During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, China's rapeseed industry has generally shown a phased characteristic of coordinated expansion in scale and optimization in structure. Specifically, the sown area and total output have steadily increased, the yield per unit area has slightly risen, the processing scale has continuously expanded, the efficiency of capacity utilization has improved, the consumption proportion of rapeseed oil has increased, and regional brand building and the optimization of import layout have been promoted. At the same time, problems such as low comparative benefits of planting, structural overcapacity in processing, insufficient vertical connection in the industrial chain, and highly concentrated import sources remain prominent, constituting key constraints on the high-quality development of the rapeseed industry during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period. Overall, relying on reserve resources such as winter fallow land and saline-alkali land, as well as the multi-functional development advantages of "one crop with multiple uses", China's rapeseed industry still has considerable potential for development in terms of expanding area and increasing production, deep processing, consumption upgrading, and import substitution. Looking towards the “15th Five-Year Plan”, efforts should be made in a coordinated manner to cultivate new quality productivity, strengthen agricultural machinery equipment and socialized services, deepen the integration of the entire industrial chain, enhance the resilience of the supply chain, and improve precise support and guarantee mechanisms, in order to build the rapeseed industry into a modern large-scale industry.
To scientifically and rationally evaluate the performance of high-quality development in Camellia oleifera industry, this study constructs a regionally and inter-provincially comparable evaluation system based on provincial panel statistics from 2010 to 2023. The system comprises 16 specific indicators across 4 dimensions: government support, economic benefits, social benefits, and ecological benefits. By using entropy-TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method, Theil index, and exponential smoothing method, authors measure and forecasts high-quality development level of China’s Camellia oleifera industry in 15 provinces across 2 major regions in China from 2010 to 2023. The results indicate that: overall high-quality development level of China’s C. oleifera industry has improved significantly, with the average composite score increasing from 0.172 in 2010 to 0.243 in 2023, representing a growth of 41.6%. Notable disparities exist across dimensions, regions, and provinces, and the performance gap between the 2 regions, measured by the difference of average scores, widened from 0.012 to 0.117. There are considerable differences between the 2 major regions in both overall composite scores and the 4 sub-dimensions, with average composite score reaching 0.298 for the core development area and 0.181 for the key expansion area in 2023. These gaps show a trend of further widening. The top 3 provinces in composite scores as Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi, all belong to the core development area. Inter-provincial disparities in social and ecological benefits show marked regional variation and imbalance, whereas regional gaps in government support and economic benefits are relatively smaller. Theil index for the high-quality development of the C. oleifera industry exhibits a trend of initial increase, followed by fluctuating decline, and then steady growth. Overall disparities are mainly attributable to intra-regional differences, with imbalances within the core development area being the primary cause. According to exponential smoothing forecasts for 2025, 13 provinces are expected to show improvement, while Guangdong and Hainan might experience slight declines. The imbalance in high-quality development levels between regions and provinces is projected to persist long-term and may even intensify. It concludes that enhancing the high-quality development of China’s camellia industry during the 15th Five-Year Plan period requires coordinated regional planning, strong economic benefit orientation, and sustained long-term investment.
The tariff war directly affects import of agricultural products. This paper focuses on the import of vegetable oilseeds. Taking the Sino-US trade friction in 2018 as the policy time node, it uses the UN Comtrade Data from 2015 to 2024 and combines Social Network Analysis (SNA) with the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method to evaluate actual effect of the US tariff countermeasures policy. It mainly analyzes the role of this policy in suppressing import of vegetable oilseeds, trade diversion and reconstruction of import source structure. Through the construction of import trade network and the identification of net policy effect, the policy effect is systematically analyzed. Results show that after the policy implementation, China's dependence on US import of vegetable oilseeds has significantly decreased by 13.7%. The US market share has dropped from 26% to 10%, demonstrating a strong trade suppression effect. There has been a significant trade diversion in the import structure of vegetable oilseeds, with Brazil becoming the biggest beneficiary. China's dependence on its imports has increased by 14.2%, and the import network has shifted from a "dual-core" structure to a "compact and efficient" model centered on Brazil, systematically enhancing the resilience of the import supply network. Based on the above, this study proposes suggestions from 3 aspects: continuously optimizing the layout of import sources, strengthening domestic oilseed industry support, and deepening cooperation with key countries, providing important empirical evidence for China to formulate agricultural trade policies in a complex international trade environment.
