Glycerolipids are the main constituents of biological membranes, which participate in a variety of biological processes including energy and signal transduction and protein transport, thereby playing many important roles during plant growth and development. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase （GPAT） catalyzes the initial committed step in de novo biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid （PA）. PA not only serves as a general precursor for the biosynthesis of membrane glycerolipids and the neutral lipid triacylglycerols, but also acts as an important signal molecule. So far, however, it has remained unclear how many genes encoding GPATs are present in plants, mainly due to the lack of convenient and effective methods for identification of this enzyme. In this review, we analyze and summarize the recent advance in studies on glycerolipid biosynthesis as well as on cloning and characterization of GPAT genes, then introduce the methods used for characterizing GPATs, especially for the development and application of yeast genetic complementation, and finally present our prospects for future studies on the initial step of the glycerolipid biosynthetic pathway.

Virgin coconut oil is a valuable source of medium chain fatty acids, with lauric acid comprising 44%-54% of the total fatty acids. With the deepening of research, virgin coconut oil has attracted growing attention in the field of food and medicine. Besides, its market scale is also expanding year by year. In this article, the nutrient components and physicochemical properties of VCO were introduced, and the health effects of VCO on antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and cardiovascular disease prevention and their potential mechanisms were reviewed. It was aimed to provide theoretical reference for the further development and popularization of virgin coconut oil.

Oil is the main energy storage substance and an important membrane component of plant. Oil is also involved in the signal transduction, stomatal opening and closing, pollination and fertilization, seed germination, and stress response. WRINKLED 1 (WRI1), a member of the AP2 transcription factor family, is master regulator in transcriptional control of plant oil biosynthesis. This paper reviewed recent advances in regulatory mechanism of WRI1 on plant oil biosynthesis, including (1) the discovery, origin, and evolutionary characteristics of WRI1; (2) gene expression characteristics, gene structure, protein structure, and promoter cis-acting elements of WRI1; (3) regulation mechanism of transcription level and translation level, and downstream target genes of WRI1; (4) the future research direction and application prospects. This review is expected to provide a reference for further understanding the molecular mechanism of WRI1 regulating plant oil synthesis, and also provide a theoretical basis for improving oil crops with WRI1.

In order to explore the promoter function of AhGPAT9 gene involved in TAG de novo synthesis, a promoter sequence was cloned from the upstream of AhGPAT9 gene in peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） cv Tifrunner genome, and bioinformatics analysis of it was carried out. After that, recombinant expression vectors of full-length promoter as well as several 5’-terminal deletion promoters fused with GUS reporter gene were constructed, respectively, and then transfected by Agrobacteriumrhizogenes mediated plant transgenic systems to analyze the promoter activity and expression pattern of AhGPAT9. It was found that the full-length of AhGPAT9 promoter sequence was 1750 bp, and its core region was located in -257 bp to -128 bp. In addition to the core elements essential for eukaryotic promoters, such as CAAT-box and TATA-box, the AhGPAT9 promoter also contained multiple cis-elements that were responsive to hormone regulation, stress induction, light response, endosperm specific expression and growth regulation. Furthermore, AhGPAT9 was mainly expressed on seedlings, stems, cauline leaves, flowers, 9-12DAP siliques and corresponding mature embryos of transgenic Arabidopsis by GUS histochemical staining test. Our findings provide a new theory for further revealing the biological functions of AhGPAT9 involved in the lipids biosynthetic pathway of peanut.

To better understand the resistance of Brassica napus to soil cadmium (Cd) stress, ABCC family genes and their transcriptional response to Cd stress in B. napus were studied. 38 ABCC homologs were identified, and were systematically analyzed on their phylogenetic evolution, chromosome location, gene structure and transcriptional response to Cd stress. Results revealed that all BnaABCC transporters fall into their corresponding clades of Arabidopsis thaliana, but ABCC9 was not found in B. napus. Most of the BnaABCCs were stable and hydrophobic, and Ka/Ks ratio was less than 1, suggested the results of strongly purification and selection. Gene structures of BnaABCCs were varied, which were disrupted by 6-34 introns. Vast of cis-acting elements could bind to their promoters, Dof might be the richest one. 38 BnaABCCs were mapped on chromosome 7 A and chromosome 8 C, and collinearity analysis showed abundant homologs in B. napus and Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. oleracea. Transcriptome analysis showed that BnaABCCs were induced by Cd stress. Among them, BnaC1.ABCC3-1 and BnaA6.ABCC4-3 were identified as core genes in shoot and root respectively.

