In order to explore the development of peanut breeding in China, source distribution, breeding methods, yield, quality and other related characteristics of 587 peanut varieties registered during 2020-2023 were statistically analyzed. Results showed that 587 peanut varieties were mainly from North China, South China and the middle- and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River, of which Shandong and Henan provinces accounted for 53.83% of the total, and the breeding units were mainly scientific research institutes, accounting for 71.72%. The main breeding method was hybridization. The average growth period of peanut was 122.0 d; pod and seed yields were 4721.5 kg/hm² and 3342.9 kg/hm² respectively; 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight were 200.7 g and 81.0 g respectively; the full Pod per plant was 16.8; pod yield, seed yield and full Pod per plant decreased by years with the registration time. In terms of quality, coefficient of variation of oleic acid content (29.91%) was the largest, and oil content (6.03%) was the smallest. There were 215, 73 and 55 varieties with oleic acid content ≥75%, oil content ≥ 55% and protein content ≥ 28%, respectively. By cluster analysis, peanut varieties were divided into 3 groups: high yield, small grain and early maturity with the Euclidean distance as 12.

"Seven Major Crops Breeding" project is the sole special project in the field of biological seed industry during the “13^th Five-Year Plan”. It is of great significance for consolidating and leading the development direction of breeding technology and safety ensuring of China's crop seed industry. Rapeseed is one of the important objects in the project. Based on the layout and implementation of rapeseed genetic breeding, this paper summarized the main research progress, major achievements, organization and implementation management experience of rapeseed genetic breeding during the period from 5 aspects, including elite germplasm exploring, genes cloning and mechanism analysis of important agronomic traits, innovation on breeding technologies for new materials and varieties, and seed multiplication and processing technology. In addition, 3 countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for future research in this field: 1st, strengthen top-level design and systematic layout of major projects; 2nd, optimize the management system and improve the regulatory framework for biotechnology breeding; 3rd, innovate the breeding industry chain and build a seed industry innovation system with close division of labor and cooperation between science and enterprise.

The structural lipids known as medium and long-chain triacylglycerols （MLCT） have unique physical-chemical characteristics and nutritional functions. Due to the increasing demand for MLCT in the food, pharmaceutical, healthcare, human milk fat substitutes, and other industries, the study of enzymatic MLCT preparation has steadily grown into a research hotspot. The enzymatic synthesis approach of MLCTs, comprising the synthesis process, lipase types, catalytic reaction system, and product purification, is summarized, analyzed, and discussed in this work. This document is intended to serve as a reference for the production and application of enzymatic MLCT.

Peanut is widely grown in more than 100 countries in the world and can be processed for oil, peanut butter, confectionary, or direct consumption （fresh, baked or roasted）. It is an important source of edible vegetable oil and protein. High yield, high quality, pest and disease resistance are the main objectives of peanut breeding. The majority of released peanut varieties were developed by conventional breeding methods with high cost, lengthy selection processes and low efficiency. Marker-assisted selection can greatly improve the precision and breeding efficiency. High-density genotypic data is prerequisite for QTL mapping and identification of molecular markers for yield, quality and disease resistance traits in peanut. The release of the whole genomic sequences of three peanut cultivars in 2019, including two elite Chinese founder varieties Shitouqi and Fuhuasheng, and a popular U.S. peanut variety Tifrunner, greatly promoted the identification and application of molecular markers for peanut breeding. In recent years, molecular markers for oleic acid content, oil content, root-knot nematode resistance, rust resistance, leaf spots resistance, and yield-related traits have been developed. Peanut varieties or breeding lines combining high oleic acid with high oil content, high oleic acid with resistance to diseases such as rust, bacterial wilt, or root-knot nematode were successfully developed through marker-assisted selection. Utilization of wild relatives in peanut germplasm, development of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms, and application of genomic selection would be of high priority in peanut breeding in the future.