Peanut is an important oil crop in China. The quality traits of its kernels are controlled by both genotype and environment. Studying the genetic characteristics and environmental stability of different peanut quality traits provides a basis for breeding high-quality varieties and improving cultivation practices. Thirteen breeding lines with high sugar, high oleic acid, and coventional quality were used as materials. Under three field conditions and across four harvest periods, 16 quality traits were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Genetic and multi-factor ANOVA were performed. The results showed that the variation rates of crude fat, oleic acid, protein, and sucrose content in the 13 peanut lines were 1.04%-3.08%, 2.55%-14.03%, 3.79%-12.87%, and 3.73%-23.22%, respectively. High-oleic lines had lower variation in oleic acid content than ordinary varieties. Sweet peanut lines had lower variation in sucrose content than ordinary peanut lines. However, variation rates also varied among different lines of the same type. The variation rates of the 16 traits across the 13 lines ranged from 6.41% to 53.12%. Crude fat content had the lowest variation rate at 6.41%, while linoleic acid had the highest at 53.12%. The absolute values of skewness and kurtosis for all traits were less than 1, indicating that the trait distributions were approximately normal. Additionally, sucrose and most fatty acid traits had high heritability, ranging from 0.77 to 0.93. In contrast, total protein and amino acid traits had low heritability, with values ranging from 0.32 to 0.50. Multi-factor ANOVA results showed that all factors had significant effects on the 16 quality traits (P < 0.05). Genotype was the primary source of variation, accounting for 18.48%–92.23%. The harvest period contributed 0.27%–8.22% to the variation of different traits. Furthermore, environment was a secondary factor affecting the variation of eight traits, including sucrose, crude fat, and fatty acids, accounting for 0.49%–15.37%. It was the primary factor affecting the variation of another eight traits, including protein and amino acids, accounting for 7.02%–36.26%. These results indicate that sucrose and most fatty acid traits are suitable for breeding improvement. Additionally, cultivation management can also affect some quality traits of peanut kernels, but the influence of different environmental factors needs further clarification.
Copine proteins (BONZAI), as a highly conserved Ca²⁺-dependent phospholipid membrane-binding protein, are known to play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. By identifying the BONZAI gene family members in Brassica napus and characterizing their structural, evolutionary, and expression profiles, we establish a theoretical framework to guide future investigations into their biological functions. On the bases of the known rapeseed genome database, systematic bioinformatics analysis was conducted on BONZAI gene family in B. napus, including analyses of protein physicochemical properties, phylogenetic trees, gene structures and protein structures, evolutionary relationships, and collinearities. Additionally, the 10 BnaBON genes’ expression patterns under different abiotic stress conditions (4°C, 40°C, drought, salt and osmosis stress) were investigated. Results indicated that the 10 BnaBON genes were clustered into 3 subfamilies. Their physicochemical properties of BnaBON proteins were relatively consistent, and gene structures and protein motifs were highly conserved. Collinearity analysis indicated that all BnaBON genes in B. napus originated from the whole-genome duplication events. Predictions of promoter cis-acting elements and upstream transcription factors suggested that BnaBON genes might be involved in biological processes in response to temperature, drought, high salt, and hormones. Expression profile analysis revealed that BnaBON genes were mainly induced by temperature, drought, high salt, and osmotic stresses, although the functions of different genes exhibited specificity. These findings indicated that the BONZAI gene family might play important regulatory roles in responding to abiotic stresses in B. napus.
Curculio chinensis is a seriously destructive pest threatening oil-tea industry, causing severe losses in both yield and quality. To elucidate the defense mechanisms for green control, fruitsof Camellia oleifera Changlin 4 were used. Widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were integrated, and key bioactive metabolites involved in fruits responding to C. chinensis damage were identified. The results showed that, after C. chinensis infestation, the differentially accumulated metabolites in C. oleifera fruits were predominantly terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis-related pathways, including quercetin aglycones I, quercetin aglycones II, flavones aglycones III, kaempferol aglycones I, flavonoid, isoflavonoid and chalcone II biosynthesis, represent the primary route through which C. oleifera fruit respond to C. chinensis infestation. Co4CL-1, CoFLS, CoCYP81E-2, CoCYP81E-4, CoUGT73C6, CoDSP2, CoGWD, CoGLP, CoGST, CoDTX21 and CoRAV2 are likely to play pivotal roles in regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids such as naringenin chalcone, naringenin, and kaempferol. This study preliminarily deciphers the gene-metabolite regulatory network through which C. oleifera fruit responds to C. chinensis stress, for providing valuable genetic resources on resistance breeding.