Aflatoxins are mainly produced by toxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. They are biological hazards and are extremely toxic mycotoxins. Historically, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated products caused many deaths of humans and domestic animal groups. Aflatoxin enters the food chain through contaminated agricultural products and animal feed, seriously threatening global food safety and human health. In order to reduce the hazards of aflatoxin pollution, it is very necessary to grasp the main types of agricultural products and foods polluted by aflatoxin. Therefore, by studying relevant literature reports at home and abroad, this article has comprehensively summarized the main types of aflatoxin-contaminated agricultural products and their products in recent years, including 12 categories of cereals and their products, condiments, and feeds, totaling 143 products. The summary of the types of products contaminated by aflatoxin can provide important scientific basis for the prevention and control of aflatoxin pollution in agricultural products and food, and has important guiding significance for ensuring consumer safety and the healthy development of the industry.

Application of industrial nitrogen fertilizer to a certain extent satisfied the high-yield demand of crops, but its excessive application might bring serious environmental and ecological problems. How to use the green and high efficiency nitrogen provided by biological nitrogen fixation to replace industrial synthetic nitrogen is a hot topic. Although the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation system is high, fertilizer nitrogen and rhizosphere microorganisms might have negative effects on the utilization of nodulation nitrogen fixation system. Therefore, starting with the key factors restricting the development of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, namely, the content of soil available nitrogen and rhizosphere microbial community, the establishment of symbiosis system of legume plant - Rhizobium was summarized, as well as the response of external nitrogen, the relationship between rhizobia community and rhizobia symbiosis efficiency were summarized and analyzed. The physiological and molecular mechanism of nitrogen efficient utilization was also analyzed. The optimal control technology was proposed to improve the nitrogen utilization rate and provide theoretical support for the efficient utilization of nitrogen in legume crops.

Biotic stresses （as pests, diseases, ect.） and abiotic stresses （as temperature stress and water stress ect.） are key factors affecting plant development and yield. Lipids participate in various pathways of plant response to stress, forming a unique feedback response mechanism, including unsaturated fatty acids in disease and insect resistance in biological stress. In addition, fatty acid derivatives in abiotic stress could also increase intracellular osmotic regulation, reduce the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation and improve plant stress resistance. This paper summarizes the research progress on regulation mechanism of plant lipids under biological and abiotic stresses, briefly introduces stress types, and focuses on the changes and regulation of plant lipids under various stresses. It is expected to better understand on physiological activities of plants under different stresses, and to provide a basic theoretical reference for further research on lipids regulation on plant stress resistance.

In order to improve the breeding efficiency of edible peanut quality breeding and optimize the evaluation system, 21 traits （including appearance, nutritional, sensory quality） and 17 amino acid components of 10 edible peanut varieties were measured and analyzed. Results showed that the variation coefficient of appearance quality was in order of kernel length > 100-kernel weight > kernel width, the variation coefficient of nutritional quality was in order of sucrose content > oleic acid content > tocopherol > protein content > oil content. Amino acid analysis showed that amino acids composition in peanut kernel was complete, and the firstly restrict amino acid was Met + Cys, which had great improvement potential. Path analysis and decision analysis showed that the effect on protein content was in order of Asp> Gly> His> Pro> Tyr> Phe. There were significant correlations between sensory quality traits. Boiling sensory was significantly correlated with protein content. Roasting sensory was significantly correlated with sucrose and oleic acid content. According to principal component analysis, 6 principal components （cumulative contribution rate of 91.69%） were extracted. 9 quality traits were screened as key evaluation indexes, and 3 excellent comprehensive quality varieties were selected to provide reference for breeding of edible peanut quality.

