"Seven Major Crops Breeding" project is the sole special project in the field of biological seed industry during the “13^th Five-Year Plan”. It is of great significance for consolidating and leading the development direction of breeding technology and safety ensuring of China's crop seed industry. Rapeseed is one of the important objects in the project. Based on the layout and implementation of rapeseed genetic breeding, this paper summarized the main research progress, major achievements, organization and implementation management experience of rapeseed genetic breeding during the period from 5 aspects, including elite germplasm exploring, genes cloning and mechanism analysis of important agronomic traits, innovation on breeding technologies for new materials and varieties, and seed multiplication and processing technology. In addition, 3 countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for future research in this field: 1st, strengthen top-level design and systematic layout of major projects; 2nd, optimize the management system and improve the regulatory framework for biotechnology breeding; 3rd, innovate the breeding industry chain and build a seed industry innovation system with close division of labor and cooperation between science and enterprise.

In order to further exploit the high-yield potential of peanuts and promote large-scale unit yield through demonstration, the Team of Peanut Cultivation and Physiological and Ecological Innovation Team from Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been consistently organizing high-yield research since 2013. Yields successively broken through the actual unit yield of 11 250 kg/hm², 11 700 kg/hm², and 12 000 kg/hm², with the highest yield reaching 12 982 kg/hm² in 2023. This paper conducts an analysis of the factors contributing to the high-yield records, including cultivation techniques, climate conditions, and yield components, and compares the input and output. In terms of cultivation technology, the high-yield cultivation technology system integrates single seeds precision sowing, whole process-controlled fertilization, coupling with bio-fungicides, and three-preventions and three-promotions regulatory approach. By fully utilizing the production potential of individual plants and cultivating high-quality populations to achieve high yields, which provides technical support for the next breakthrough in achieving a unit yield of 13 500 kg/hm².

To improve peanut yield, density effect of single-seed sowing was explored on flowering dynamics and fruiting characteristics. A common large peanut variety Huayu 25 was used as material, 4 treatments of single-seed sowing of 278 000 plants·hm^-2 (S9, plant spacing 9 cm), 208 000 plants·hm^-2 (S12, plant spacing 12 cm), 167 000 plants·hm^-2 (S15, plant spacing 15 cm) and double-seed sowing of 278 000 plants·hm^-2 (D18, plant spacing 18 cm) were set under the same row spacing. Differences were investigated on flowering habits, needle formation, pod development dynamics, pod setting range and yield of peanut. Results showed that different densities of single-seed sowing could all promote peanut early flowering, with more flowerings. They increased the number of effective needles and promoted pod development to different degrees. The effect was most obvious under low density conditions. From the perspective of population indicators, under single-seed precision sowing mode of 208 000 plants·hm^-2, peanuts have the highest number of flowerings, effective needles, and pods, the largest pod volume, pod fullness, and the highest yield level. Different densities of single-seed sowing changed pod setting range and pod spatial distribution of peanuts. The pod setting range increased with the decrease of density. However, most of the pods (more than 95%) in each treatment were still distributed within the spatial range of 6.0 cm radius. Under single-seed sowing of 208 000 plants·hm^-2 (plant spacing 12.0 cm), the pod setting range was close to half of plant spacing which was more conducive to uniform distribution of pod among populations.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was one of the major sources for edible vegetable oil in China, which also has various uses for feeding, adoption, honey, sightseeing, soil improvement and industry. With rapid development and wide application of new techniques in genome sequencing, genotyping, and phenotyping, major achievements in functional genomics have been achieved in B. napus in recent years, including identification and cloning of genes related to agronomically important traits. Here we summarized the research progress of rapeseed functional genomics, listed the key genes and their functions controling agronomically traits such as seed yield, seed quality, flowering time, plant architecture and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and discussed the application potential and strategies of these key genes in breeding by molecular design in B. napus. This review might provide a valuable reference for cultivating excellent rapeseed cultivars and would be of great significance to ensuring the safety of oil supply in terms to key germplasms in China.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a unique oil plant that has attracted worldwide attention due to its high content of liquid wax esters in its seeds. The oil content of jojoba seeds accounts for approximately 60% of the dry weight of the seeds, with liquid wax esters accounting for over 95% of the total oil content. Liquid wax esters have excellent properties such as oxidation resistance, high temperature resistance, and high insulation, making them widely applicable in fields such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, and lubricants. In the early stage, our research showed that fatty acyl CoA reductase (FAR) and wax synthase (WS) in jojoba seeds are key enzymes for liquid wax ester synthesis, while the high expression of WS and extremely low expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in jojoba seeds cotyledon are the main reasons why jojoba seeds can accumulate a large amount of liquid wax esters. The WS in jojoba seeds mainly synthesizes liquid wax esters of C42- C44 using C20:1-C22:1 fatty alcohols and fatty acids as substrates. High erucic acid rapeseed contains abundant C22:1, making it an excellent receptor material for heterologous biosynthesis of jojoba oil. This article systematically describes the research progress and application prospects of jojoba oil. Combining the biosynthetic pathway of jojoba oil and the substrate preference of WS, it proposes the idea of using biotechnology to synthesize jojoba oil in high erucic acid rapeseed, providing reference for the industrial development of jojoba oil.

