For molecular marker assistant breeding on higher soybean fatty acid, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of predominant fatty acid components in seeds were carried on 100 BC2 lines of backcross introgression lines from Zhonghuang 13 and Dongshan 69. Gas chromatography was used to determine fatty acid components. Results included a linkage map constructed with 130 polymorphism SSR markers. The total distance of the map was 2 433.29 cM containing 19 linkage groups, and the average distance between markers was 18.86 cM. Total 47 QTLs related to 5 fatty acid components were detected, and 21 of them were repeatable QTLs. QTL qFA-C2-3, qFA-J-1, qFA-D1b-1 and qFA-O-1 appeared consistently over the 3 year period. Among them, qFA-C2-4 was mapped for linolenic, qSA-J-1 and qFA-D1b-1 were for stearic, qFA-O-1 were for both oleic and linolenic. QTL qFA-D1a-1 and qFA-C2-4 were novel QTLs for several fatty acids. QTL qFA-C2-3, qFA-J-1, qFA-D1b-1 and qFA-O-1 were newly reported.
To broaden the variability of Brassica napus, 8 new maintainer lines of B. napus were developed from interspecies hybrids of Ageva (Brassica rapa, maintainer line) and 105B (B. napus, maintainer line). Genetic differences among 8 new maintainer lines B1-B8 (with corresponding sterile lines A1-A8), 105B and 4 restorer lines R1-R4 (B. napus) were estimated by SSR and AFLP techniques. To understand the hybrid performance and combining ability, NCⅡdiallel crosses were implemented between R1-R4 and B1-B8, as well as 105B. Results showed that genetic distances between 6 (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B8) new maintainer lines and 4 restorer lines (R1-R4) were larger than those between 105B and the corresponding restorer lines (R1-R4). Among 32 combinations between B1-B8 and R1-R4, 22 had higher yield per plant than those between 105B and R1-R4. A1 and A3 had larger petal-opening angles and higher seed-bearing index for making hybrids, which were much closer to 105A. In summary, heterosis of new B. napus maintainer lines had high yield potential including broad genetic differences, higher heterosis and plant yield.
12WH318 is a novel rapeseed germplasm (Brassica napus) with imidazolinones resistance, which was screened and isolated from imported transgenic oilseed - rape. The inheritance and molecular mechanism of imidazolinones resistance in 12WH318 were studied for better utilization of 12WH318. Result showed that imidazolinones resistance from 12WH318 was controlled by one pair of genes, in mode of complete dominance without cytoplasmic effect. Imidazolinone herbicide targeted acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes (BnALS1, BnALS2 and BnALS3) which were isolated from 12WH318 and 3 susceptive rapeseed lines by homologous strategy. According to alignment of DNA and amino-acids sequences, BnALS1 gene from 12WH318 contained mutant loci, in which a serine (AGT) at the 638th base became asparagine acid (AAT). Relative expressions showed that both BnALS1 and BnALS3 had a burst in leaves after herbicide treatment. After 7 days, BnALS1 expression was significantly lower than that of water control, and BnALS3 expression was similar to that of water control. It was concluded that the imidazolinones resistance in 12WH318 was controlled by BnALS1 gene.
A soybean backcross population was constructed using Suinong 14 (recurrent parent) and wild soybean ZYD00006 (donor parent). 23 QTLs (4 with positive effects, 19 with negative effects) for oil content on 11 linkage groups were detected by One-way ANOVA at 0.01 level. Compared with recurrent parent Suinong14, 13 BC3F3 lines had higher oil contents and 20 BC3F3 lines had lower oil contents. These 33 lines were selected to construct a control (random) population. Based on this control population, 25 QTLs for oil content on 15 linkage groups were found by genetic hitchhiking; among them, 11 QTLs had positive effect and 14 QTLs had negative effect. Total 34 QTLs were found by these 2 methods. Among them, 14 were detected in both methods, and 11 were newly found.
