Improvement of pod shatter resistance is the basic target for rapeseed breeding suitable for mechanized harvesting. To better understand the inheritance of pod shatter resistance in Brassica napus, a doubled haploid (DH) population was used in the study. Two parents of the population had contrasting pod shatter resistance levels. Pod shatter resistance index was determined using random impact test method in two years, and the inheritance was analyzed by major gene plus polygene genetic model for plant quantitative traits as well as the analysis of skewness and kurtosis. Results showed that the pod shatter resistance was controlled by 3 genes with major effects and 5-7 polygenes with minor effects. There were major genes additive effects and complementary gene interactions. The heritability of major genes was greater than 85.00% in both years, indicating pod shatter resistance was mainly controlled by major genes and less influenced by environments. Therefore, in breeding process for pod shatter resistance of rapeseed, pyramiding major genes from lines containing different major genes by hybridization and selection in early generation should be considered, and the influence of environmental factors can be ignored.
The objective of this study is to identify the consensus QTLs underlying protein content of soybean, and provide a foundation for molecular assistant breeding. The population of 147 recombination inbred lines (RIL) derived from the cross of America cultivar Charleston and Chinese variety Dongnong 594, was used to analyze the genetic and QTL of protein content in 3 environments for 3 years. The stability QTLs of protein content was estimated using Shukla ANOVO method. 2 QTLs, qPRO1-1 and qPRO17-1, located on linkage group A1 and L, could explain the variance of 4.70% and 5.73% respectively. 2 pairs of epistatic QTLs, located on linkage groups of A1×G and A1×A2, found by MIM model method analysis, their epistatic effect was 0.19** and -0.22, could explain 12.82% and 17.42% variance respectively. Multi-environmental data was analyzed in this study, which benefited the study of interaction between QTL and environment. In three different environments, the stability QTL was identified. The QTL underlying protein content had significant epstatic and QE interaction. There were promising consistency between the stable QTL with the known QTL on soybean composite genetic map, including prot 1-7, cq oil003, oil8-1, prot 17-5, prot 2-1 and prot 12-1.
Vitamin E composition contents in soybean seeds HeFeng 25 and Bayfield, and their 144 recombinant inbred lines were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 3 locations. Vitamin E contents were analyzed through mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance models in 3 locations. The results showed that α-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models, γ-tocopherol contents were 1 major genes plus polygene inheritance models and δ- tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models in Harbin. The α-tocopherol contents were 3 major genes plus polygene inheritance models, γ-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models and δ- tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models in Hulan. And α-tocopherol contents were without major genes plus polygene inheritance models, γ-tocopherol contents were 3 major genes plus polygene inheritance models and δ- tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models in Suihua.
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the important oil crops in the world。 The yield of soybean is strongly affected by environmental stress such as salinity and dehydration. Here we cloned the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (named GmNCED1) from Soybean (Hanjian 1) which had stronger adaptability and tolerance to abiotic stresses. The open reading frame of GmNCED1 was 1836 bp, encoding 611 amino acids. Sequence analysis and homology comparison of GmNCED1 showed that GmNCED1 had highest homology with dicotyledonous plants (peanuts, pea, etc) with more than 85% homologies. At the same time, we analyzed the expression profiling of GmNCED1 during various abiotic stresses using qRT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of GmNCED1 could be induced by salt, drought, NAA, and ABA treatments in leaves and roots. This study explained the function of GmNCED1 in abiotic stresses and provided a candidate gene for genetically engineered crops.
