To understand the evolution of vacuole iron transporter (VIT) genes in Brassica, 9, 13, 12 and 14 VIT candidate genes were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus respectively, based on genome-wide sequence of the 4 species, as well as the VIT conserved domain and HMMER software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the VIT gene family was divided into 3 classes. In the promoter region, LTRE, ABRE, MYC, MYB and W-box cis elements were plentiful. Protein feature analysis indicated that the VIT domain contained more conservative hydrophobic amino acid residues. Gene expression profile showed that most of the VIT genes basically expressed in selected tissue in different levels. Meanwhile, syntenic related homologous genes presented both similar and diverse expression patterns, while the expression pattern of tandem duplicated genes were identical.
Plant TFIIIA-type zinc finger proteins harboring a plant-specific conservative QALGGH sequence known as classical C2H2-type transcription factors, playing crucial roles in development regulation and environmental stress response. To investigate the homologs in Brassica napus, by using amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis AtZFP against Brassica databases, 46 TFIIIA-type zinc finger genes in B. napus were identified. Among the 46 genes, 42 contained mono zinc finger domain and 4 harbored multiple zinc finger domains. 6 out of these 46 genes had an intron within..An obvious amino acid homology variation were found ranging from 9.0% to 99.2%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the motif was highly conserved within each. Promoter prediction revealed that there were abundant cis-acting elements responding to hormone, abiotic stress and specific physiological processes within the promoter regions. Tissue-specific expression patterns of these TFIIIA-type zinc finger genes were detectable among RNA-seq datasets of 12 tissues of an elite B. napus cultivar Zhongshuang 11.
Most soybean yield-related traits are quantitative and are highly susceptible to environments. Heredity study of these traits is important in breeding. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were used. They were JN(RN)P7 and NJ(RN)P7 which derived from cross Peking×7605 at Jinan and Nanjing respectively. Two genetic linkage maps were constructed with 146 SSR primers screened in two parents and amplified in two populations. Five yield-related traits were investigated in 2005 and 2009, QTLs were analyzed with software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.5. The yield-related traits included plant height, branches, nodes per plant, pods per plant and 100 seeds weight. A total of 25 QTLs of JN(RN)P7 population were detected, and in NJ(RN)P7 population, a total of 44 QTLs were found. Two QTLs with nearby markers BSC and satt372 were detected in both 2005 and 2009 based on JN(RN)P7 population, and seven QTLs were detected on the same position or the same confidence interval across years for NJ(RN)P7 population. Most QTLs were detected at the same linkage groups in two populations, but not the same location. The differences came from populations derived in two different sites.
To screen the genes associated with the self-compatibility of Eruca sativa, RNAs isolated from anther and stigma of pre-bloom and after flowering were used to investigate differential gene expression in SC and SI of E. sativa through DDRT-PCR (differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) method. The key differential genes before and after flowering in SI and SC were confirmed with real-time PCR. Results showed that 11 differential genes were obtained coding xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, chaperone protein dnaJ, pectate lyase family protein, 40S ribosomal protein s19-1, hypothetical protein,etc. Xyloglucan galactosyltransferase gene in SC stigma had the highest expressioned the highest before flowering and were 4.41 folds than that in SI stigma. Hypothetical SC8 gene in SC anther had the highest expressionexpressed the highest after flowering and were 23.98 folds than in SI anther. Results indicated that the above genes might have played important roles in SI and SC characteristics of regulation of E. sativa.
To improve soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistance, KR3 gene was transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation method. Result showed that 12 transgenic soybean plants from 386 transformed explants were identified by coating leaves with glufosinate-ammonium, detecting with Bar protein quick dip stick and PCR analysis. The final soybean transformation efficiency was 3.11%. RT-PCR results showed that the KR3 expression in transgenic plants was higher than that of non-transgenic plants. 7 days after mechanical SMV inoculation, transgenic plants showed higher resistance. By DAS-ELISA, SMV detection rate was 75% in non-transgenic plants, and was zero among 12 positive transgenic T1 plants. The results suggested that KR3 expression in soybean improved the resistance to SMV.