Peanut is widely grown in more than 100 countries in the world and can be processed for oil, peanut butter, confectionary, or direct consumption （fresh, baked or roasted）. It is an important source of edible vegetable oil and protein. High yield, high quality, pest and disease resistance are the main objectives of peanut breeding. The majority of released peanut varieties were developed by conventional breeding methods with high cost, lengthy selection processes and low efficiency. Marker-assisted selection can greatly improve the precision and breeding efficiency. High-density genotypic data is prerequisite for QTL mapping and identification of molecular markers for yield, quality and disease resistance traits in peanut. The release of the whole genomic sequences of three peanut cultivars in 2019, including two elite Chinese founder varieties Shitouqi and Fuhuasheng, and a popular U.S. peanut variety Tifrunner, greatly promoted the identification and application of molecular markers for peanut breeding. In recent years, molecular markers for oleic acid content, oil content, root-knot nematode resistance, rust resistance, leaf spots resistance, and yield-related traits have been developed. Peanut varieties or breeding lines combining high oleic acid with high oil content, high oleic acid with resistance to diseases such as rust, bacterial wilt, or root-knot nematode were successfully developed through marker-assisted selection. Utilization of wild relatives in peanut germplasm, development of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms, and application of genomic selection would be of high priority in peanut breeding in the future.

Sesame is a traditional high-quality oil crop in China, and it is also one of the sixth largest oil crop widely planted in the world. With the release of the physical map of sesame genome, there are more and more biological studies on sesame, but its origin and domestication are still controversial. This paper summarizes the change and current status of the global distribution of cultivated sesame, the progress of research related to the origin and domestication of cultivated sesame and its wild relatives. From the perspective of historical documents, the reasons for the confusion between the Chinese names of “Zhima” and "Huma" is discussed, and the Chinese translation of the family name and genus name in the taxonomy of sesame is recommended. The review will provide theoretical reference for the in-depth and scientific understanding, research and utilization of sesame and its relative species.

The structural lipids known as medium and long-chain triacylglycerols （MLCT） have unique physical-chemical characteristics and nutritional functions. Due to the increasing demand for MLCT in the food, pharmaceutical, healthcare, human milk fat substitutes, and other industries, the study of enzymatic MLCT preparation has steadily grown into a research hotspot. The enzymatic synthesis approach of MLCTs, comprising the synthesis process, lipase types, catalytic reaction system, and product purification, is summarized, analyzed, and discussed in this work. This document is intended to serve as a reference for the production and application of enzymatic MLCT.

In order to explore the development of peanut breeding in China, source distribution, breeding methods, yield, quality and other related characteristics of 587 peanut varieties registered during 2020-2023 were statistically analyzed. Results showed that 587 peanut varieties were mainly from North China, South China and the middle- and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River, of which Shandong and Henan provinces accounted for 53.83% of the total, and the breeding units were mainly scientific research institutes, accounting for 71.72%. The main breeding method was hybridization. The average growth period of peanut was 122.0 d; pod and seed yields were 4721.5 kg/hm² and 3342.9 kg/hm² respectively; 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight were 200.7 g and 81.0 g respectively; the full Pod per plant was 16.8; pod yield, seed yield and full Pod per plant decreased by years with the registration time. In terms of quality, coefficient of variation of oleic acid content (29.91%) was the largest, and oil content (6.03%) was the smallest. There were 215, 73 and 55 varieties with oleic acid content ≥75%, oil content ≥ 55% and protein content ≥ 28%, respectively. By cluster analysis, peanut varieties were divided into 3 groups: high yield, small grain and early maturity with the Euclidean distance as 12.