Aluminum (Al) is a key constraint limiting crop production on acidic soils. To elucidate the signaling regulatory pathway of aluminum tolerance in rapeseed seedlings, effects of different concentrations of putrescine (Put, 0.01-2 mmol·L-1) on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling and proline (Pro) metabolism under 150 μmol·L-1 Al stress were investigated. Other chemicals were also tested, including putrescine synthesis inhibitor D-arginine (D-Arg, 1 mmol·L-1), appropriate concentration of NaHS (20 μmol·L-1) and its scavenger hypotaurine （HT, 0.2 mmol·L-1). A widely cultivated variety Fengyou 737 on acid soils in southern China was used as material. Investigation results showed that Al toxicity significantly inhibited root growth of rapeseed seedlings. Treatment of 0.5 mmol·L-1 Put was identified to have the most effective alleviation. Exogenous Put, similar to NaHS, significantly alleviated the inhibition of Al on root growth. Furthermore, Put could activate L-cysteine desulphydrase (LCD) activity 3 h after Al treatment, increasing root H2S content by 52.83% compared to Al treatment alone, thereby inducing the production of early H2S signals. The addition of D-Arg exacerbated the inhibition of Al on seedling root, while NaHS reversed the inhibition of D-Arg, suggesting that H2S might act at the downstream of Put. Further studies revealed that Put reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and alleviates Al-induced oxidative damage via H₂S signaling. This effect is primarily mediated by enhancing the activities of key proline synthesis enzymes (ornithine transaminase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) while inhibiting the activity of proline degradation enzyme proline dehydrogenase, thereby promoting proline accumulation in rapeseed seedling roots. In conclusion, under Al stress, Put treatment induces early H₂S signal production by activating L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity. Through the aforementioned proline metabolism regulation, it enhances ROS scavenging capacity, ultimately alleviating Al-induced oxidative damage and root growth inhibition, and improving Al tolerance in rapeseed seedlings.
Overwintering rate of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) usually decreases significantly due to high planting density. To improve the overwintering rate and cold resistance, this paper explores the effect of shading on the overwintering of winter rapeseed, aiming to provide technical support for replacing Brassica rapa with Brassica napus in cold and arid regions of China. In the study, field shading with weak light were applied to normal-density populations to simulate dense planting populations. Plants’ growth morphology, hormone content, and physiological status of seedlings prior to winter were measured, and the overwintering changes were analyzed on characteristics of the simulated dense-planting populations. The results showed that the overwintering rate of B. napus under shade and low-light conditions was 62.3%, which was 26.3% lower than that of control (normal light treatment). After the treatment, lengths of the condensed stem and petiole in seedlings exhibited a significant increase. The increase gradually rose with extending treatments. Specifically, after 56 d of treatment, the condensed stem length was 47.5% greater than that of the control. After the treatment, the plant height, leaf area, and leaf number decreased; the leaf water content increased; the root diameter, root length, and lateral root number decreased. The dry weight, fresh weight, and root-shoot ratio were significantly lower than those of the control. These changes impaired normal plant growth, potentially linked to disruptions in photosynthetic processes, nutrient partitioning, and hormonal regulation. In terms of physiological responses, catalase activity increased in shaded plants, while contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein, as well as peroxidase activity, decreased significantly, reflecting an imbalance in reactive oxygen species metabolism in plants under low-light. Hormonal profiling revealed increased abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents under shading, accompanied by significant reductions in auxin, zeatin, and gibberellin A3 levels. These findings suggest that under insufficient light, plants upregulate abscisic acid and salicylic acid to promote stomatal closure and minimize water loss, albeit at the cost of exacerbating overwintering challenges. Low-light conditions diminished pre-winter photosynthate accumulation in seedlings, redirected resource allocation toward above-ground tissues, and induced elongation of condensed stems and petioles. Concurrently, root capacity to compete for soil nutrients and water was compromised. Collectively, the reduction in total root biomass, impaired nutrient/water uptake, and decreased stress tolerance likely constitute the primary factors contributing to the low overwintering rate of densely planted B. napus.