To understand the yellow-seed rape collected from Tibet China, variable coefficient and diversity index of 30 phenotypic characteristics of 16 Brassica rapa lines were investigated. Results indicated that except 3 traits (petiole length, attaching pattern of stem-leaf and branching habits), the average diversity index of the other 27 phenotypic characteristics was 1.840, which was higher than 1.709 as the rest of China. The variation coefficient (3.92% to 52.84%) also showed higher diversities. Based on principal component analysis, the ward method cluster analysis was chosen for establishing core collection and the Chi-square average distance was 0.80. These 16 different yellow-seed lines were divided into 3 groups: Group Ⅰ the longest pod-length and the most seed numbers per pod; Group Ⅱ the highest branch height, the most primary branches and effective pod numbers; Group Ⅲ the lowest branch height, the shortest effective blot length and the least effective pod numbers. In addition, the seed sizes of these yellow-seed materials were extremely large, and the colors of seed coat were rich.
In order to understand the changes of nitrogen compounds in root bleeding sap during the genetic improvement of soybean varieties, 29 soybean varieties bred in Jilin Province during 1923- 2009 were used to measure the concentration and total amount of nitrate, amide and free amino acids (FAA) in root bleeding sap at different growth stages. The result showed that there were great amount of FAA in soybean root bleeding sap; the concentration, total amount of nitrate and FAA increased with genetic improvement of soybeans cultivars, while the amide concentration decreased and the change of the total amount was not significant with year of release. Nitrogen concentration in root bleeding sap of the same soybean variety decreased with the proceeding of growth stage. The maximum total nitrogen amount was at R4 stage, the second was at R2 stage and the minimum was at R6 stage. It was concluded that genetic improvement of soybean varieties improved the level of nitrogen compounds in root bleeding sap, and nitrogen metabolism was the most vigorous at R2 stage. R2 stage was the critical period requiring extra nitrogen and the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at this time.
To understand the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on physiological characteristics and yield of oil flax, the cultivar Longyaza 1 was studied in fields under no-fertilizer (CK), P-fertilizer, N-fertilizer and NP-fertilizer. Dynamical changes of chlorophyll content and soluble sugar in leaf and stem during development in irrigated field. Results showed that changes of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were identical, and their peaks appeared at budding stage in leaf and at anthesis stage in stem respectively. Soluble sugar in leaf increased initially then decreased, and in stem it showed down-up-down trend. The peaks of soluble sugar accumulation appeared in leaf at anthesis stage and in stem at budding stage in stem. The chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, soluble sugar contents and their accumulation improved with increased nitrogen and phosphorus. Number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1 000-seed weight and yield in NP-fertilizer treatment increased by 48.44%, 16.13%, 18.87% and 49.07% compared to CK respectively.
For effective fertilization, field trial was conducted to study the (N, P and K) effects of fertilizers on seed yield and N, P, K utilization of 6 Brassica napus L. cultivars [Qinyou 11 (QY11), Zhongnongyou 2008 (ZNY2008), Zhongyouza 11 (ZYZ11), Xiangyou 17 (XY17), Zheyou 601 (ZY601) and Huyouza 1 (HYZ1)], and to compare the differences among the rapeseed cultivars. Results showed that yields were significantly different among cultivars under the same fertilization treatments. The maximum differences under PKB, NKB, NPB and NPKB treatments were 385, 244, 759 and 720 kg/hm2 respectively. The variable coefficients were 18.1%, 25.5%, 16.4% and 11.0% respectively. Application of N, P, K significantly improved yield and corresponding nutrient uptakes in cultivars. Their yields increased 1 101-2 012, 1 681-2 459 and 293-1 567 kg/hm2 respectively. And their N, P, K uptakes increased 63.0-113.2, 17.2-23.8 and 94.1-166.3 kg/hm2 respectively. Cultivars fertilizer efficiencies also showed great differences. The same cultivar had the same response to these 3 fertilizers, while Qinyou 11 was the most sensitive and Xiangyou 17 was the most tolerant to nutrient deficiency among the 6 cultivars.