In order to verify the effects of different storage methods on the germination of peanuts, the high oleic acid peanut variety Yuhua 37 and Kainong 1715, the high oil peanut variety Yuanza 9102 and Yuhua 9326 were used as test materials, and different storage temperatures and packaging methods were selected to study the effects of different storage methods on seed germination ability, oxidation degree and endogenous hormone content. The results showed that peanut type, storage temperature and packaging method had significant effects on the storage resistance of peanut seeds. Higher oleic acid content, low temperature and storage conditions in ziplock bags could effectively slow down the oxidation process and maintain the content of endogenous hormones in seeds at a relatively high level, thus ensuring seed vigor and germination ability. Compared with normal temperature storage, low temperature storage could better maintain the vitality of seeds. After 39 months of low temperature storage, the average germination rate of the four varieties was above 82%, while the average germination rate of the four varieties stored at normal temperature was less than 32%. The packaging method of ziplock bags was better than plastic bags and mesh bags. After 39 months of low temperature storage, the germination rates of ziplock bags, plastic bags, and mesh bags were maintained at about 85%, 83%, and 80%, respectively. After 39 months of normal temperature storage, the germination rates of ziplock bags, plastic bags, and mesh bags were maintained at about 38%, 33%, and 24%, respectively. The peanut varieties with high oleic acid were more resistant to storage. After 39 months’ storage, the average germination rate of two high oleic acid varieties could be maintained above 75%, but the average germination rate of two normal peanut varieties was less than 40%. As far as peanut types are concerned, the storage resistance of high oleic acid peanuts is better than that of ordinary peanuts, and reducing the ambient temperature and increasing the sealing degree of the package can also improve the activity of the seeds after storage to a certain extent.

In order to deeply investigate the dynamic changes of plant density tolerance in the process of genetic improvement of soybean, 50 soybean varieties bred in 1940s-2020s were selected as test materials in this study, and normal density (200,000 plants·hm^-2) and high density (300,000 plants·hm^-2) were set up to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the changes in photosynthetic characteristics, stem lodging resistance, yield and yield components of soybean varieties from 1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s under different densities. The results showed that the new improved varieties (1990s-2000s and 2010s-2020s) had higher photosynthetic characteristics, stem resistance, yield and yield components than the earlier varieties (1940s, 1950s-1960s and 1970s-1980s) at normal density. While at high density, the new improved varieties showed only 3.25% and 1.34% lower net photosynthetic rate and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in leaf area index of 8.02% and 8.56% in the late reproductive stage compared to normal density, which resulted in a slower rate of photosynthetic capacity decay and better green-holding compared to the earlier varieties. At the same time, the new improved varieties had 20.59% and 15.38% increase in lodging score compared with the normal density, and the increase in plant height and center of gravity height, and the decrease in stem diameter and fracture resistance were smaller than that of the earlier varieties, so plant stability was enhanced. In addition, the yield of the new improved varieties under high density significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 4.23% and 4.53%, while seeds per plant and 100-seed weight were relatively stable, decreasing only by 12.37%, 7.87% and 2.87%, 2.89%, respectively, compared with the normal density. The results of principal component analysis showed that with the advancement of the breeding process, the new improved varieties could construct a larger leaf area index at high density, enhance the greening of their functional leaves, maintain a high net photosynthetic rate, and enhance the ability of the stem to resist lodging, which fully ensured the physiological state of the plant in the late stage of fertility with stable grain filling, and laid a solid foundation for the soybean varieties to obtain high yields. Therefore, under high density, the new improved varieties have better density tolerance characteristics, their functional leaves are strong in greening, photosynthesis capacity is higher and lasts longer, the accumulation of photosynthesis products is higher, plant stability is strengthened, the phenomenon of lodging is reduced, and the population structure tends to be more reasonable, so as to maintain a high seeds per plant and a relatively stable 100-seed weight, which significantly improves the yield.