Planting winter rapeseed after double cropping rice, ratooning rice or/and late-maturing japonica rice, might encounter problems of delayed sowing, lower temperature, and delayed growth in late autumn and winter, resulting in decrease yields. In order to select rapeseed varieties that tolerant to late sowing, 48 breeding lines of Brassica napus with different maturity periods were selected, and outdoor nutrient solution hydroponics and field direct seeding were designed under late sowing (Nov. 11). Biomass and field yield in autumn and winter were measured, and their growth ability to tolerate late sowing was compared. Results of outdoor nutrient solution hydroponic cultivation showed that there were rich genetic variations in their low-temperature growth, and biomass accumulation at 30, 60, and 90 days after transplantation was significantly positively correlated with yield per plant at maturity. The biomass of early and middle maturing types at 30 and 90 days was significantly less than that of late maturing type. The 60-day biomass of early maturing type was significantly less than that of late maturing type. The SPAD value of leaves of late maturing type was significantly higher than those of early and middle maturing type at 30 days. In order to select rapeseed varieties tolerant to late sowing, the 30-day biomass accumulation capacity of plants could be an index in the early stage of rapeseed breeding to improve breeding efficiency. Results of field direct seeding showed that yield per plant of the early maturing type was significantly lower than that of middle maturing type. By comparing the biomass accumulation rules of different ecological types of rapeseed at seedling stage under the late sowing, it provides theoretical guidance for the late sowing and high yield cultivation of rapeseed and variety selection.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was one of the major sources for edible vegetable oil in China, which also has various uses for feeding, adoption, honey, sightseeing, soil improvement and industry. With rapid development and wide application of new techniques in genome sequencing, genotyping, and phenotyping, major achievements in functional genomics have been achieved in B. napus in recent years, including identification and cloning of genes related to agronomically important traits. Here we summarized the research progress of rapeseed functional genomics, listed the key genes and their functions controling agronomically traits such as seed yield, seed quality, flowering time, plant architecture and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and discussed the application potential and strategies of these key genes in breeding by molecular design in B. napus. This review might provide a valuable reference for cultivating excellent rapeseed cultivars and would be of great significance to ensuring the safety of oil supply in terms to key germplasms in China.

For well production layout and high-yield of peanut, meteorological effects were investigated. For exploring the correlation between cultivation habitat and peanut yield, 9 peanuts (Arachis spp.) were planted in 7 different ecological regions of Yunnan for 2 years. The effects of meteorological factors on peanut agronomic traits and yield were analyzed by ANOVA, correlation analysis and path analysis. Results showed that temperature and accumulated temperature, peanut number of fruiting, shelling percentage and yield from Dehong, Binchuan, Dongchuan, Lincang and Yanjin were higher, which could be desirable areas for planting peanuts. Variance analysis results showed that growth and yield were affected by genotype and environmental factors. Higher temperature and accumulated temperature were conducive to shortening the podding stage, and then shortening the whole growth period. The higher the temperature, the higher the aboveground part, the higher the number of fruits per plant and the number of full fruits, and at the same time increased 100-fruit weight and 100-kernel weight, thereby increased the yield. But the long light time and the large temperature difference between day and night were not conducive to the growth and shoot branching.

Unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer led to inhibition of biological nitrogen fixation ability. Interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer and rhizobium agent was studied for high-efficiency production-increasing of peanut. Two peanut varieties, Nonghua 5 (NH5, low nodulation) and Honghua 16 (HH16, high nodulation) were used as materials. Based on outdoor pot experiments, effects of different nitrogen application rates (N0, N45, N75, N105, N135, N165) were determined, also as seed dressing with distilled water (W), and seed dressing with rhizobium agent (R) on the morphological indexes, nodulation characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen accumulation, enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism and yield of peanuts at podding stage (80 days after emergence), in order to investigate the interactive effect of nitrogen fertilizer and rhizobium agents on peanuts. Results indicated that the main stem length, branch length, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic related enzyme activity, nitrogen metabolism related enzyme activity and yield of peanut exhibited a trend of increasing initially, and followed by decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Nitrogen application inhibited peanut nodulation to a certain degree. Seed dressing with rhizobium agent could significantly alleviate this inhibitory effect. The number of root nodules of NH5 and HH16 increased by 28.4%-130.5% and 40.5%-178.3%, respectively, compared with distilled water seed treatment. Under the condition of seed dressing with distilled water (W), the photosynthetic enzyme activities and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activities in peanut leaves reached their maximum value at the nitrogen application rate of N135. Under the condition of seed dressing with rhizobium agent (R), the activities of photosynthetic enzyme and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme in leaves reached their maximum at N105. Compared with W, the yields of NH5 and HH16 were increased by 1.2%-8.3% and 7.5%-11.0% at each nitrogen application rate, respectively. The yields of NH5 and HH16 per plant reached the maximum under N105-R treatment. In conclusion, the combination of nitrogen fertilizer and seed dressing with rhizobium agent could significantly improve peanut nodulation and reduce the dependence on nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, suitable nitrogen fertilizer combined with rhizobium agent could improve nitrogen fixation ability while maintaining a high yield, which might be a green and effective way to increase peanut output.