To further explore the potential of water saving, fertilizer reduction, and yield improvement in the pepper-peanut intercropping system, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water and fertilizer regulation on yield and water use of pepper and peanut at the Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Park, an experimental base of the Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located in Huangheya Town, Decheng District, Dezhou City. This study included three treatments: conventional irrigation without nitrogen fertilization treatment (T1, an irrigation rate of 250 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 0 kg N/hm2), conventional irrigation with nitrogen fertilization treatment (T2, an irrigation rate of 250 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 112.5 kg N/hm2), and 20% water saving with 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction treatment (T3, an irrigation rate of 200 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 101.25 kg N/hm2). The results of two years showed that the yield of intercropped pepper was significantly higher than that of sole pepper, while the yield of intercropped peanut was lower than that of sole peanut, but the yield decrease was only significant in 2023. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of the intercropping systems exceeded 1 across all treatments, with the partial LER of pepper ranging from 0.75 to 0.82, indicating its dominance in the system. Averaged over two years, compared to monoculture, intercropped pepper achieved yield increases through higher pepper number per plant (32.7%-40.4%), single pepper weight (2.7%-13.5%), and plant height (5.0%–30.9%). In contrast, the number of full pods per plant and the node number of main stem of intercropped peanut significantly decreased by 5.9%-12.8% and 3.0%-13.2% compared to monoculture. Intercropping significantly increased water consumption of both crops. However, due to differences in yield gains, the water use efficiency (WUE) of intercropped pepper was higher than that of monoculture, while the WUE of intercropped peanut was lower. Compared to T1 treatment, T2 and T3 treatments exhibited significant average yield increases of 20.6% and 17.7% in sole pepper, 18.1% and 15.9% in intercropped pepper, 8.9% and 6.0% in sole peanut, and 7.7% and 7.1% in intercropped peanut, respectively. In the intercropping system, compared to T2 treatment, T3 treatment increased canopy width by 5.7 cm, stem diameter by 1.5 cm and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 2.2 kg/kg in pepper while increased main stem height by 6.2 cm, the lateral branch length by 6.0 cm and the PFPN by 5.0 kg/kg in peanut, on average of two years. However, there was no significant differences between T2 and T3 treatments in terms of yield, LER, or other maturity-related traits of pepper and peanut. In conclusion, the pepper/peanut intercropping system exhibits significant intercropping advantages, and without compromising the yield of either pepper or peanut, the 20% water saving with 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction treatment could enhance water and fertilizer use efficiency, thereby achieving the goal of stable and high-efficiency production.
To clarify the effects of intercropping wild peanut germplasm Arachis glabrata on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the topsoil layer of the dragon fruit (pitaya) orchard, three treatments were set up: intercropping wild peanut A. glabrata, covering black film, and natural clean cultivation (control). Soil nutrients, pH, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities in different soil layers were measured continuously for two years, and their correlations were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with clean cultivation and covering black film, in the intercropping A. glabrata pattern, N and K nutrition could be improved effectively in the 0-20 cm soil layer, particularly in the 0-10 cm layer. Over two years, its average increase in available potassium content was 42.04% and 94.06%, while hydrolyzable nitrogen content increased by 16.35% and 87.51%, and organic matter content increased by 15.71% and 30.82%. Soil microbial populations were also enhanced, with more pronounced effects over time. By the second year of intercropping, bacteria in the 0-10 cm soil layer increased by 448.18% and 162.17%, actinomycetes by 198.57% and 26.16%, and fungi by 519.17% and 458.65%. Additionally, phosphatase, sucrase, catalase, and urease activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer were significantly boosted, with average increases of 42.58% and 40.87%, 78.73% and 23.72%, 19.78% and 27.86%, and 15.30% and 42.19%, respectively, over two years. And the pH value of the 0-20 cm soil layer had been decreased. In addition, there was a close correlation between soil nutrients, microorganisms, and enzyme activities.Redundancy analysis indicates that available potassium, total potassium, microbial biomass, organic matter, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and pH are the primary environmental factors influencing soil enzyme activity. In conclusion, intercropping A. glabrata in the pitaya orchard, not only weeds can be controlled effectively, but also the physical and chemical properties and micro-ecological environment are improved in the arable layer. Moreover, the effect improves with the increase of grass years.It is a scientific planting model.
To investigate the mechanism of peanut root response to low pH stress, hydroponic experiments were conducted with the cultivar Yuanza 9307 under varying pH conditions (pH 3.0-6.0) to systematically examine growth phenotypes and physiological characteristics, transcriptome sequencing was employed to identify key pathways and genes. Results indicated that compared to pH 6.0, low-pH stress significantly inhibited plant biomass accumulation, with a notable reduction in root-to-shoot ratio at pH ≤ 3.5. In the hydtoponic system with pH 3.5, root activity decreased, root morphology was impaired, and root tip structure was damaged. Transcriptome analysis revealed that low-pH stress induced the upregulation of genes associated with antioxidant metabolism and lignin biosynthesis, accompanied by enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lignin content. Concurrently, genes involved in cell wall metabolism and signal transduction-such as those encoding lectin proteins, GDSL-motif lipases, TMV resistance proteins, and endoglucan transferases-were significantly induced in roots, suggesting their potential roles in regulating root growth under low pH conditions. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further deciphering the molecular mechanisms of peanut tolerance to low-pH stress.