Effects of different organic fertilizer combined with molybdenum fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of peanut were studied by field experiment. With the conventional NPK fertilizer application rate, results showed that both organic fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer could significantly promote growth and nodule formation, improve yield and quality of peanut. With molybdenum fertilizer application, nodule numbers increased by 4.8 to 9.5 per peanut plant, lateral branch length increased 1.4cm to 10.3cm and valid branch numbers increased 1.2 to 2.5; peanut yield increased 6.3% to 22.3%; and accumulated amount of molybdenum in peanut plant increased 1.72 to 2.69 fold. With organic fertilizer application, peanut yield increased 8.2% to 15.0%; content of protein increased 13.2% to 27.9%; and crude fat increased 10.3% to 20.4%. Differences of effects among different organic fertilizers were not significant. As the result of this experiment, 1200.0kg/hm2 cake fertilizer combined with molybdenum fertilizer was the best combination.
To better understand the nutrition of oilseed sunflower plants, fertilizer field experiment was conducted at Tongxin in Ningxia to investigate the effects of N, P and K fertilizers on yield. Results showed that N fertilizer affected organ’s NPK accumulation at different growth stages. The accumulations of the three elements showed S curves along with the growth, imitated by Logistic equations. In the maturity stage, 100 kg seeds of sunflower were obtained under average nutrition ratio (N:P2O5:K2O) of 1:0.75:2.88. Under N2P2K2 treatment (12 kg/667m2 N, 6 kg/667m2 P2O5 and 4 kg/667m2 K2O), the highest total accumulations reached 47.99 g/plant of N, 35.45 g/plant of P and 152.30 g/plant of K respectively. The top yield reached 221.02 kg/667m2 under 10.53 kg/667m2 of N fertilizer. The top economic yields reached 220.48 kg/667m2 under 9.54 kg/667m2 of N fertilizer.
Alternaria spp. was detected on rapeseed siliques with black mold collected from Liling city of Hunan Province under microscope in 2012. Among 36 tested commercial rapeseed cultivars, Huaxiangyou 12 had the highest Alternaria contamination frequency (up to 51%) by microscope on seed detection. Isolates were proved to be A. brassicicola and A. brassicae respectively by rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. Huaxiangyou 12 had the highest isolation rate (66%) and only carried A. brassicicola. Changyouza 61 had the highest A. brassicae isolation frequency (15%) and no A. raphani was isolated. Heshengyou 868 had neither of the Alternaria spp.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) rust restricts growth and production severely. In order to find resistance genes of sunflower to rust disease, degenerated primers were designed based on conserved regions of NBS-LRR genes, P-loop and GLPL, to clone the analogs from infected resistant cultivar CM29. By phylogenetic analysis, 10 cloned resistance gene analogs with continuous open reading frame belonged to TIR-NBS-LRR type and non-TIR-NBS-LRR. Multiple sequence alignment of amino acid showed these RGAs had typical domains of NBS-LRR resistance genes, including P-loop, kinase-2a, kinase-3a and GPLP. These RGAs showed great homology with the known resistance genes by BLASTX analysis, indicating the RGCs were highly related to resistance genes in sunflower.
Based on ecological balance theory of biodiversity, biological seed coating SN101 was carried out in field. The objective of this research was to eradicate Heterodera, to test the compounding proportion of seed coating and threats to host plant. Sneb482, Sneb545 and Snebl83 were antagonistical to nematode, and were compounded into different proportion. The germination of soybean was examined. Field efficiency trials carried out in 2012 and 2013. The rate of emergence in seedling stage were calculated. We counted the cysts outside the soybean roots and in the soil around the roots, and the cyst nematodes inside the roots of different stages from 30 to 35 days after seeding, surveyed the influence on plant growth, tested soybean yield in autumn. The results showed that the biological seed coating SN101 had no effect on emergence of soybean seedings and significant better than no coated and commodity seed coating in fields. Biocontrol seed coating SN101 could not only promote soybean growth and development, but also effectively suppress soybean cyst nematode numbers around soybean roots and increase soybean yield. It showed great financial benefit and a promising future.