Foliar topdressing is a common field management technique for crop high-yield cultivation in modern agriculture. In order to investigate the effects of times and concentration of leaf nitrogen application on nitrogen uptake, accumulation, distribution and utilization of plant, and reveal the nutritional mechanism of foliar topdressing nitrogen on the establishment and function maintenance of different organs in peanut. the experiment was conducted with 5 treatments: T0 was the control; T1 urea concentration was 1%, with one-time topdressing of 35 days before harvesting; T2 urea concentration was 3%, with the same topdressing time as T1; T3 urea concentration was 1%, with three-time topdressing of 50d, 35d and 20d before harvest; T4 urea concentration was 3%, with the same topdressing time as T3. The ¹⁵N-labeled urea and common urea were used in this experiment. The dry matter mass, nitrogen content, nitrogen accumulation amount and ¹⁵N abundance of each plant organ were determined after harvesting. The results showed that:(1) The nitrogen content of foliar nitrogen application increased by 0-0.22 percentage points, and T4>T3>T2>T1, in which the content of nutrients (roots, stems, leaves) increased by 0.17-0.45 percentage points compared with the control, while the content of reproductive bodies (fruit needles, fruit shells, seeds) increased less. The nitrogen accumulation of plants increased by an average of 19.8% under nitrogen application treatment， with an average increase of 42.1% in nutrient bodies and 12.7% in reproductive bodies. (2) The distribution ratio of nitrogen through foliar application in different organs were quite different, with an order of kernel > leaf > stem > shell > needle > root, among which kernel and leaf accounted for about 60% and 30%, respectively. The proportion of other organs was less. Topdressing time had a certain effect on nitrogen distribution. Application 35d before harvest was more favorable for the distribution of reproductive bodies, which was 7.9% on average higher than that of 50d and 20d before harvest. (3) The plant nitrogen efficiency decreased with the increase of the amount of foliar nitrogen application. Fewer nitrogen application times or low nitrogen fertilizer concentration had high fertilizer utilization rate. The average nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate with one time topdressing was 70.6%, which was 37.7 percentage points higher than that of three time topdressing, and was the highest in treatment of application 35d before harvest, which was 1.8 and 3.9 percentage points higher than that in treatments of application 50d and 20d before harvest, respectively. In conclusion, leaf nitrogen source can significantly improve the level of plant nitrogen metabolism, promote nitrogen absorption and accumulation, especially in nutritive bodies, which is the physiological mechanism of "root and leaf protection" and the technical measure that root nitrogen source is difficult to replace in late growth stage of peanut. Nitrogen from leaf topdressing was mainly distributed in pod and leaves, which was the physiological mechanism of peanut to increase yield and leaf photosynthesis. The utilization rate of leaf nitrogen fertilizer was significantly higher than that of root fertilizer, which was an effective way of economic fertilization for peanut. The plant N efficiency decreased with the increase of leaf N application amount, and the fertilizer utilization rate was higher with less application times or lower nitrogen concentration. This study could provide theoretical basis and technical support for peanut foliar fertilization.