Under the background of precision cultivation and smart agriculture, accurate modeling and analysis of crop distribution and its influencing factors play a key role in rational usage of land and improving the quality of agricultural development. This paper conducts a preliminary discussion on the spatial distribution and optimization and improvement plan of the flax industry in Gansu Province through the suitability modeling of flax distribution in Gansu Province and analysis of environmental influencing factors. The results show that: the area near the 35°N latitude is the main suitable distribution area for flax, mainly in the Loess Plateau areas such as Longdong, Longnan, Tianshui, Dingxi, Linxia, Lanzhou, and Baiyin, with an area of about 157 800 km2, accounting for 37.06% of the total area; the unsuitable area is about 268 000 km2, mainly in the Hexi and Gannan, accounting for 62.94% of Gansu Province. Flax is suitable for terrain with an altitude of about 2000 m and relatively flat terrain; generally suitable for a semi-humid climate environment with a small annual average temperature variance and an annual precipitation of about 400mm; suitable soil types are mainly silty loam and loam, with loose texture, good air permeability, relatively low soil gravel content (median is 15%), high soil basic saturation (median is 55%), and neutral to slightly alkaline soil with high nutrient content. The 4 areas, namely the main production area of the Loess Plateau in eastern Gansu, the mountainous and hilly guarantee area in southern Gansu, the central dryland agriculture improvement area of Gansu, and the Hexi arid oasis improvement area, are the key production areas for the development of the flax industry in Gansu Province in the future.
To reveal the impact of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection on soil enzyme activity and microbial communities, we studied the rhizosphere soil of both diseased and healthy rapeseed plants within the same field. We analyzed the soil enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil from diseased and healthy rapeseed plants and utilized metagenomic techniques to examine the composition and structure of the two soil microbial communities. The results indicated that compared to the rhizosphere soil of healthy plants, the activities of catalase, urease, and β-glucosidase in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants decreased by 19.7%, 22.0%, and 3.6%, respectively. In contrast, the activities of acid protease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase were increased significantly by 109.4%, 8.5%, and 14.6%, respectively. The phylum Proteobacteria and the genus Variovorax were dominant bacterial groups in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants, with their proportions increasing by 5% and 4%, respectively, compared to healthy plants. The phylum Ascomycota and the genus Sclerotinia were the dominant fungal groups in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants, with their proportions of 88% and 68%, respectively. RDA analysis showed a positive correlation between the genus Sclerotinia and S_GC, S_ACPT, S_SC (P<0.05), and a negative correlation with S_UE and S_CAT. Functional predictions indicate that the rhizosphere fungal community of diseased rapeseed plants is predominantly composed of saprophytic and pathogenic fungi, with the relative abundance of plant pathogens and saprophytic fungi significantly higher than healthy rapeseed plants. The rhizosphere bacteria of healthy rapeseed plants are significantly enriched in pathways related to nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication and repair, and protein translation, whereas the rhizosphere bacteria of diseased rapeseed plants are notably enriched in prokaryotic communities, cellular motility, and sugar biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. This study demonstrates that S. sclerotiorum infection alters the microbial community composition in the rhizosphere of rapeseed. These changes increase the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi and beneficial bacteria. The research preliminarily elucidates the relationship between S. sclerotiorum infection and the physicochemical properties of rapeseed rhizosphere soil as well as microbial community composition. The balance of the rhizosphere micro-ecosystem may be crucial for maintaining the health of Brassica napus, providing a new perspective for the prevention and control of sclerotinia disease.
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the major disease of oilseed rape. In the disease cycle of S. sclerotiorum, petals serve as the key primary infection site for the initial colonization of oilseed rape. To control of Sclerotinia stem rot in oilseed rape, we isolated and identified a bacterial strain 326-12 from healthy petals of oilseed rape in the current study, and simultaneously explored its biocontrol potential. Strain 326-12 was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes. The fermentation conditions of strain 326-12 were optimized, and the stability of antifungal substances in its fermentation filtrate as well as its broad-spectrum antifungal activity were evaluated. The biocontrol efficacy of strain 326-12 against Sclerotinia stem rot, its effect on growth promotion of oilseed rape seedlings, and on yield and quality of rapeseed were evaluated through detached-leaf assays and field trials. The mechanism of action was further explored by detecting extracellular enzyme activity and plant growth-promoting traits via functional media. The results showed that the fermentation filtrate of strain 326-12, fermented for 2 days at a concentration of 10%, achieved 100% inhibition of S. sclerotiorum growth, causing hyphal deformity, cell wall damage, and protoplast leakage. The fermentation filtrate maintained significant antifungal activity after treatment with high temperature (121°C), strong acidity (pH=1), strong alkalinity (pH=11), and ultraviolet light exposure. Strain 326-12 secreted protease, chitinase, and siderophore-like substances, and exhibited potential for solubilizing inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen fixation, demonstrating notable plant growth-promoting and disease suppression properties for oilseed rape. Therefore, B. velezensis strain 326-12 shows potential as a biocontrol agent for Sclerotinia stem rot and for promoting plant growth in sustainable agriculture.
