship between them. Taking Camellia oleifera in the full fruit stage as the object, the spring shoots were girdled before germination, in the middle of germination and in the late of germination under the conditions of fertilization and no fertilization, and the non-girdled control was set, a total of 8 combinations were set. The contents of inorganic nutrients and organic nutrients in various organs of Camellia oleifera during the key growth period, as well as the growth index of spring shoots, fruit retention rate, yield per plant and economic traits were determined and analyzed. The results show that: (1) The results showed that girdling at different stages could inhibit the spring shoot diameter of Camellia oleifera, promote fruit setting and increase yield; Fertilization can further improve the fruit retention rate, but it can promote the growth of Camellia oleifera spring shoots and reduce the fruit number per plant and fresh fruit yield of Camellia oleifera in the middle and late stage of spring shoot germination under the combined effect of girdling, and also inhibit the promotion effect of Girdling on oil content. (2) Girdling at different stages increased the contents of soluble starch in leaves and total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fruits in October, while decreased the contents of total nitrogen in roots, soluble sugar and starch in flower buds, and soluble sugar and protein in leaves in October. Fertilization treatment also increased the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fruits in October, and decreased the content of soluble sugar in flower buds, but fertilization inhibited the regulation effect of girdling on some nutrients. (3) The proportion of nitrogen and potassium in fruit was increased by girdling before and after spring shoot germination; In the middle stage of spring shoot germination, girdling increased the proportion of soluble starch in leaves, and fertilization promoted the accumulation of potassium and soluble starch in fruits. (4) The nutritional status of Camellia oleifera in May was most closely related to economic traits. The oil yield of dry seeds and oil yield per plant were significantly positively correlated with the soluble starch content in various organs at this time, but negatively correlated with the soluble sugar and protein content. (5) Structural equation model analysis showed that girdling could improve the oil content of fruit by increasing the soluble starch content of leaves; By increasing the total nitrogen content of fruit or reducing the total nitrogen content of root system, the oil yield was finally increased. Fertilization can improve oil production by reducing the total nitrogen content of roots. In all treatments, girdling at late stage of spring shoot germination+no fertilization can better control the growth of spring shoots, which is conducive to the accumulation of soluble starch in leaves, soluble sugar in roots, total nitrogen and soluble protein in fruits, improve the fruit setting, fruit preservation and oil yield of Camellia oleifera, and has the best promotion effect on the yield and oil yield of fresh fruit per plant of Camellia oleifera.
This study addresses the control of peanut Fusarium root rot in Xinjiang by systematically evaluating the inhibitory effects of nine fungicides on two primary pathogenic fungi, Fusarium proliferatum and F. equiseti, through in vitro screening and pot-based efficacy trials. The in vitro toxicity assays demonstrated that chemical fungicides exhibited significant overall inhibitory effects. Notably, 43% tebuconazole showed EC50 values below 1 mg/L for both Fusarium species, with an exceptionally high toxicity against F. proliferatum (EC50 = 0.001 mg/L). Similarly, 45% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole displayed excellent inhibitory activity, with EC50 values generally below 5 mg/L for both pathogens. In contrast, the biological agents, 300 million CFU/g Trichoderma harzianum and 100 billion CFU/g Bacillus subtilis, showed weaker inhibitory effects. The results of the pot experiments further validated the in vitro findings. At a concentration of 10 mg/L, 43% tebuconazole achieved a control efficacy of 71.50% against F. proliferatum, while 70% thiophanate-methyl reached 66.66% efficacy against F. equiseti. Both fungicides demonstrated significant dose-dependent and cumulative effects, with control efficacy showing a positive correlation with fungicide concentration. Continuous application further enhanced the control efficacy by 20%-30%. In summary, the chemical fungicides 43% tebuconazole and 45% pyraclostrobin·tebuconazole are recommended as important references for the field management of peanut root rot, providing a theoretical basis for its scientific control.
Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is a major disease affecting sunflowers. Currently, chemical control remains the primary method for managing this disease. However, this approach is not favorable for green and sustainable development of sunflower production. This study conducted indoor toxicity testsand indoor efficacy tests on seven strains of biocontrol bacteria: Bacillus thuringiensis NMB1, B. amyloliquefaciens NMB3, B. megaterium NMB4, Burkholderia pyrrocinia XXB24, Acinetobacter oleivorans NMB17, Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf27, and B. subtilis Y2 to evaluate their effectiveness against sunflower rust disease. The results demonstrated that all seven biocontrol strains exerted inhibitory effects on the germination of the rust urediospores. The Y2, Pf27, and NMB4 strains ranked among the top three in inhibitory efficacy. The compatibility test of the compound agents showed strains Y2, NMB4, and Pf27 had a good compatibility with each other. 0.3% eugenol was compatible with Y2, NMB4, and Pf27, while 80% tebuconazole was only compatible with Pf27. The results of combination assays between biocontrol strains as well as between biocontrol strains and fungicides showed that the most pronounced synergistic inhibitory effects were achieved with the following mixtures: NMB4 and Pf27 at a 5∶5 volume ratio, 0.3% plant-derived fungicide eugenol and Y2 at a 4∶6 volume ratio, and 80% chemical fungicide tebuconazole and Pf27 at a 5∶5 volume ratio. Potted plant control trials indicated that all seven biocontrol strains exhibited certain levels of efficacy against rust disease, with Y2 showing the highest control efficacy (65.47%). Among different combination modes, the highest control efficacy was observed with Y2 and Pf27 mixed at a 5∶5 volume ratio (68.65%), 0.3% eugenol and Y2 at 4:6 (86.46%), and 80% tebuconazole and Pf27 at 5∶5 (89.59%). These research results can provide valuable guidance for the practical application of biocontrol bacteria in managing this disease.
At present, peanut pod rot has become a crucial important factor severely restricts the safe production of peanuts in China. To provide essential support for screening, utilizing and cultivating disease-resistant varieties to control this disease, this study evaluated the resistance of 69 peanut varieties to pod rot over two consecutive years using field-based natural nursery screening. Field resistance results were further verified under laboratory conditions using detached fresh pods. The results demonstrated significant varietal differences in resistance consistency across years. Among the tested varieties, 41 exhibited relatively consistent resistance levels across two years, with 15 showing complete consistency. Three highly resistant varieties (Yuhua 177, Shanyouhong 2, Nongdahua 108), one resistant variety (Jihua 915), and one highly susceptible variety (Yuhua 22) demonstrated consistent resistance levels in both field and laboratory evaluations.
Currently, the corresponding nitrogen fertilizer application protocols associated with peanut bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) remain unclear. To address this issue, peanut and peanut rhizosphere soil samples were collected at flowering and mature stages. High-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rDNA gene was employed to investigate the effects of combined applications of peanut bradyrhizobium / Burkholderia bacteria and different nitrogen application measures (nitrogen-free, total nitrogen, 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with ARC bacterial agent application) on peanut and peanut rhizobacterial communities. Results indicated that (1) reducing nitrogen fertilizer application by 50%, applying ARC microbial agent and inoculating seeds with Burkholderia bacteria (N50+ARC+PGPR) was the optimal cultivation strategy for enhancing peanut yield, increasing yield from 29.0% to 39.0%. Influenced by this treatment, 4 classes (Bacilli at flowering stage; Gammaproteobacteria, Thermoleophilia, and Bacilli at mature stage) and 2 genera (Bacillus at flowering stage; Candidatus_Solibacter at mature stage) of the rhizobacterial community increased the total number of peanut pods and effective pods, dry fruit weight, as well as yield by accelerating carbon and nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere soil; (2) The second most effective treatment was reducing nitrogen fertilizer application by 50%, applying ARC microbial agent and inoculating seeds with peanut bradyrhizobium (N50+ARC+RHI), which increased peanut yield from 22.0% to 34.0%. Influenced by this treatment, 1 class (Gemmatimonadetes at flowering stage) and 2 genera (Gemmatimonadetes at flowering stage; Candidatus_Solibacter at mature stage) of the rhizobacterial community enhanced peanut shoot dry weight and effective pod count by reducing soil denitrification and promoting organic matter decomposition. In conclusion, reducing nitrogen fertilizer input by 50% while applying ARC microbial agent and inoculating seeds with PGPR or peanut bradyrhizobium represents the most effective strategy for achieving sustainable and high-yield peanut production.