In order to explore the root physiology and rhizosphere soil nutrients under the sugarcane peanut intercropping, three cropping modes were set up for sugarcane monocropping, peanut monocropping, and intercropping of sugarcane and peanut. The changes of root exudates, root extracts and rhizosphere soil nutrients under different cropping modes and their correlations were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the total amino acid in intercropping sugarcane root exudates and the total sugar in intercropping sugarcane root extract were significantly higher than that of monocropping sugarcane, while only the total sugar in intercropping peanut root extract was significantly higher than that in monocropping peanut. The alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of intercropping sugarcane were significantly higher than those of monocropping sugarcane, while the available phosphorus and available potassium and pH in the rhizosphere soil of intercropping peanut were significantly lower than those of monocropping peanut. There was no significant different in acid phosphatase, catalase, urease, and saccharase between intercropping and monocropping sugarcane, while the catalase of rhizosphere soil in intercropping peanut was significantly higher than monocropping peanut. There was a significant negative correlation between phenolic acids in root exudates and soil organic matter, while a significant positive correlation between total sugar content and sucrase, and a significant positive correlation between amino acids and urease. Organic acids in root extracts were positively correlated with pH, while amino acids were negatively correlated with soil organic matter while highly negatively correlated with available potassium. Urease was negatively correlated with AK, and sucrase was highly negatively correlated with soil organic matter. In conclusion, sugarcane/peanut intercropping system mainly affected the metabolic activity of root secreted amino acids, total sugars, and phenolic acids. And intercropping can significantly increase the soil available nutrients of intercropping sugarcane.

To better evaluate planting mode, effects of different peanut rotation patterns were explored on particle size distribution and carbon content in soil aggregates. From 2017 to 2021, studies were carried out in Yantai, Shandong Province, by using local typical crop modes as contols, including winter wheat-summer maize (WM) and spring peanut (CP). Other peanut rotation patterns were set up, namely, WP (winter wheat-summer peanut rotation), PWM (spring peanut → winter wheat-summer maize rotation), and WPWM (winter wheat-summer peanut → winter wheat-summer maize rotation). Effects of planting patterns were investigated on soil aggregate composition and soil organic carbon content, dissolved organic carbon content, and microbial biomass carbon in the aggregates. Results showed that compared with CP mode, the percentage content of 1-2 mm aggregates in 0-40 cm soil layer under PWM and WPWM modes was significantly increased by 14.75-21.25 and 12.47-16.17 percentage points, respectively, and WPWM mode was more conducive to increase average weight diameter of soil aggregates. Soil organic carbon content of aggregates in 0-40 cm soil layer under WPWM mode was significantly higher than that under CP mode, except for the particle size of 0.25-0.5 mm. The contribution rate of soil organic carbon in 0-20 cm soil layer of 1-2 mm and < 1 mm in WP and WPWM mode was significantly higher than those in CP. Under WPWM mode, dissolved organic carbon content of > 5 mm, 0.5-1 mm and < 0.25 mm aggregates in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly increased by 50.75%-81.18%, 100.12%-120.12% and 69.44%-90.07% compared with the 2 controls (CP and WM), respectively. In WPWM mode, microbial biomass carbon content of 0-40 cm soil layer aggregates increased the most than those of the controls (CP and WM). Compared with the controls in 20-40 cm soil layer, the contribution rate of microbial biomass carbon in 1-2 mm aggregates was significantly increased under PWM, WP and WPWM modes. Soil organic carbon was significantly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and dissolved organic carbon with microbial biomass carbon in aggregates of 2-5 mm, 1-2 mm, and 0.5-1 mm. In general, WPWM increased mean weight diameter in 0-40 cm soil layer, the content of fine and large aggregates (1-2 mm), and the content and contribution rate of soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in 1-2 mm aggregates, which would improve soil structure and be more in line with the needs of green and low-carbon development.

To better understand rotation effects of annual wheat-maize || peanut pattern on carbon accumulation, field experiments were conducted to investigate the changes of annual plant carbon accumulation, soil bulk density, soil aggregate, 0-100 cm soil water content and soil organic carbon. Five patterns were set up, namely, wheat-peanut rotation (W-P), wheat-maize rotation (W-M), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 3:4, W-M||P1), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 3:6, W-M||P2), wheat-maize || peanut (row ratio 6:8, W-M||P3). Results showed that carbon accumulation of peanut and corn in intercropping mode was significantly lower than those in monoculture mode in 2018-2019, but the carbon-land equivalent ratio of intercropping mode was greater than 1, and M||P2 treatment was the largest. Compared with maize (W-M), the carbon accumulation of wheat (W-M||P) and peanut (W-P) in intercropping increased by 487.09 kg/hm² to 1148.08 kg/hm². Intercropping decreased the bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer in winter wheat season, and increased the proportion of small particle aggregates (0.25-2 mm) in deep soil of winter wheat season and micro-aggregates (< 0.25mm) in surface soil of winter wheat season. In the 3 intercropping modes, the water use efficiency of M||P2 was significantly higher than those of M||P1 and M||P3, increasing by 3.22% and 8.29% , respectively. Intercropping increased the organic carbon content of aggregates in 0-60 cm soil layer of winter wheat season, and increased the soil organic carbon content and storage in 0-60 cm soil layer of wheat stubble. The organic carbon storage of W-M||P2 increased by 2.55% and 4.05% compared with W-M and W-P, respectively. In conclusion, the wheat-maize || peanut annual rotation model reduced the bulk density of surface soil, improved the structure of deep soil small aggregates and surface micro-aggregates, increased carbon accumulation and water use efficiency of crop plants, and increased soil organic carbon storage in 0-60 cm soil layer.