Chloroplast-related mutants are excellent genetic resources for studying physiological pathways such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and chloroplast structure development. They also have certain application values as marker traits in breeding. Our research team discovered a cotyledon yellowing to lethal mutant ytl （yellowing to lethal） from the recurrent selection population of restorer lines. The mutant remained yellowing state after germination and died after 9-15 days of sowing. Previous studies identified a locus trait of cotyledons on the C09 chromosome. Phenotypic observations showed that there were significant differences in plant height and root length between the mutant and the wild-type after 7 days of emergence, which were significantly shorter. Genetic analysis shows that the mutant is controlled by two pairs of recessive nuclear genes. Using unit point segregation population to locate BnaC02.YTL within the physical interval of 418 kb corresponding to the ZS11 reference genome, combined with quantitative analysis and gene comparison sequencing, BnaC02G0055700ZS was identified as a highly likely candidate gene. This study lays the foundation for further precise mapping of the gene BnaC02.YTL and subsequent functional research of mutants.

Oilseed rape is the most widely cultivated oil crop in China. A systematic review of the production and utilization of oilseed rape straw resources in China is vital for extending the oilseed rape industry chain. Based on the crop straw resource ledger data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and publications, we have conducted a systematic analysis of the base number and utilization status of oilseed rape straw resources in China. Moreover, suggestions for future development have been proposed. The results showed that in 2021, the production of oilseed rape straw in China was 29.147 million tons (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan Province of China), and the collectable amount was 23.684 million tons, following to the three major grain crops of maize, rice, and wheat. The fertilizer utilization of oilseed rape straw accounts for an absolute proportion of 63.9%, especially for directly return to the field of 51.4%. The potential of utilization for feed and energy was enormous, while the proportion of base material or raw material utilization was relatively low. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the support of key technologies and equipment for returning to the field and feed utilization, and pay attention to the construction of policy systems to enhance the level of industrial development.

In order to clarify the key meteorological factors affecting rapeseed yield in the southern part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and improve the efficiency of rapeseed breeding, the meteorological data of the three-year test sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2018 to 2020 and the 106 rapeseed varieties participating in the national winter rapeseed variety experiment were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that, under the same cultivation conditions of rapeseed varieties, the yield per unit area in the southern region was 2307.15 kg/hm², which was 25.28% lower than that in the northern region, among them, the 1000-grain weight, the number of seed per pod, the effective branch number and the disease index of sclerotiorum were the most different, which decreased by 16.09%, 4.43%, 9.19% and 27.84% respectively. Pathway analysis showed that the yield composition of rapeseed varieties in the southern region was significantly different from that in the north, Path analysis showed that the yield composition of rape varieties in southern China was significantly different from that in northern China. The direct effect of southern on yield per piot was effective branch number (0.2538) > 1000-seed weight (0.2887) > number of seeds per corner (0.1469) > disease Index of Sclerotiorum (-0.3981), while the direct effect of northern on yield per piot was whole growth period (0.5798) > effective pod per plant (0.2128) > number of seeds per pod (0.1624) > 1000-seed weight (-0.1630). Regression analysis of meteorological factors and yield showed that the yield of rapeseed in southern was significantly negatively correlated with the average temperature in November, the diurnal temperature difference in January and March was positively correlated, the lowest temperature in November and December was negatively correlated, the lowest temperature in February and April was extremely positively correlated, and the rainfall in February and April was negatively correlated. From the whole growth period, the main meteorological factors affecting rapeseed yield in the southern part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were the diurnal temperature difference the lowest temperature and rainfall. In the breeding strategy, in addition to breeding rapeseed varieties with high temperature tolerance and waterlogging tolerance, the southern region should also strengthen the selection of 1000-grain weight, effective branch number and number of grains per horn, so as to provide theoretical basis for further improving the yield of rapeseed in the southern region.

