Ｔｏｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｓｕｃｒｏｓｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒ（ＳＵＣ）ｇｅｎｅｆａｍｉｌｙｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎａｎｄｌｏｓｔｉｎＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｃｅａｐｌａｎｔｓ，
ａｇｅｎｏｍｅ－ｗｉｄｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗａｓｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙＳＵＣｇｅｎｅｓｉｎＢ．ｒａｐａ，Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａａｎｄＢ．ｎａｐｕｓ．Ｇｅｎｅｓｔｒｕｃ
ｔｕｒｅ，ｄｏｍａｉｎｆｅａｔｕｒｅ，ａｎｄｐｈｙｌｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｗｅｒｅａｌｓｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｆａｍｉｌｙｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ，
１２ＳＵＣｇｅｎｅｓｉｎＢ．ｒａｐａ，４ｉｎＢ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ，ａｎｄ７ｉｎＢ．ｎａｐｕｓｗｅｒｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ．Ｓｙｎｔｅｎｉｃｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎｄｉｃａ
ｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｅ３ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｇｅｎｅｌｏｓｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｇｅｎｅｒｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｓ．Ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ
ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙｈａｄａｌｋａｌｉｎｅａｍｉｎｏａｃｉｄｓｆｏｒｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｏｂｉｃａｎｄｓｔａｂｌｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ．Ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｒａｎ
ｓｃｒｉｐｔｏｍｉｃｄａｔａｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄｔｈａｔａｌｌＳＵＣｇｅｎｅｓｗｅｒｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄｔｉｓｓｕｅｓｏｆｒｏｏｔ，ｓｔｅｍ，ｌｅａｆ，ｆｌｏｗｅｒ，ｓｉ
ｌｉｑｕｅａｎｄｃａｌｌｕｓ．Ｉｎｃｏｎｓｅｒｖｅｄｍｏｔｉｆｓｏｆｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ，ａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｒｅｓｓ－ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｖｅｃｉｓ－ａｃｔｉｎｇｅｌｅ
ｍｅｎｔｓｗｅｒｅｆｏｕｎｄ，ｓｕｃｈａｓＬＴＲＥ，ＡＢＲＥ，ＭＹＣ，ＭＹＢａｎｄＷ－ｂｏｘ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄｔｈａｔＳＵＣｇｅｎｅｓｍｉｇｈｔｂｅｉｎ
ｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｓｔｒｅｓｓ－ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｖｅｐａｔｈｗａｙｓ．
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KNOTTED-like (KNOX) family gene KNAT2 plays pivotal roles in shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. BnKNAT2 gene from Brassica napus L. cv Zhongshuang 11 was cloned. The full-length ORF (984bp) included 5 exons encoding 327 amino acids, and 4 specific domains, namely KNOX1, KNOX2, ELK and Homeobox KN. 4 copies of BnKNAT2 were found in B. napus, and were expressed in primordia of main inflorescence, and 7-day-old pods and stems after pollination. Overexpression construct pD1301S-BnKNAT2 driven by CaMV 35S promoter were conducted and transformed into Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0. A total of 21 positive transgenic lines (T2) were obtained, which showed morphologic variations of curled leaves, crouched leaves and corrugated leaf margin. In addition, their flowering date was delayed.
UDP-glucosyltransferase gene was cloned from peanut leaf using RACE technology and was named AhUGT83A1-like (GenBank accession KF411463). The full length cDNA of AhUGT83A1-like was 1 530bp, ORF 1 380bp, encoding 460 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that AhUGT83A1-like had the conserved UDPGT domain and shared high homology with UGT proteins from other plant species. Expression analysis indicated that AhUGT83A1-like was induced in peanut roots and leaves under both cold and salt conditions. The expression of AhUGT83A1-like was increased in drought-treated roots, but decreased in drought-treated leaves. The results suggested AhUGT83A1-like may be involved in abiotic stress regulation of peanut. In addition, AhUGT83A1-like was induced by ABA in peanut roots, which indicated that AhUGT83A1-like protein might have participated in abiotic stress regulation in the ABA-dependent pathway in peanut roots.