To enhance the yields of cotton and peanut, bacterial community structure and function in root soil under cotton-peanut rotation were studied. Five treatments were investigated, as continuous cotton cultivation, continuous peanut cultivation, cotton-peanut rotation, peanut-cotton rotation, and fallow land. High-throughput gene sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to analyze bacterial community structure and function. Results revealed that crop rotation increased the diversity of root-associated bacterial communities. A total of 5 009 952 valid sequences were obtained from soil samples, with the highest number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) under fallow land treatment. In rotational cropping systems, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were identified as dominant phyla. Additionally, richness of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes were increased under rotational patterns. Based on different functions, the microbial groups were categorized into 8 classes. Under rotations modes, higher prevalence of functional groups related to microbial genetic inheritance was found. Metabolic-related groups were predominant overall, and significant enrichment of functional protein sets were found associated with human and plant pathogens. These results indicated that cotton-peanut rotation could increase microbial richness and diversity, alter soil microbial community structures, promote nutrient absorption by crop roots, and ultimately enhance crop yields.

To clarify the effects of potassium (K) supply and light intensity on leaf growth and photosynthetic characteristics of oilseed rape, a two-factor experimental design with K supply and light intensity was performed in this study, in which three levels of K supply were designed: severe K deficiency (0.03 mmol·L^-1 KCl), mild K deficiency (0.09 mmol·L^-1 KCl) and sufficient K supply (2.00 mmol·L^-1 KCl), and two levels of light intensity were set: low light intensity (LL, ~200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and high light intensity (HL, ~400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). The growth, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and mesophyll cell ultrastructure characteristics of oilseed rape leaves under different K supply and light intensity under hydroponic conditions, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of K fertilizer under changing environmental conditions. The results showed that K supply and light intensity significantly affected the growth of oilseed rape leaves. Under the same K supply, the leaf thickness and leaf dry mass per area of oilseed rape increased by 19.6%~24.3% and 57.1%~73.6%, respectively, under high light intensity treatment compared with low light intensity, while the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 63.8% under severe potassium deficiency stress compared with low light intensity conditions. Severely K-deficient stressed leaves were photoinhibited under high light intensity conditions, and the actual photochemical efficiency, maximum carboxylation rate, maximum electron transfer rate and other key photosynthetic parameters were significantly reduced, and chloroplasts were poorly developed. While K deficiency led to a reduction in the proportion of intercellular spaces between mesophyll cells, and a decrease in mesophyll conductance, which in turn led to a significant decline in photosynthetic capacity of leaves. To sum up, K supply and light intensity jointly regulate leaf morphology and structure, affecting photosynthetic capacity. Insufficient K supply under high light intensity will seriously affect the growth of oilseed rape. Reasonable application of K fertilizer is conducive to improving the adaptability of rape to changes in light intensity and maintaining the stability of photosynthetic capacity.