The batch selection of peanut cross combination study was carried out to provide theoretical guidance for the efficient breeding of new peanut varieties with high yield. Genomic selection analysis of 220 peanut germplasm resources was conducted using phenotypic data of single plant productivity and 100-pod weight at multiple locations for many years and re-sequencing data with depth of 10. Results showed that the phenotypic data were normally distributed, after genome data control, a total of 527 469 high-quality SNP （single nucleotide polymorphism） sites were obtained. The estimated breeding values of single plant productivity and 100-pod weight were calculated by GBLUP （genomic best linear unbiased prediction） model based on phenotypic data. The estimated breeding values were standardized, and the weights of single plant productivity and 100-pod weight were 70% and 30%, respectively, to obtain the comprehensive breeding index of peanut germplasm individuals. There were 190 hybrid combinations of the top 20 materials which showed comprehensive breeding values, and the comprehensive breeding index of any two combinations were calculated. The coefficient of parentage between each two materials was calculated using G matrix based on the genome data. Standardize the comprehensive breeding index of combination and coefficient of parentage, assign 80% and 20% weights respectively to calculate the comprehensive score of the combination. According to the ranking of the comprehensive score of the combination, we could select the parent directly to set hybrid combination. In conclusion, the germplasm materials derived from the combination Kainong30 × Kaixuan016 are suitable for high-yield parents. Genomic selection can efficiently and accurately calculate the ranking among combinations to select the parents and to make cross combinations in batches, improving the breeding efficiency rapidly.

To enhance the yields of cotton and peanut, bacterial community structure and function in root soil under cotton-peanut rotation were studied. Five treatments were investigated, as continuous cotton cultivation, continuous peanut cultivation, cotton-peanut rotation, peanut-cotton rotation, and fallow land. High-throughput gene sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to analyze bacterial community structure and function. Results revealed that crop rotation increased the diversity of root-associated bacterial communities. A total of 5 009 952 valid sequences were obtained from soil samples, with the highest number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) under fallow land treatment. In rotational cropping systems, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were identified as dominant phyla. Additionally, richness of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes were increased under rotational patterns. Based on different functions, the microbial groups were categorized into 8 classes. Under rotations modes, higher prevalence of functional groups related to microbial genetic inheritance was found. Metabolic-related groups were predominant overall, and significant enrichment of functional protein sets were found associated with human and plant pathogens. These results indicated that cotton-peanut rotation could increase microbial richness and diversity, alter soil microbial community structures, promote nutrient absorption by crop roots, and ultimately enhance crop yields.

The FRIZZYPANICLE ( FZP) gene encodes the AP2/ERF transcription factor and is involved in plant architecture (shoot branching) regulation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which is an important target gene for the improvement of plant architecture in rapeseed. In the present study, we assessed the functions of rapeseed homologues of FZP gene in rapeseed at first time. According to the rapeseed bioinformatics analysis and gene cloning, we identified six copies of BnaFZP in Brassica napus genome. There is only an exon for all copies, which contains a conserved AP2-domain at N-terminal of their proteins. Gene expression analysis revealed that the BnaFZP expression levels were very low in different tissues, with a relative higher expression in roots, petals and siliques. A total of 48 targeted mutants with loss-of-function alleles at different copies of BnaFZP gene were obtained at T₀ generation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The induced mutations were stably transmitted to successive generations, and a variety of BnaFZP homozygous T-DNA-free mutants were obtained in the T₁ generation. Phenotypic observation of the obtained mutants showed that the homozygous BnaA02g35090D / BnaC02g08170D double mutants and homozygous BnaC03g09100D / BnaA02g35090D / BnaC02g08170D triple mutants presented significant much shoot branching, which indicted that BnaFZP is involved in the regulation of plant architecture. Collectively, the mutants generated in this study would provide valuable resources for both basic studies and breeding programs.