A set of backcross population were constructed with Suinong 14 as recurrent parent and wild soybean ZYD00006 as donor parent. 16QTLs (14 QTLs with positive effect, 2 QTLs with negative effect) for protein content among 9 linkage groups detected by composite interval mapping (CIM) with WinQTL2.5. 10 BC3F3 lines with high protein content. 10lines from BC3F3were used as control (random population). 17 QTLs for protein content on 10 linkage groups were detected with genotype analysis by chi-square on genetic hitchhiking, and all showed positive effect. 7 QTLs were detected by both methods. These materials and markers provided important material foundation and marker information for gene cloning and molecular assisted breeding in high protein content.
In order to clarify the formation mechanism of kernel high protein content in Glycine soja, the traits of leaf nitrogenous compounds and GSγ1, Glba expression of nodule in G. soja with high protein content were studied during the whole growth stage of soybean. G.max materials with high protein content were used as control. The results showed that there were significant differences between these 2 types of soybean. The decreasing of leaf soluble protein content of G. max was sharper than that of G. soja after R3 stage. Glutamine syntheses activity (GSA) of G. soja increased obviously before R3 then descreased slowly after R3. Leaf nitrate reduction activity (NRA) of G. soja was higher than that of G.max during the entire growth period. The expression of GSγ1 in G. soja nodule was significantly higher than that before R3. However, the opposite result was obtained after R3. From V6 to maturity, the expression of Glba in G.max nodule was significantly higher than that in G. soja. All these indicated that the synthesis metabolism of nitrogenous compounds was very active, and the high content of soluble protein in leaf and the high activity of NRA were the other reasons for the formation of high kernel protein.
The specific primers were designed for rbcS gene based on the published sequence (AF303939-1) in NCBI. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol method from the seedling leaves of soybean variety JiNong 13 and the full length cDNA of rbcS was amplified by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）.The amplified fragment was ligated to the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a（+）and transformed into E.coli BL21 competent cells. The positive clones were identified by double enzyme digestion. The sequencing results indicated that the complete cDNA sequence of rbcS gene was 696 bp with a 537 bp ORF (open reading frame) and encoded 178 amino acids. A 29.1 kDa fusion protein was expressed for rbcS by IPTG induction through SDS-PAGE analysis. The size of expression product matched with anticipated theoretical value. The protein expression quantity was maximum (64.15%) at 7 hour induction.
To analyze genetic diversity of 96 oil flax cultivars in different periods of China, morphological markers and SRAP markers were both used to make dendrograms. Results showed that according to morphological and SRAP markers, 96 accessions were classified into 4 groups when the Euclidean distance was 5.77 and similarity coefficient (GS) was 0.69. The deviation was clear that the genotypes classified by morphological markers had little relevance to those by SRAP. From 1950’s to 2010, more lines were bred and the genetic diversity increased, mainly in different regions in north China. Closer GS and steady Shannon index might be associated with focused breeding targets and widely introduced germplam.