To explore the impact of annual planting patterns of winter wheat summer corn and summer peanut on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint in farmland, 3 crop rotation planting methods were set up: winter wheat summer corn, winter wheat summer peanut, and winter wheat summer corn and summer peanut. Among them, the intercropping of summer corn and summer peanut was 3∶4 (intercropped corn peanut row ratio of 3∶4), 3∶6 (intercropped corn peanut row ratio of 3∶6), and 6∶8 (intercropped corn peanut row ratio of 6∶8), the annual greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint characteristics of farmland were studied through field experiments. Results showed that the intercropping mode of summer corn and summer peanut could reduce greenhouse gas emissions in farmland, compared with corn monoculture, the average emission fluxes of soil CO₂ and N₂O decreased by 10.24%-18.75% and 10.78%-23.93%, respectively, and the total emission decreased by 8.30%-19.12% and 14.09%-26.81%, respectively. Intercropping reduced greenhouse gas emissions from subsequent winter wheat crops (under rotation mode), resulting in 3.79% decrease in soil CO₂ emissions and 3.84% decrease in total emissions compared to corn monoculture treatment. Soil N₂O emission flux decreased by 16.80% and the total emission decreased by 17.66%; the total amount of CH₄ emissions from soil showed a "sink" phenomenon. In addition, the main source of carbon footprint in monoculture corn production was nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for 49.13% of the total emissions; the main sources of carbon footprint in monoculture peanut production were nitrogen fertilizer and plastic film, accounting for 23.77% and 26.06% of total emissions, respectively; the main sources of carbon footprint under intercropping mode were nitrogen fertilizer, diesel, and plastic film, accounting for 31.50%, 16.74%, and 17.92% of the total emissions, respectively. The intercropping mode increased the carbon emission efficiency of subsequent wheat crops, reduced the global warming potential, and greenhouse gas emission intensity. In summary, the annual planting model of winter wheat summer corn and summer peanut (intercropped corn peanut row ratio of 3∶6) could reduce carbon emissions from farmland and carbon footprint in crop production, and was beneficial for ecology.

Colored rape has oil and ornamental value, which has attracted more and more attention due to its easy planting, bright petal color and long flowering time, etc. However, it has been reported that colored rape is mainly high in erucic acid and glucosinolate, which is not suitable for ornamental and oil application. Therefore, it is one of the breeding goals of ornamental rape to breed new colored rape germplasm with good quality and suitable plant type. In this study, DW871 that has special inflorescence characteristics and great ornamental value was used as the base material. After crossing with common colored high stalk rape, F₁ generation was used to create new colored rape which has DW871 specific inflorescence traits and excellent quality. The results showed that the embryo yield rate was up to 312-507 embryos/bud by using microspore culture technology in the early stage, and finally a total of 14 colored rape germplasms were obtained, including 5 plants of white color flower, 4 plants of orange color flower and 5 plants of kumquat color flower. Through character investigation and quality analysis, we selected all DH plants and found that Y57 is an excellent new germplasm that has dwarf stalk, kumquat color petal and “double low” quality, being familiar with special inflorescence of DW871. The plant height of Y57 is 88 cm, which has 18 primary branches, 39% of oil content, 25.96% of protein content, 0.95% of erucic acid and 28.15 μmol/g·pie of glucosinolate. Y57 is a new colored germplasm ofDW871 that may have ornamental and oil value and high application prospect.

To evaluate the genetic diversity of 58 sesame local germplasm resources collected from 38 counties in Shanxi Province during the Third Crop Germplasm Resource Census and Collection Action in 2020, field investigations were conducted on 41 phenotypic traits of 57 resources. The study was conducted using coefficient of variation, genetic diversity index, correlation coefficient, and cluster analysis methods, and excellent germplasm was screened. The results revealed abundant genetic variations in quantitative traits, with an average genetic diversity index of 1.826 for 27 traits. 1000-grain weight showed the highest genetic diversity index (2.09), and calyx length exhibited the lowest (1.23); The height of the initial branch exhibited the highest coefficient of variation (72.05%), and the growth period showed the lowest(4.01%). The length of the corolla, the height of the initial branch, the length of the main stem fruit axis, the length and thickness of the capsule, the length and width of the basal and middle leaves are significantly positively correlated with the yield per plant. Cluster analysis divided the resource into five groups: materials with multiple branches and high yield;dwarf type; a long growth period with multiple branches but low yield type; high stem, high yield, and large grain; and those has moderate comprehensive traits and has potential for increasing yield after improvement. Excellent germplasm resources were selected based on comprehensive phenotypic traits, including P141028023, P141032019, P140502022, and P140830014. This study provides theoretical reference for the excavation and utilization of sesame local germplasm, and provides excellent parental materials for new variety breeding.