To investigate the effects of sowing time and density on agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and yield of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted with 3 sowing times (June 15, June 25 and July 5, denoted as A1, A2 and A3) and 4 densities (8.25×104 plant?hm-2, 11.25×104 plant?hm-2, 14.25×104 plant?hm-2, 17.25×104 plant?hm-2, denoted as B1, B2, B3 and B4). Results showed that compared to normal sowing date (June 15), late sowing (June 25) decreased plant height, stem diameter, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation per plant of soybean, increased post-anthesis dry matter accumulations, crop growth rate, pods allocation ratio and grain yield per plant of soybean. Moreover, density of 14.25×104 plant•hm-2 resulted in more post-anthesis dry matter accumulations, crop growth rate and pods allocation ratio under different sowing times (normal and late sowing), especially with late sowing date on June 25. It was beneficial to improve soybean yield with appropriate late sowing (June 25) with high sowing density (14.25×104 plant?hm-2), which was 6.8% higher than A1B3 treatment on average over two years.
Aluminum stress is one of the important factors affecting crop growth on red soil in Jiangxi Province. To understand the aluminum toxicity on sesame growth and exploring germplasm tolerance to aluminum, Al2（SO4）3•18H2O was used to simulate aluminum stress on growth of 2 sesame cultivars Ganzhi 9 and Ganzhi 12 during germination. Seedling survivor rate, shoot length, taproot length and seedling fresh weight, were investigated under 0 to 100mg/L Al3+ solutions. All of the traits were decreased continuously with the increase of Al3+ concentrations, especially the taproot length. All sesame seedlings died in 250 to 1 000mg/L Al3+ solutions. These 4 traits decreased under 50 mg/L Al3+ dramatically, this concentration was then used to identify 96 sesame materials including 39 upgrade varieties and 57 local germplasm. According to their relative values of the 4 traits, materials were clustered into 3 groups: 21 strong tolerant, 37 medium tolerant and 38 susceptive. The 21 tolerant materials, especially Ganzhi 9, Jinhuangma and Wuninghei had potentials in future utilization. Compared to upgraded varieties, local germplasm showed superior tolerances to aluminum stress. Except survivor rate, local germplasm had higher coefficient of variation and diversity index.
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To understand the effects and physiological mechanism of nitrogen regulating lodging resistance, a field experiment was conducted using hybrid oilseed flax Longya 1 in 2012 and 2013. Under 3 nitrogen levels 0, 112.5 and 225 kg/hm2, the investigated traits were lignin contents, relative enzyme activities, snapping resistance, lodging index and actual lodging percentage. Correlation analysis showed that the lignin content of oil flax stem had a positive correlation with PAL, TAL, CAD, 4CL, POD activities and snapping resistance, but had a negative correlation with lodging index and actual lodging percentage. Feasible nitrogen fertilizer increased the lignin content, PAL, TAL, CAD, POD activities and lodging resistance. The recommended nitrogen rate for oilseed flax was 112.5kg/hm2..
A sand culture was carried out to study the changes in plant biomass, root morphology and the richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection structures in phosphorus (P) efficient and aluminum (Al) tolerant soybean genotype Baxi 10 (BX10) under low pH and Al treatments when inoculated with 7 different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species. Results showed that low pH and Al toxicity inhibited soybean growth. Plant biomass increased more than 2 fold, and total root length and phosphorus content increased 1.5-fold, and Al concentration had more than 49.0% significant decrease, compared to non-inoculated control under low pH and Al treatments. Meanwhile, the richness of mycorrhizal infection structures obviously changed. The arbuscular and external hyphal richness of Glomus spurcum significantly increased under low pH treatments. Arbuscular richness of Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora mellea, and external hyphal richness of Scutellpora calospora significantly increased under Al treatments. Under low pH and Al treatments, Glomus etunicutum showed the increased external hyphal richness. This implied that there were different tolerant mechanisms to acid and Al toxicity among different AM species.
