For oil flax breeding, accurately identification and evaluation of germplasm phenotypic traits were focused using 269 flax germplasm resources. A total of 14 phenotypic traits related to yield and quality were investi⁃ gated in 4 environments. The results showed wide phenotypic variations in yield and quality traits, among which the coefficient of variation of grain weight per plant was the highest (24.33%), and growth duration was the lowest (2.66%). The order of phenotypic variation coefficients of yield-related traits was grain weight per plant > fruit num⁃ ber per plant > 1000-grain weight > stem length > branch number > plant height > fruit number > growth duration. The order of phenotypic variation coefficients of quality traits was stearic acid > oleic acid > palmitic acid > linoleic acid > crude fat. 14 phenotypic traits showed normal distribution trend. In 4 environments, the broad heritability of linolenic acid reached 85.91% and 52.38% for stem length. The order of general heritability of yield traits was 1000-grain weight > fruit grain number > grain weight per plant > plant height > growth duration > fruit number per plant > branch number > stem length. The order of general heritability of quality traits was linolenic acid > crude fat > stearic acid > oleic acid > palmitic acid > stearic acid.