Based on strip intercropping technology of maize and peanut, this article described an innovatively developments of high-value production technology of fresh peanut/fresh maize intercropping, taking advantage of the short growth period of fresh maize and the early harvest of fresh peanut, enabling two seasons for the planting of fresh peanut/fresh corn in Huanghuai region. It analyzed the technology key points, including planting mode, varieties selection and machinery, sowing moisture, water management, fertilizer management, plant protection (diseases, pests and weeds prevention), vigorous growth regulation, harvest, storage and transportation. It is expected to provide technical support for popularization of this technology in the main grain and oil producing areas of China.

The plant-specific transcription factor family, shi-related sequence (SRS), plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, hormone signaling, and stress response. To explore the potential functions of the SRS gene family in Brassica napus and its evolutionary history, a comparative genomics approach identified 38, 16, and 20 SRS genes in B. napus, B. rapa, and B. oleracea, respectively. Analysis of physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, collinearity, cis-regulatory elements, and expression patterns revealed that all SRS proteins were grouped into nine subgroups, with intron/exon loss events occurring during B. napus SRS gene family evolution. Ka/Ks analysis showed purifying selection following gene duplication events. Most SRS gene promoters contained cis-regulatory elements related to light response, anaerobic induction, and abscisic acid response, with B. napusSRS gene promoters having more endosperm expression and light response elements than their diploid progenitors. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated diverse expression patterns for B. napusSRS genes under various treatments, with preferential expression in roots. This study offers a foundation for understanding the functions and roles of the B. napus SRS gene family, serving as a reference for gene evolution between B. napus and its diploid progenitors.

Sunflower is considered one of the crucial oil crops, ranking only behind soybean, peanut and rapeseed on both area and yield in China. However its growth is manifestly stunted by broomrape with inadequate seed development, which was initially reported in Russia in 1866, sunflower broomrape proliferated extensively across sunflower-growing regions globally, leading substantial damage on sunflower production. To combat the prevalence of sunflower broomrape, researchers have focused on understanding its parasitic mechanisms, and also sunflower's defenses for better control. Romania researchers revealed evolutionary transition of sunflower broomrape from race A to I and beyond. The sustained evolution of sunflower broomrape's virulence stems from 2 primary factors. Firstly, sunflower broomrape's expansive seed bank provides ample material for mutations. Secondly, gene exchanges among populations, and wild species continually reshuffles their genome, enhancing population genetic diversity and hastening sunflower broomrape's virulence evolution. Most sunflower varieties exhibit vertical resistance to sunflower broomrape, which governed by a single dominant gene. Each resistance gene corresponds directly to an avirulence gene in sunflower broomrape, following the gene-for-gene interaction. While incorporating a single dominant gene expedites sunflower breeding for resistance, it remains rapidly overcome by new and more virulent race. Thus the future focus of resistance breeding might lean toward pyramiding multiple dominant genes or quantitative resistance genes. Researchers have devoted efforts to identify resistance genes, sourcing them from local, cultivated, and wild sunflower species. Identified genes to date include Or1-Or7, Or_DEB2, and Or_SII . Advances in DNA markers and sunflower genome refined mapping of these antagonistic genes. For instance, the Or_DEB2 gene is located within a 0.9 cM-interval on chromosome 4's upper segment, corresponding to 1.38 Mb-genome section, with 9 candidate genes available for direct application on resistance. Sunflower's resistance to broomrape spans 3 stages: pre-attachment, pre-haustorial, and post-haustorial, each evolving distinct physical and chemical barriers to thwart parasitism. Leveraging sunflower's resistance mechanisms to cultivate diverse resilient varieties emerges as the most cost-effective method for crop control. Furthermore, preventive and control strategies encompass early prediction, agronomic practices, chemical and biological interventions. The synergistic use of these strategies yields optimal control outcomes. In summary, this paper provides an overview of sunflower broomrape seed germination mechanisms, parasitic process, domestic and global distribution of sunflower broomrape physiological races, sunflower's resistance mechanisms against broomrape, and the latest sunflower broomrape prevention and control technologies. Research on control technology of sunflower broomrape requires collaboration from multiple disciplines including plant pathology, pesticide science, and breeding. This will accelerate the development and improvement of control technologies for broomrape.