To understand the characteristics of metalaxyl-resistant strain of Phytophthora sojae, metalaxyl-resistant (Mtr) isolates were obtained by chemical taming from wild-type parent isolate Pmg1. The investigated biological characteristics included resistance level, stability of resistance in the growth of hyphae, colony growth rate and morphology, production capability of zoosporangium and oospores. Morphology of hyphae, zoosporangium and oospores were also observed under optical microscope. Results showed that the resistance levels of Mtr isolates were 3 793.7, 5 581.7, 5 773.9, 4 409.3 and 5 476.0 folds of wild-type parent respectively, and the resistance were stably inherited during hyphae growth stage. Compared with wild-type parent Pmg1, Mtr isolates colony growth reduced. The morphology of hyphae, zoosporangium and oospores had no significant differences from those of wild-type parent, but zoosporangium and oospores production decreased significantly. The result indicated that it was easy for P. sojae to produce resistance to metalaxyl, and the resistance of Mtr isolates could remain in hyphae growth stage without metalaxyl. The resistance of Mtr isolates was increased and the production capability of zoosporangium and oospores was decreased, other biological characteristics had no significant change.
To clarify the biochemical mechanism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease-resistance of Maple Arrow, a resistant cultivar to S. sclerotiorum, mycelia growth rate on leaf and protective enzyme changes were investigated in 2 soybean cultivars, Hefeng 25 (susceptible) and Maple Arrow at 0-72h post inoculation. Results showed that leaf tissue of the cultivars had significant divergence at 0-72h after inoculated by S. sclerotiorum. Mycelium growth rate on leaves of Maple Arrow was significantly lower at preliminary stages of infection. At the later periods of infection, leaf structures of Maple Arrow was relatively integrated, but Hefeng 25 leaves were covered with mycelium, and the leaf structure collapsed. The activity of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were tested in inoculated and non-inoculated leaves at 6 time points post inoculation. Results showed that the activity of the 4 protective enzymes in resistant cultivar were higher than that in susceptible cultivar in different degrees. PPO activity in Maple Arrow was significantly higher at 24hpi; POD and PAL activity in inoculated Maple Arrow was increased and significantly higher than that in inoculated Hefeng 25 after 48hpi. In summary, the protective enzyme system of the resistant cultivars Maple Arrow was more active than Hefeng 25 in response to infection. The PPO, POD and PAL might have played key roles in resistance of Maple Arrow, PPO mainly worked at preliminary stage of infection, POD and PAL mainly worked at the middle and later periods of infection.
The pathogen causing peanut stem rot in Liaoning was researched in this project. Pathogen identification was carried out based on morphological characteristics and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA－ITS) sequences, the pathogen was identified as Athelia rolfsii (anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii). The result of biological characteristics showed that the optimum temperature for its growth was 30℃, the optimum pH was 5.0. All of the 7 tested carbon sources and 7 tested nitrogen sources could be used for its vegetative growth. However, A.rolfsii could only produce sclerotia on the media containing either of sucrose and galactose as a carbon source, and no sclerotia were developed on the media containing either Urea and L-Lysine as a nitrogen source. The best growth was in PDA. Continuous darkness could increase the growth of hypha, but it inhibited production of sclerotia.
Soybean was sensitive to Atrazine [2-chloro -4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], a widely used herbicide in agriculture. Previous study indicated that the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SnebYK induced resistance to atrazine in soybean. 50 different soybean varieties were selected to investigate the effect of SnebYK on induced resistance. Results showed that soybean grown normally in the soil with 500g/hm2 atrazine (effective component) after SnebYK culture. Dry shoot weight of the soybean was higher than control. Plant height, root length, fresh shoot weight and fresh root weight were not significantly different from control. Injury response of shoot and root were both above 80%. Soybean blooming and fruiting were not affected by atrazine. During mature period, plant height, pod number per plant and hundred-grain weight were not significantly different from control. Results suggested that bacteria SnebYK could effectively improve soybean tolerance to atrazine, and made soybean-corn rotation available.