The GLK （the Golden2-like） transcription factor, a member of the GARP transcription factor superfamily, can directly activate a large number of downstream target genes encoding photosynthesis-related proteins, including the target genes associated to chlorophyll biosynthesis, light capture and electron transport, and play a key role in plant physiological processes and abiotic stress responses. In order to identify GLK gene family in Brassica napus and explore their related functions in response to salt and drought stress, 159 BnaGLK genes were identified on the whole genome level, and their gene structure characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, promoter cis-acting elements and gene expression patterns were analyzed. The results showed that 159 BnaGLK genes were unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes. They were divided into 9 subgroups, and the number and structure of exons and introns of the BnaGLK gene were very similar in each subgroup. Promoter analysis revealed a number of cis-acting elements, including a variety of hormonal and abiotic stress responsive, particularly drought responsive cis-acting elements. Eight BnaGLKs with high expression in leaves based on the open-accessed expression data, were selected for further expression pattern analysis under salt and drought stress by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that BnaGLK genes play an important role in abiotic stress response in B. napus. This study laid a foundation for further analysis of the biological function of GLK gene family in B. napus.

Cotyledon yellowing lethality directly affects seed emergence and seedling rate in Brassica napus. It is convenient to investigate the molecular mechanism of cotyledon yellowing lethal mutants for the basic research on plant physiology. In this paper, we reported the results of gene localization and candidate gene prediction related to the mutant ytl (yellow to lethal) in B. napus. The mutant isolated from the progenies of the restorer recurrent selection population did not return to green after germination, and the cotyledons remained in a state of yellowing and died in 9-15 days after sowing. The chlorophyll and lutein contents of the ytl mutant were significantly reduced compared with the wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopic observations showed that the chloroplasts of the mutant still stopped at the plastid stage and the basal lamellae of the cystoid were blurred. The results of genetic analysis indicated that the cotyledon yellowing trait of the mutant was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. The candidate gene was located between the marker SSR-140 and PBZIN-1 on chromosome C09 using B. napus 60K Illumina Infinium SNP microarray combined with molecular marker analysis, corresponding to a physical distance of 198 kb. This study laid the foundation for further cloning of the candidate gene BnaC09.YTL and subsequent functional researches.

This paper defines the connotation of ideal type of rapeseed （Brassica napus） plant and emphasizes the multi-functionality of rapeseed and the functional specificity of its ideal type of plant. The ideal type of rapeseed is defined as the plant form that realizes some function of rapeseed and facilitates the maximization of relevant economic benefits. The relationship between the two dimensions of plant type per plant and population was clarified. The basic context of research on the type of rapeseed plants was combed, and four stages of research on the types of ideal rapeseeds were introduced, including the primary, mature, digital and molecular biotechnology stages. An index system of the types of rapeseed plants was constructed, including the roots, stems, leaves, branches, flowers, pods and canopy structure. These structures were summarized and examined by morphometry, summarization of the experiment, experimental statistics, digital simulation, cultivation regulation and genetic improvements in plant type. A classification of the basic principles for research on the types of rape plants was proposed, including those of photosynthetic efficiency, morphological structure, source-sink-flow, and principles of crop physiology. The characteristics and connotation of four typical types of ideal rapeseed based on high grain yield, mechanical direct seeding, vegetable or forage, and ornamental properties were introduced. The shortcomings in the study of rapeseed plant types were analyzed, the basic characteristics, construction strategies and the research trend of ideal type of rapeseed plant were discussed and proposed.

Soybean [Glycine max（L.）Merr.] is one of the most economically valuable food crops and oil crops in the world, but various soil-borne diseases cause serious loss of yield and quality. At present, chemical agents brings problems on soil and water pollution, food safety risks, and also leads to fungicides resistance. It is urgent to find economical and effective green control methods. The use of biocontrol bacteria to control soybean diseases has outstanding advantages in terms of safety, effectiveness, and sustainability. Researchers focused on biological pesticides and biocontrol fungi in recent years. In this paper, 4 soil-borne diseases (soybean root rot, sclerotinia, charcoal rot and cyst nematode) which were extremely difficult to control in soybean production are summarized, and the biocontrol potential and biocontrol of corresponding biocontrol bacteria are reviewed. The mechanism and application status and research directions in the application are prospected, which could provide a reference for the comprehensive prevention and control of soybean soil-borne diseases, in order to promote the sustainable development of the soybean industry.

Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a reverse genetics method based on post-transcriptional gene silencing. It can be used to identify gene function quickly. This technique has the advantages of short period of testing, simple operation, low cost, high efficiency, fastly obtaining phenotype, and high throughput. It has been widely used in gene function studying in plants. Legumes are of great economic significance as sources of starch, protein, oil and vegetables in human food. In the study, the application of virus-induced gene silencing technology in legumes was reviewed from technical principle, development and improvement vectors, and influencing factors of VIGS. The reviews will provide reference for conducting related studies by means of VIGS in legumeinous plants.

In order to explore the development of peanut breeding in China, source distribution, breeding methods, yield, quality and other related characteristics of 587 peanut varieties registered during 2020-2023 were statistically analyzed. Results showed that 587 peanut varieties were mainly from North China, South China and the middle- and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River, of which Shandong and Henan provinces accounted for 53.83% of the total, and the breeding units were mainly scientific research institutes, accounting for 71.72%. The main breeding method was hybridization. The average growth period of peanut was 122.0 d; pod and seed yields were 4721.5 kg/hm² and 3342.9 kg/hm² respectively; 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight were 200.7 g and 81.0 g respectively; the full Pod per plant was 16.8; pod yield, seed yield and full Pod per plant decreased by years with the registration time. In terms of quality, coefficient of variation of oleic acid content (29.91%) was the largest, and oil content (6.03%) was the smallest. There were 215, 73 and 55 varieties with oleic acid content ≥75%, oil content ≥ 55% and protein content ≥ 28%, respectively. By cluster analysis, peanut varieties were divided into 3 groups: high yield, small grain and early maturity with the Euclidean distance as 12.

"Seven Major Crops Breeding" project is the sole special project in the field of biological seed industry during the “13^th Five-Year Plan”. It is of great significance for consolidating and leading the development direction of breeding technology and safety ensuring of China's crop seed industry. Rapeseed is one of the important objects in the project. Based on the layout and implementation of rapeseed genetic breeding, this paper summarized the main research progress, major achievements, organization and implementation management experience of rapeseed genetic breeding during the period from 5 aspects, including elite germplasm exploring, genes cloning and mechanism analysis of important agronomic traits, innovation on breeding technologies for new materials and varieties, and seed multiplication and processing technology. In addition, 3 countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for future research in this field: 1st, strengthen top-level design and systematic layout of major projects; 2nd, optimize the management system and improve the regulatory framework for biotechnology breeding; 3rd, innovate the breeding industry chain and build a seed industry innovation system with close division of labor and cooperation between science and enterprise.

Rapeseed is an essential oil crop in China. Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the main planting areas, which account for more than 42% of the total planted area of rapeseed in China. The area has more than 3467 ha of winter fallow field, with massive potential for utilization. The total mechanization rate of rapeseed tillage, seeding and harvesting in the 3 provinces is higher than national average. Still, the uneven development, insufficient utilization of idle fields in winter, low levels of mechanization and intelligence, are technical bottlenecks for improving whole mechanization. This paper analyzes the basic situation and existing problems of the rapeseed industry in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, combing tillage, seeding, harvesting key aspects of mechanization and intelligent technology, and gives the technical routes of the whole process of rapeseed production that could be promoted. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis of the technical characteristics and difficulties in promoting the application of the "tillage, seeding and harvesting" aspects of rapeseed production was carried out. Development trend of rapeseed production technology mode is semi-mechanized, mechanized to intelligent in the winter fallow fields. The technical development paths of each link are discribed as "anti-blocking, anti-sticky, anti-tangle, and high-speed, efficient, low consumption" mechanized tillage. Integrated tillage and seeding technology to complete multiple working procedures simultaneously. High efficiency, low consumption and low loss of rapeseed mechanized harvesting technology should be combined with harvesting and two-stage harvesting synergistic development. The mechanization technology of feeding, vegetable and fertilizer and the critical technology of intelligent rapeseed production should also be developed and applied simultaneously. To achieve high yield, several suggestions for promoting full mechanization technology model for rapeseed in the mid-winter fields of the Yangtze River are proposed.

Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) received increasing attention in recent years because of its comprehensive utilization potentials. As a new source of food, vegetative oil, feed for the consumption of humans and livestock, it accumulates great nutrients including oil, starch, sugars, protein, dietary fibers etc. in its underground tubers. The aboveground grass could also be utilized as high-quality forage for livestock. As a multi-purpose crop originated in the desert area, tigernut has the characteristics of wide adaptability, higher biomass yield and value added chain, and shows great potential for the verstile applications in agricultural and industrial sectors. Abundant marginal land with sandy texture provides a basis for the development of tigernut industry in China. Currently, foundation of tigernut industry has been established in China, and the essentials of the industrial chain are also in place. The present paper reviewed the characteristics and utilization of tigernut as a cultivated crop in China, and analyzed its current status of research and industrial development. Potential, problems and adaptive suggestions related to the industry were also discussed.

In order to breed rapeseed varieties with high oleic acid, major/minor genes and allelic variations related to fatty acid synthesis were found, and the genetic structure basis of natural variation of fatty acids in rapeseed oil was analyzed. Based on genome resequencing data and fatty acid composition phenotypes of 289 rapeseed core collections from all over the world, the whole gene association analysis was carried out. Results showed 9 significant loci regulating oil quality. Among them, 2 loci on chromosome A08 and C03 were the main effect loci, with the phenotypic interpretation rates of 45.01% and 43.52% respectively, which corresponding to 2 major genes BnFAE1.A08 and BnFAE1.C03. In the other 7 loci (micro-effect sites), 6 candidate genes were found. Genetic variation analysis showed that oleic acid content was affected by 38 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and 5 InDels (insertion and deletion) mutations which were inside the BnFAE1.A08 gene (including its 2 kb-region of the upstream and downstream), and also by 1 InDel mutation at 6 bp after the start codon of BnFAE1.C03 gene. The 2 main effect loci, which compose Hap1 haplotype group, could accurately identify those rapeseed varieties with 64% oleic acid. The Hap1 haplotype could be traced back to the earliest double-low rapeseed variety Tower. Through further correlation analysis, a small effector locus O9.A5 was found on A05 chromosome, and the accessions with this locus might increase the oleic acid content to 71.87% based on the two major effector loci Hap1.

With the increase of the population of lactose intolerance and vegetarians, as well as the demands for functional foods, plant-based milk beverage was remarkably developed. Based on the unique nutritional characteristics of flaxseeds and hemp seeds rich in omega-3, experiments were carried on to explore the influences of shear and grinding time （1-9 min） and proportion of hemp seed added （1/2-1/6） on stability of flaxseed–hemp plant-based milk （FHPM）. And their influence on dissolution of nutrients from the milk was analyzed. Thus the final optimization group （shear and grinding 3 min, hemp seed : flaxseed = 1:5） was found and fully characterized on its nutrients and flavor components. Results showed that as the shear and grinding time increased, the stability of the plant-based milk decreased. When greater than 3 min, a relatively obvious stratification and flocculation phenomenon appeared. During 1-3 minutes, the shear and grinding time significantly influenced of the dissolution of protein, fat, dietary fiber, total phenol and lignans. With the increase of the proportion of hemp seed in the milk, contents of protein and oil increased significantly, but the self-stability of plant-based milk decreased significantly, which was related to the viscosity, particle size, zeta-potential, particle composition and other physical and chemical properties of plant-based milk system. For the final optimization group, milk characteristics included particle size （4.53 μm）, potential （-32.15 mV）, solid content （5.17 g/100 mL）, protein （1.32 g/100 g）, fat content （3.45 g/100 g）, dietary fiber content （0.47 g/100 g） and carbohydrate content （0.57 g/100 g）. Plant-based milk possessed appropriate viscosity and could be stably stored at 4℃ for 21 days without external stabilizer. Flavor and composition showed that the milk contained small molecule ketones, aldehydes, alcohols and so on, showing good flavor of fruit and flower, and had reasonable composition of amino acids and fatty acids.