In this study, three treatments of white light (CK), red/blue ratio=0.8, and red/far-red ratio =0.6 were set for simulating effects of different light qualities on the physiology and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean seedlings in maize/soybean relay intercropping conditions. Gongxuan 1 and Guixia 3 of soybean varieties were chosen as material.The morphology and photosynthetic physiological parameters of soybean seedlings under different light quality were analyzed. The results showed that soybean seedlings height were decreased and increased in Red / blue treatment and red / far-red treatment compared with CK, respectively. And the opposite result was observed in stem diameter. Root length, above ground biomass, below ground biomass and shoot ratio of soybean seedlings in the red / far-red treatment were decreased significantly compared with the white and red / blue treatment (P<0.01), but there was no difference of these paraments in white and red / blue treatment. The values of leaf area and photosynthetic pigment concentration in red / far red treatment appeared minimum and maximum respectively. In addition, The maximum values of net photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and actual photochemical quantum yield of PSII (ΦPS Ⅱ) of two soybean varieties appeared in the blue / red treatment. However, there were no obvious regulation of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), PS Ⅱ photochemical transformation efficiency (Fv / Fm), PS Ⅱ potential activity (Fv/F0) among different treatments.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] were grown in hydroponics at 5 ammonium to nitrate (NH4+/NO3-) ratios to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms and inoculation with rhizobia on soybean growth, nodulation and biological N fixation (BNF), as well as its underlying physiological mechanisms. The results showed that different NH4+/NO3- ratios significantly affected plant biomass, yield, BNF and N efficiency. Plant biomass, grain yield, index of nodulation and N efficiency increased to the maximum value and then decreased with increasing NO3- ratio. Among all treatments, NH4+/NO3- 25:75 performed the best and the effects were in the following order: NH4+/NO3-25:75?0:100>50:50>75:25>100:0. High NH4+/NO3- ratios (?50:50) not only suppressed soybean growth by inhibiting root elongation, but also suppressed nodule formation and nitrogenase activity, and thus decreased the contribution of BNF; thereby resulting in the reduced soybean yield and N efficiency. Inoculated with rhizobia significantly increased soybean yield and grain N content, showing a synergetic effect among NH4+/NO3- ratios and inoculation with rhizobia. Soybean performed best on yield and N efficiency when grown in a NH4+/NO3- ratios of 25:75 combined with rhizobia inoculation. Our study shed light on optimization of N management for soybean both in hydroponics and field.
Field experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different nitrogen application rates on nitrogen nutrient uptake, transfer and nitrogen utilization efficiency of dry land oil flax. The results indicated that different nitrogen application rates affected nitrogen nutrient uptake, accumulation and transfer at different growth stages, and changes tendencies were consistant. The amount of nitrogen translocation from leaf, translocation efficiency and contribution to grain were 89.18%, 83.36% and 86.36% higher than from stem. The nitrogen in grain, among which 47.10%-57.66% was transferred from leaf, 22.46%-30.94% was transferred from stem and 21.00%-30.48% was absorbed from soil. The result indicated that compared to no nitrogen application, the yield of nitrogen treatments (as 27.6, 55.2 and 82.8 kg/hm2) increased 10.21%, 16.92% and 15.55% respectively. The nitrogen transfer amounts, transfer efficiency and contribution efficiency of leaf and stem to grain were the maximum when the nitrogen application rate was 69 P2O5 kg/hm2. With increased nitrogen application rate, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency of oil flax first increased then decreased. The partial nitrogen factor productivity of oil flax decreased significantly. After taking into account of grain yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and ecological environment, the recommended nitrogen fertilizer rate for dry land oil flax was 27.6-55.2 kg/hm2 at the soil fertility level in our experiment.
Four castor cultivars, Tongbi 5, Tongbi 6, Tongbi 9 and Zhongdong were used to construct the mechanism model of flower bud differentiation development stages and phenophase in castor, based on the principle of crop physiological development time constancy. Temperature sensitivity, photoperiod sensitivity, intrinsic earliness and filling factors were used in the model. The relative thermal effectiveness was calculated by Bate function and photoperiod effectiveness was calculated by Gauss function. The model was examined in different years and sites. The results showed that absolute errors of flower bud differentiation development stages and phenophase were 0-5d, and root mean square error was fewer than 3d.