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most significant pathogens affecting global soybean production. The SMV-SC3 strain is the predominant variant in the southern Huang-Huai-Hai region and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This study developed an insertion-deletion molecular marker, JT1229, based on the genomic sequence of the resistance gene RSC3K. The marker was employed to evaluate resistance and detect banding types in 100 natural populations of soybean cultivars/lines. The results indicate that this marker was effective, with a resistance concordance rate of 73.91%. Additionally, a resistance-associated SNP538 was identified, where the presence of guanine (G) at this locus conferred resistance to SMV-SC3 in soybean cultivars. Further analysis of 94 soybean cultivars/lines through resistance identification and genotyping revealed that the SNP538G marker exhibited a 100% resistance concordance rate. In summary, the molecular markers JT1229 and SNP538G developed in this study are simple and practical, and can be used for rapid screening of resistant soybeans carrying RSC3K, which is an effective tool for breeding new soybean cultivars resistant to SMV.
Loxostege sticticalis, commonly known as the meadow moth, is a major disastrous migratory pest in agricultural and pastoral production in Liaoning Province. Establishing the damage of the action thresholds for their damages to host crops can provide a scientific basis for the precise prevention and control of the meadow moth in the local regions. Caged plots were established in the peanut field, the carrot field, and the millet field, where artificial larvae inoculation was implemented to assess yield loss caused by pest infestation and formulate the damage of action threshold of Loxostege sticticalis L. to Arachis hypogaea L., Daucus carota L. var. sativa Hoffm. and Setaria italica L. Beauv. var. germanica Mill. Schrad. The correlation formulas between yield loss rate of per individual plant (y) of three crops and population density of pest L. sticticalis (x) were formed as follows: y = 2.179x + 8.9996, x≥1, r = 0.995; y = 3.239x - 3.221, x≥1, r = 0.990; y = 2.604x + 6.461, x≥1, r = 0.984, respectively. The results showed that the yield loss rates (y) of peanuts and carrots were significantly different under varying population densities of pest L. sticticalis (x), respectively. According to the rule that the direct benefit was above the cost of control, we determined the damage of action thresholds for 4th instar larvae of L. sticticalis to be 14.06 heads, 2.03 heads and 7.86 heads per individual plant for peanut, carrot, and millet yields in the Liaoning region. The results provide important references for scientific prevention and control of L. sticticalis in the peanut, carrot, and millet fields in local regions, which also contribute to scientific use of chemical pesticides, precise prevention and control of L. sticticalis, and ecological protection.
To enhance soybean yield through efficient utilization of microbial agents, this study investigates the yield-increasing effect of ARC microbial agent under reduced nitrogen fertilizer conditions. Using cultivar Liaoheidou 5 (black soybean) as material, a field plot experiment was conducted with six treatment groups: control (CK), nitrogen fertilizer combined with ARC microbial agent (T0), 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with ARC microbial agent (T1), 20% nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with ARC microbial agent (T2), 30% nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with ARC microbial agent (T3), and 40% nitrogen fertilizer reduction combined with ARC microbial agent (T4). The effects of these treatments on soybean agronomic traits and yield were systematically analyzed. Results showed significant differences in agronomic traits among treatment groups. Pods number per plant were the highest in T2 group; seeds number per plant were the highest in T0; grain weight per plant and 100-seeds weight were both the highest in T3. Yield analysis showed that in 2023, all groups demonstrated yield-increasing effects. T2, T3, and T0 groups showed particularly significant improvements. However, in 2024, T0, T1, and T2 treatment groups achieved yield increases, while T3 and T4 groups experienced yield reduction. Combining yield data from both years, T0, T1, and T2 treatments exhibited relatively stable yield-enhancing effects. In conclusion, application of ARC microbial agents can reduce nitrogen fertilizer usage while ensuring soybean yield increases, provided that the degree of nitrogen reduction is carefully controlled to avoid excessive reduction and subsequent yield loss.
Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi is one of the major diseases affecting sunflowers. Establishing a rapid and accurate detection method is crucial for the prevention and control of this disease. Based on the ITS sequence of P. helianthi, two pairs of primers, PhO-F/PhO-R and PhI-F/PhI-R, were designed in this study. After confirming the primer specificity, molecular detection system using qPCR and nested PCR was developed. For the qPCR detection system, PhI-F/PhI-R was selected as the primer pair, with a minimum detectable concentration of genomic DNA of 100 fg·μL⁻¹. For the nested PCR detection system, PhO-F/PhO-R was used as the outer primer pair, producing an amplification product of 494 bp, and PhI-F/PhI-R was used as the inner primer pair, producing an amplification product of 137 bp. The minimum detectable concentration of the P. helianthi genomic DNA was 10 fg·μL⁻¹. Two detection systems were used to test sunflower leaves inoculated with rust fungus. qPCR showed fluorescent signals in amplification products of leaves sampled 2 days post-inoculation, indicating the presence of pathogen DNA, while nested PCR could detect specific bands of P. helianthi as early as 12 hours post-inoculation. The two detection systems established in this study exhibit high sensitivity and specificity and can be used for subsequent monitoring of sunflower rust.
Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases affecting sunflower-growing. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) represents an innovative strategy for the management of crop diseases, is being widely applied. In this study, the GFP gene was used to verify that urediospores can absorb exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Rust fungi genes EF1, EF2, RPS24, UBC, UBCE2, UBQ, PhMEP1, 39889, 19408, and 22302 were selected as target genes, and their dsRNAs were used to treat urediospores, the screening showed that UBCE2-dsRNA had the best inhibitory effect on urediospores germination, with the urediospores germination rate of 25.5%, a concentration of 100 ng/μL was selected as the optimal dose for application. The urediospores treated with UBCE2-dsRNA were performed using Alexa 488-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), it was found that the UBCE2-dsRNA can not only effectively inhibit the germination of urediospores but also delay their infection process. Furthermore, mixed treatment on sunflower leaves with dsRNA and urediospores, dsRNA targeting the UBCE2 gene showed high efficiency in suppressing sunflower rust disease, reducing fungal biomass by approximately 84%. It could be used as a target for controlling sunflower rust, providing a new approach for its managemen.
To determine optimal harvesting period and to regulate seed quality, a comprehensive evaluation model for rapeseed maturity was constructed by systematical analyses on dynamic changes in quality indicators of rapeseed at 3 stages, as green mature stage, yellow mature stage, and full mature stage. 3 Brassica napus L. cultivars were used as materials to determine key quality indicators, including moisture content, chlorophyll content, oil content, and fatty acid composition at different maturity stages. A comprehensive quality evaluation model for rapeseed was established using correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that with the seed development,moisture content and chlorophyll content decreased significantly, with reductions of 86.1-92.5% and 90.8-98.8% relative to their initial values, respectively. Oil content increased continuously, oleic acid content generally exhibited an upward trend, while the total unsaturated fatty acid content remained above 90% throughout. Correlation analysis revealed a highly significant positive correlation between moisture content and chlorophyll content (r= 0.95, P< 0.01), and a highly significant negative correlation between moisture content and oil content (r= -0.92, P< 0.01). PCA extracted 3 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 90.48%. A comprehensive quality evaluation model was constructed as: F= 0.7292 × PC1 + 0.0986 × PC2 + 0.0773 × PC3. Based on this model, samples were classified into 3 grades: green mature stage (low quality, F> 0.09), yellow mature stage (medium quality, -1.13≤ F≤ 0.09), and full mature stage (high quality, F< -1.13).
In order to explore the dehydration characteristics of different peanut varieties under natural drying conditions and its relationship with shell structure, eight main small-fruit peanut varieties were used as materials to determine the water dynamics, shell thickness changes, pore number, pore area and porosity during the drying process, and correlation analysis was performed. The results showed that the dehydration process of peanut presented a two-stage characteristic of ' fast in the early stage and slow in the later stage '. The dehydration amount in the first three days accounted for 77.52 % of the total dehydration amount. The dehydration rate of Yuhua 177 and Yuhua 22 was the highest (0.17 g/g·d), while that of Yuanza 9102 and Kainong 1760 was the lowest (0.11 g/g·d). The thickness shrinkage rate of the shell tail was the largest (36.70 %), and the porosity was significantly negatively correlated with the dry base water content (r = -0.983). Structural analysis showed that the dehydration rate was closely related to the number, area and porosity of the shell pores. This study quantitatively verified the ' pore channel hypothesis ' for the first time, and provided a theoretical basis for the breeding of peanut varieties with high dehydration efficiency and the optimization of drying process.