This study developed a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay method for rapid detection of ochratoxin A (OTA), based on the theory of colloidal gold immunochromatography. Production of colloidal gold and labeled probe were evaluated, and parameters of strip test were optimized. The sensitivity of the strip for OTA was 0.25 ng/mL performed in 10 min. The strip could specially recognize OTA and did not react with ochratoxin B and other mycotoxins. This method was simple, convenient and low-cost, could be easily repeated and had long shelf time. It was particularly suitable for on-site screening detection of OTA in agricultural products.
Root cDNA library of peanut was constructed with the roots of Arachis hypogaea cv Minhua 6 using SMART technique. The original library had a titer of 1.3×106 cfu/mL, of which 95.8% clones were recombinant and insert cDNAs were between 750bp - 2000 bp. 35 clones from cDNA library were sequenced and 30 valid sequences were generated. 25 known or hypothetical functional genes, 7 unidentified genes and 13 novel gene were annotated by Blastx searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Among these genes, 34 genes (97.1%) had not been reported in peanut. The result revealed that expression genes in peanut root reported online at present were still incomplete. The full length cDNA library of peanut roots constructed in this study would be beneficial to discover important functional genes expressed in peanut roots, and it provided foundation for study the growth and development of peanut roots at molecular level.
An efficient flax regeneration system was established through optimization of genotype, explants, basic medium and hormone combination. Results showed that surface-sterilization of hypocotyls from plant with 75% ethanol for 3 min, followed by 0.1% HgCl2 for 3 min was the optimum sterilization method. The best medium for callus induction and differentiation was Y4 (MS1+0.02mg/L NAA+1mg/L 6-BA), with an efficiency of 98.89% and 95.56% respectively. The optimum medium for root formation of regenerated shoot was 1/2MS+0.001mg/L NAA. Compared to Pinkax and Huaxing 009, Zhongya 2 had the highest regeneration efficiency. The ratio of callus induction, shoots differentiation and rooting of flax were enhanced by optimization of regeneration system.
The availability of genome sequences of soybean cultivar Williams 82 had paved the way to soybean proteomics research in 2010. Subsequently, a rapid advance happened through the effort of researchers all over the world. This paper reviewed the progresses of soybean proteomics in growth and development, symbiotic interactions between soybean and rhizobia, abiotic and biotic stress, soybean proteome database etc. since 2011. Furthermore, the prospects of soybean proteomics were discussed.
Asian soybean rust (SBR), caused by the airborne fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd, is an important soybean yield deterrent of great economic importance to soybean growers around the world since last century. Previously, a management strategy to combat the pathogen was to spray fungicide; however, this substantially increased the cost of soybean production, being also inhospitable to the environment. Therefore, the most effective long-term strategy is to breed lines resistant to Asian soybean rust. Genetic resistance will decrease fungicide applications. Understanding the basic research of the most devastating rust pathogen to date and its advances is necessary to plan strategies to reduce the damage caused by SBR. This review provides detailed information on the disease taxonomy, its epidemiology, molecular biology of the pathogen, and provides a summary of strategies to combat the threat of this devastating disease.
Canolol is one of the main phenol compounds in seeds and oil from rapeseed. It is formed under heating and pressing of processed rapeseed by decarboxylation of natural sinapic acid in seeds. Canolol was proved to have good antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticancer properties. Therefore, it has important potential in medical, health and other products with high added value. This paper reviewed the research on canolol, including identification, determination, formation, properties and changes during refining.
Based on survey on 379 rapeseed growers in 4 areas of Hubei Province (Yichang, Xiangyang, Jingzhou and Huanggang), growers’ technology preferences and influential factors were analyzed for production. Research shows that on the aspect of species characteristics, growers’first concern was yield of new cultivar, the followings were insect and lodging resistance. On the aspect of cultivation techniques, they require the simplified cultivation technique the most, then the formulated fertilization technique. On the aspect of new technique promotion, they have a positive view on field demonstration, then on technology demonstration. Among the influential factors of technical requirements, growers aged 50 to 60 who worked full-time in farming paid more attention to pest control. The more educated growers urged labor-saving technique mostly. The higher income the growers have, the more likely there will be higher demand for pest control, chemical weeding, mechanical harvest, and seedling transplanting. The small-scale growers have stronger demand for new technology.