To investigate the nutrient limiting factors for a practical fertilization proposal on direct-sowing oilseed rape in Guizhou Province, fertilization field experiments were conducted using cultivar Youyan 599 (Brassica napus L.) in main rapeseed planting area of Guizhou during 2011-2012. Results showed that compared to no fertilization treatment (CK), seed yield of direct-sowing oilseed rape significantly increased when fertilizers were applied. Among them, NPKB treatment had the best performance with the average yield of 2 189 kg/hm2. While compared to NPKB treatment, yield outputs decreased to 961, 342, 295 and 184 kg/hm2 in PKB (without N), NKB (without P), NPB (without K), and NPK (without B) treatments, respectively. It indicated that the nutrient limiting factors were ranked as N > P > K > B. Compared to farmers’ fertilization practices (FFP) treatment, NPKB treatment increased the application rate, but the production was improved significantly by 430 kg/hm2. Nutrient accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency were also significantly improved. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient accumulation (and corresponding fertilizer efficiency) increased 28.6kg/hm2 (13.5%), 9.6kg/hm2 (3.3%), 71.4 kg/hm2 (23.9%) compared to FFP . As for economic profits, the revenue of NPKB treatment was increased by 1 109 yuan/hm2 compared to FFP. It suggested that the yield, nutrients accumulation and profits could be significantly improved by a combination of balanced fertilization.
In order to clarify the local constitution, distribution, and population dynamics of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in Anhui Province and to screen resistant accessions to epidemic SMV strains, 461 potential SMV samples of soybean leaves have been collected from main soybean regions in Anhui Province during 2009-2010.
Of those, 83 SMV isolates were identified through expanding propagation, single lesion isolation purification, serological determination. They were grouped into the 14 SMV strains including SC3-SC9, SC11, SC13-SC15, SC17, SC19 and SC22, based on their response to 10 unified national soybean differentials. Of the 14 SMV strains, 7 strains were found for the first time in this study, encompassing SC5, SC11, SC14, SC15, SC17, SC19 and SC22. The comparison between present and previous identification results of SMV strains showed that SC3 and SC7 strains were still predominant in Anhui Province with 16.9% and 25.3% of the total number of isolates, and SC15 was lower with 12.1%. In terms of soybean accessions resistant to popular strains of SC3 and SC7, 5 of 149 accessions, Zhongzuo J8023, Zhonghuang 45, L85-2308, Zhongguo 47 and Suike 13 showed high resistance to SC3 strain and 9 accessions to SC7, including Zhonghuang 45, Su03-4-1-4 and Lu06-7 etc. 13 accessions displayed resistant to SC15, account for 13.7% of the 95 tested soybean accessions. In this paper, we clarified the SMV predominant strains and their variation trend in the main soybean producing regions of Anhui Province, providing the basis for the breeding and layout of resistant soybean accessions to the disease.
A 3-year field study evaluated 56 sunflower cultivars (17 oilseed type and 39 Confection type) for resistance to infestation and damage from larval feeding by naturally occurring populations of the sunflower moth in Bayannur, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that all oilseed sunflower cultivars (except P50, kernel damage rate 6.7) had high-level resistance to sunflower moth, and its kernel damage rate ranged from 0 to 2.5%. Most of confection sunflower cultivars (except Xinshikui 7, kernel damage rate 1.9) were susceptible to sunflower moth, and its kernel damage rate ranged from 5.8% to 54.1%. The result was consistant with those obtained by plant melanin identification method in lab. In order to increase the natural selection pressures, to avoid the risk-averse by sowing date and to make the identification method more scientific, it was very important to match the flowering stage and maximums occurring period of adults moth in order to better identify cultivar resistance to sunflower moth in natural condition.
In order to test the differentiation of the pathogenicity of sunflower Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae), the colonial morphology, growth speed, crude toxin production ability, wilting capability and pathogenicity among five different isolates were studied. Our results suggested that there weren’t significant difference among tested isolates on the conidia morphology, however, significant differences were observed on the growth speed, crude toxin production ability and wilting capability. Crude toxin production ability of V33, V21 and V27 were 0.36mg/mL, 0.34mg/mL, 0.23mg/mL and the correspondence wilting index were 58.33, 52.08, 37.50 respectively. Pathogenicity capacity of tested isolates was verified by roots dipping system, isolate V33, which formed large amount microsclerotia, showed the highest disease index 53.97; followed by V21without formed microsclerotia, and V39 with microsclerotia formed lin arge amount, their disease index were 45.91 and 43.35 respectively. V27 had the lowest disease index 37.44. Meanwhile, a strong positive correlation was detected between pathogenicity ability and the crude toxin production ability (R2=0.8169, P<0.05); no correlation was observed among the growth speed, the amount of microsclerotia and the pathogenicity. In a word, the crude toxin production ability was the determinants of the pathogenicity of sunflower V. dahliae.