Functional marker (FM) is one of the most useful molecular markers in crop breeding, which facilitates the realization of high-throughput genotyping and marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this study, 22 KASP markers were developed according to the reported functional loci of important traits in soybean, including stem growth habit (Dt1), multi-seed pods (Ln), shattering pods (Pdh1), seed size (GmSSS1, GmST05), flowering time (J, GmPRR3a, GmPRR3b, GmFUL2a, GmLHY1a, GmLHY1b, GmSOC1a, E4), protein and oil content (GmSWEET39), carotene content (GmCCD4), phosphorus use efficiency (GmPHF1), nitrogen use efficiency (GmGLP20.4), symbiotic compatibility in nodulation (Rj2) and cytokinin biosynthesis (GmCXK7-1). All of the 21 markers could be used to accurately classify heterozygous and homozygous genotypes, except that the marker of e4-sore could not distinguish heterozygous samples. Combining with phenotypic information, the selection efficiency of multi-seed pod, leaf shape and stem growth habit markers was analyzed. The results showed that the selection efficiency of multi-seed pod (Ln) markers on phenotype was 84.0%, that on leaf shape was 94.8%, and that of stem growth habit (Dt1) markers on phenotype was 87.4%, showing a high level of selection accuracy. The 22 functional markers developed in this study can be used to accurately identify the genotypes and have important utilization value in marker assisted breeding of soybean.

For peanut yield reduction by continuous cropping, soil layer replacement were designed by deep turning plow. The design and test focused on mechanical design and motion analysis of overturning mechanism of the replacement, and force analysis of plow body surface. To verify the operational performance of soil displacement deep turning plow, three-factor quadratic rotary orthogonal combination field pre-test was carried out with plowshare mounting angle, plowing width and operational speed as the test factors. Coefficient of variation of plowing depth, vegetation stubble coverage and cfa rate as performance evaluation indexes were investigated to obtain the response surface model of each factor. Influence of each factor was studied on performance aiming to the lowest coefficient of variation of plowing depth, the highest vegetation stubble coverage and the highest cfa rate. Factor optimizing results indicated as follows: plow depth coefficient of variation of 3.35%, vegetation residue coverage of 93.95%, and turnover rate of 94.39% at a plowshare mounting angle of 25.58°, a plowing width of 526.01 mm, and an operating speed of 5.82 km/h. These optimum results were based on the optimised performance of the plowshare model. Then by 5 gradients of operation speed set for field verification tests, the validation test showed that when soil layer replacement deep turning plow was operated with the optimal plowshare installation angle and plowing width, the coefficient of variation of plowing depth was less than 4%, the residual stubble coverage rate was greater than 90%, and cfa rate was greater than 90% at each speed gradient, which met the quality requirements of turning plow operation. In 2 consecutive years of application on continuous peanut land, the peanut yield increased by 21.2% in 2022, and 16.9% in 2023.

To better understand rotation effects of annual wheat-maize || peanut pattern on carbon accumulation, field experiments were conducted to investigate the changes of annual plant carbon accumulation, soil bulk density, soil aggregate, 0-100 cm soil water content and soil organic carbon. Five patterns were set up, namely, wheat-peanut rotation (W-P), wheat-maize rotation (W-M), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 3:4, W-M||P1), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 3:6, W-M||P2), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 6:8, W-M||P3). Results showed that carbon accumulation of peanut and corn in intercropping mode was significantly lower than those in monoculture mode in 2018-2019, but the carbon-land equivalent ratio of intercropping mode was greater than 1, and M||P2 treatment was the largest. Compared with maize (W-M), the carbon accumulation of wheat (W-M||P) and peanut (W-P) in intercropping increased by 487.09 kg/hm² to 1148.08 kg/hm². Intercropping decreased the bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer in winter wheat season, and increased the proportion of small particle aggregates (0.25-2 mm) in deep soil of winter wheat season and micro-aggregates (< 0.25mm) in surface soil of winter wheat season. In the 3 intercropping modes, the water use efficiency of M||P2 was significantly higher than those of M||P1 and M||P3, increasing by 3.22% and 8.29% , respectively. Intercropping increased the organic carbon content of aggregates in 0-60 cm soil layer of winter wheat season, and increased the soil organic carbon content and storage in 0-60 cm soil layer of wheat stubble. The organic carbon storage of W-M||P2 increased by 2.55% and 4.05% compared with W-M and W-P, respectively. In conclusion, the wheat-maize || peanut annual rotation model reduced the bulk density of surface soil, improved the structure of deep soil small aggregates and surface micro-aggregates, increased carbon accumulation and water use efficiency of crop plants, and increased soil organic carbon storage in 0-60 cm soil layer.