In this study, the antagonism ability of fermentation of Acremonium persicinum to Fusarium solanae and the growth promoting ability on soybean germination process were studied by cylinder-plate method and seed germination method. Guaiacol, UV spectrophotometric , NBT-law were used to determine POD, CAT, SOD of soybean seed to evaluate effects of fermentation of A. persicium. The result showed that the hypha growth of F. solanae was inhibited by the fermentation of A. persicinum, and the hypha became less dense. The germination rate and enzyme activity of soybean seeds treated by different concentration of fermentation were all changed. The affectivity were different, when treated by the fermentation at the concentration of 10%, the length of radicle and hypocotyl, the raw weight of radicle and hypocotyl were all at the highest value, increased by 49.37%, 63.24%, 30.54% and 45.80% respectively, comparing to control. When treated by the fermentation at the concentration of 60%, the germination rate was the highest, up to 83.7%; the POD, CAT and SOD enzyme activities were 683U, 160.67U and 301U respectively, increased by 73.50%, 43.78% and 76.73%, comparing to control. It was confirmed that there were some constituents could promote soybean seeds germination and increase anti-stress enzyme activities in the A. persicinum fermentation.
Six representative strains were selected from peanut stem rot plants collected from Shandong Province. Morphological characteristics, pathogenicity and biological characteristics of 6 representative strains were studied. Ribosomal DNA-ITS sequence analysis showed that the sequence homology of these 6 strains was up to 99%. The tested 6 isolates were confirmed as one species. The homology of DNA-ITS sequences of the 6 strains was up to more than 99% compared with Lasiodiplodia spp (synonyms Diplodia) in GenBank. According to morphological characteristics, pathogenicity test and biological characteristics of the 6 tested strains, and combined with the ribosomal rDNA-ITS sequence analysis, the pathogen of peanut stem rot from Shandong Province was identified as Diplodia gossypina.
A rapid and quantitative detection method based on colloid gold immuno-chromatographic method was developed to analyze aflatoxin B1 in several plant samples such as peanut, corn, rice, wheat. The quantitative detection of aflatoxin B1 in these samples could be completed within 15 minutes. The dynamic linear range of the calibration curves was 1.0 μg/kg-20.0 μg/kg (R2>0.97), and the limit of quantification was up to 1.0 μg/kg, with the recovery rate of 75%～106% (RSD<20%). Compared with immuno-affinity column purification-liquid chromatography, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 15%. This detection method cost less than other methods, and with the advantage of shorter time and higher sensitivity, this method could be used for aflatoxin B1 screening in plant agro-products.
To guide the control of peanut early leaf spot in fields, the disease damage and the epidemic dynamics were studied. The different region and different varieties of peanut leaf spot in Liaoning province was investigated by the method of five point sampling. A systematical investigation on the disease was carried out in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that the diseases have occurred in different peanut production areas. Shenyang was the worst infected area and Xingcheng area was less infected. The disease index in 2012 was higher than in 2011 in most areas. Different varieties had different disease index, the highest disease index was Silihong, the least disease index was Baihuasheng. Through comparing and analyzing, Logistic model could reflect the temporal dynamic of peanut early leaf spot disease well.
An overview was provided with the evolution of soybean production for main soybean-producing countries in South America. The current status for breeding system, objectives, procedure, as well as varieties protection and seed extension service system were summarized; the reasons for the rapid development of soybean production in South America were also analyzed. Finally, the outlook of the development trend of soybean breeding in South America was discussed and the policy for soybean industry development in China was proposed.
Rapeseed meal is an excellent plant protein resource with high utilization value. However, its application has been hampered by the toxic and anti-nutritional components such as glucosinolates, erucic acid and phytic acid. Biotechnological methods have particular advantages in improving meal forage quality, promoting the comprehensive utilization value and exploiting the application area of rapeseed meal. The present review summarized the latest development of biotechnological methods on detoxification of meal, forage quality improvement, bioconversion and high-value application of rapeseed meal for the production of edible mushroom and enzymes, etc. The possible developing trend in rapeseed meal application was proposed.