This research focused on the inherent challenges of instability and the reliance on exogenous emulsifiers/stabilizers in walnut-based oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Utilizing walnut and flaxseed as the primary ingredients, a response surface methodology (RSM) optimization was conducted with centrifugal precipitation rate and total soluble solids content as the critical response variables. A regression model was established, identifying the optimal process parameters as follows: flaxseed addition of 40 wt.%, soaking time of 1 h, and grinding time of 10 min. Under these optimized conditions, the resultant walnut-flaxseed plant milk demonstrated high solid content, excellent self-stability, and a palatable sensory profile. Comparative analysis revealed that the composite plant milk significantly outperformed (P<0.05) the pure walnut milk control in multiple aspects: it possessed a suitable viscosity (28.43 mPa·s), achieved a total solid content of 8.71 g/100g (representing a 23.55% increase), and exhibited a uniform particle size distribution with a minimal volume mean diameter (D[4,3]) of 12.40 μm. Furthermore, the composite milk showed a substantially lower centrifugal precipitation rate of only 5.70% (a 43.45% reduction) and a Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) as low as 0.40, alongside a whiteness value of 67.09 and an improved overall sensory score. These findings substantiate that the flaxseed-walnut composite plant milk, produced via the optimized protocol, successfully integrates high physical stability with nutritional enrichment. This confirms the effective synergistic role of flaxseed as a natural ingredient for enhancing stability and fortifying nutritional value. The study provides a theoretical foundation for developing clean-label walnut and related plant-based milk that forego the need for conventional emulsifiers and thickeners, thereby offering a promising strategy for the high-value processing of specialty oil crops.
Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses in restricting plant growth and development, which has a serious impact on the yield and quality of rapeseed. E3 ubiquitin ligases play a key role in plant stress response by regulating protein degradation to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Among them, Plant U-box (PUB) proteins are widely involved in abiotic stress regulation as key components. However, there are few reports on PUB proteins in drought resistance and other abiotic stresses in Brassica napus L. This paper starts with the drought resistance research of Brassica napus L, discusses the plant ubiquitination system and E3 ubiquitin ligase, focusing on U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reviews the research progress of PUB protein in the regulation of abiotic stress resistance such as drought resistance, aiming to explore the role of regulating the drought resistance of rapeseed, so as to promote the research process of drought resistance breeding of Brassica napus L.
In recent years, the domestic rapeseed cultivation area and the production of its straw have been continuously increasing. Understanding the properties of rape straw and reviewing its current status of resource utilization are crucial for promoting its rational utilization. Currently, the primary methods for utilizing rape straw include fertilization and feed processing, while research on its application as a base material remains relatively limited. In this paper, we analyze the yield trend, composition, and decomposition characteristics of rapeseed straw. We also review progresses regarding rapeseed straw use in edible fungus cultivation, growing substrates, soilless cultivation, and other forms of base material utilization. By summarizing and concluding the approaches and advantages of these base material utilization methods, and simultaneously putting forward the problems, shortcomings, and suggestions arising in the production process, this study aims to provide assistance for the effective utilization of rape straw as a base material.
Aspergillus flavus and the aflatoxins it produces pose a serious threat to the safety of grains and oilseeds products and human health, making it crucial to develop efficient and green prevention and control technologies. Biological control has the advantages of being safe and environmentally friendly, highly specific, and reducing the development of drug resistance. It has gradually become the focus of research. Current research on biocontrol technologies primarily focuses on two major categories: microbial agents and plant-derived natural products. Microbial agents (e.g., Bacillus, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast) can synergistically inhibit the growth of A. flavus and toxin accumulation through multiple mechanisms including niche competition, metabolic antagonism (e.g., secretion of antibacterial proteins, organic acids, and volatile compounds), toxin degradation (enzymatic action), and adsorption (cell wall binding). Plant-derived natural products (e.g., essential oils, flavonoids, and polyphenols) contribute to the control of A. flavus and toxin contamination by disrupting fungal cell structures, inhibiting the expression of key genes involved in toxin synthesis, and inducing crop resistance. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of biological control technologies, their practical applications in grains and oil crops such as peanuts and corn and their processing by-products, and prospects for future technological development and large-scale application. It aims to provide technical support for establishing a safe and efficient biological control system against A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination in grains and oils.