Simulated experiment was carried out to investigate the alexipharmic effect and mechanism of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) on the imazethapyr residues in soil using potted rape as bioassay material. The rape seedling height, fresh weight, activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), amount of amino acids, and content of glutathione (GSH) were reduced with 25g ai/hm2 imazethapyr. The damage was alleviated under seed dressing with 0.5% (seed weight) NA. Compared to the treatment of imazethapyr, rape seedling height and fresh weight were increased under NA + imazethapyr. The amount of amino acids, content of GSH, and activity of GSTs were induced by both NA and imazethapyr. Under NA + imazethapyr, 16 amino acids (except proline) were increased, GSH was slightly accumulated, while GST activity was significantly stimulated. Results indicated that imazethapyr detoxification was resulted from high amount of amino acid and more active GSTs.
To optimize the pretreatment method for aflatoxin B1 detection in peanuts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the effects of methanol and oil concentration in the extract were evaluated. The sensitivities and recoveries of ELISA for samples of 4 different methanol concentrations (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were investigated. Results showed that the smaller dilution degree of sample, the greater matrix interference. Removal of oil from the extract significantly reduced matrix interference. Purification with immunoaffinity column in pretreatment process greatly eliminated matrix interference. These results were expected to provide reference for further development of pretreatment process on aflatoxin immuno detection.
Transgenic crops were grown in an increasingly large scale around world, and accompanied by public concern about their potential ecological and environmental impacts. Evaluation of the effect of genetically modified crops on soil enzyme activity and nutrient content is critical for the soil ecosystem. In order to investigate the effects of planting transgenic soybean on enzyme activities and nutrient contents of rhizosphere soil, the changes of the enzyme activities (urease, alkaline phosphatase and hydrogen peroxidase) and nutrient contents (nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus) in rhizosphere soil were examined in microcosm experiments. Two varieties of transgenic soybean M88(CP4 epsps), ZB(Bt cry1Ab+CP4 epsps) and a conventional soybean Zhonghuang 13 were selected. Compared with the conventional variety, the soil enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase and hydrogen peroxidase) and available phosphorus content of transgenic soybean had no significant difference, but the nitrate content decreased significantly. However, remarkable differences existed between M88 and ZB in terms of ammonium nitrogen and urease activity in rhizosphere soil. Compared with the conventional variety, the urease activity and ammonium nitrogen content of transgenic soybean M88 had no significant difference. In transgenic soybean ZB, the urease activity decreased significantly, and the ammonium nitrogen content increased significantly.
Currently, Chinese edible oils were highly dependent on import. After analyzing the demand, supply and trade of oil crops in the world as well as in China, we discussed the major problems in current development of Chinese oil crops industry. The strategies and suggestions were made to solve the problems related to policy making, technology, etc.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) became one of the most widely used molecular markers in genome of organisms, especially in human and animal studies. But it was hardly adopted in important polyploid crops including Brassica napus. This paper reviewed SNP development and testing methods in plants, including next generation sequencing and SNP chip techniques in recent years. The development trend of crop SNP research was discussed and the research progress of SNP on gene mapping, genetic diversity and associated genome-wide analysis in B. napus were also reviewed.
In this paper, brief history, producing region and market types, planting area and yield, planting technology (including sowing, harvesting, and disease and pest control), consumption and product quality control of peanut in the U.S. were introduced. According to meeting proceedings of American peanut research and education society (APRES) from 2010 to 2012, main research aspects and trends of peanut, such as resource and breeding, genetics and biotechnology, production technology, and disease & pest resistance, were also analyzed, for providing suggesting for peanut research and production in China. Peanut;