To better understand group advantage of rapeseed production and agronomic changes of cultivars under higher planting density (3.45×105 to 4.05×105 per hectare), yield and yield components from 22 newly registered cultivars in 4 regions were investigated in variety tirals 2013. The analysis was focused on correlation changes from cultivars registered in 2013 and 2001-2010 (in which rapeseed were planted at lower density). Results showed that average yield of the 22 cultivars was 2 861.25kg/hm2 and the average oil content was 44.88%. The average effective siliques per plant, seed per silique and thousand seed weight (TSW) were 280.52, 21.13 and 3.85g respectively. Coefficient of variation of effective siliques per plant was 0.21, which was higher than other 2 traits as seeds per silique and TSW. It indicated to be more variant among the cultivars. The coefficients was 0.68 between yield per plant and branch number. The coefficient was 0.79 between yield per plant and effective siliques per plant. Both correlations were highly significant. But the other 2 yield components (seeds per silique and TSW) had no significant correlation with yield per plant. Yield had no significant correlation with the above 3 yield components. Principal components analysis showed that 4 comprehensive factors contributed to 81.38%. Compared to cultivars from 2001-2010 planted at lower density, the average yield of cultivars from 2013 increased 10.61%. The effective siliques per plant decreased 29.08% with no difference of siliques per plant and TSW. The low correlation between yield and yield components might be resulted from high planting density.
To early-maturing and high yield-and-efficiency cultivation on rapeseed production, 3 varieties (early-maturing variety 1358, mid-maturing cv Zhongshuang 11 and late-maturing cv Zheshuang 8) under 3 different sowing dates (Sep 15, Sept 30 and Oct 15) were designed to study the flower bud differentiation and its relationship with endogenous hormones. Results showed that with the 3 sowing dates, flower bud differentiation of 1358 was earlier than that of mid- and late-maturing cultivars. The differentiation duration was much shorter than htat of the other two. Flower bud differentiation of 1358 was prolonged with fewer flowers by delayed sowing. Initiation of floral primordium differentiation and budding was greatly influenced by sowing dates. During late seedling stage, leaves gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin riboside (ZR) levels of 1358 were significantly higher than those of the other two, and abscisic acid (ABA) and indoly lacetic acid (IAA) levels were lower. Under late sowing, GA3 and ZR levels decreased, ABA and IAA levels increased. Under 3 sowing dates, GA3 level of 1358 reached the peak during middle flower bud differentiation period, and ZR level reached the peak during early and late flower bud differentiation periods. ABA and IAA levels were low during early flower bud differentiation but reached the peak during late flower bud differentiation. During the whole late seedling stage, GA3 level was very high which sowed in mid and late September. Ratios of GA3/ABA and ZR/IAA were higher than that of the other 2 cultivars under 3 sowing dates, but IAA/ABA were lower. In summary, late sowing on Oct 15 was appropriate for the early-maturing rapeseed to flowering at moderate time and for a high yield. Leave hormones and their ratios at late seedling stage were key factors in regulating flower bud differentiation
Peanut synthesizes resveratrol is low in natural plants, but can be accumulated in great amount under stresses. Resveratrol and its metabolites (pterostilbene, ε-viniferin, δ-viniferin) in peanut seedlings were investigated after hormone [salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (ETH), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)] induction and abiotic (UV-C, H2O2, and paraquat) stress. Results showed that leave resveratrol was conducted after UV-C radiation under dark condition, and the total content of resveratrol and 3 metabolites were 38.17μg/gFW. However, the above substance was better conducted after H2O2, paraquat, salicylic acid, ethephon and methyl jasmonate treatments under 16/8h of light and dark alternation condition. The total contents were 32.76, 32.21, 0.49, 2.42 and 1.42μg/gFW respectively. Resveratrol and its metabolites increased with the treatment dose in peanut leaves, and reached the peaks with 2.0h UV-C, 1mmol/L PQ, 1% H2O2, 10mmol/L SA, 50mmol/L ETH and 50mmol/L MeJA. The incensement of resveratrol was significantly higher than those of 3 metabolites. The results suggested that peanut can be used as resveratrol source, especially after induced by the above factors.
To improve cold tolerance of winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) in north China, hormone effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was investigated on cultivar Longyou 8. ABA (5, 10, 15, 20, 25mg/L) were sprayed on leaves from 6-7 true-leave seedlings. Cold tolerance, physiology and biochemistry characteristics were studied before winter (at 15℃) and during winter (at -5℃). Results showed that ABA spray significantly improved overwintering rate. The overwintering rate was 86.3% under 20mg/L ABA, which was the highest among other treatments, and was 26.7% higher than water spray (CK). After spray, leaves protective enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) were activated significantly. Contents of soluble protein (SP), soluble sugar (SS) and free proline (Pro) were significantly increased. Malonaldehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced. Root vitality and lateral roots were significantly increased. Root collar diameter and root weight increased too, but the increase was not significant different from water control. Result showed that 20mg/L ABA spray was the best concentration to improve the cold tolerance of Longyou 8. It was benefited by the increase of protective enzyme activity and osmotic up-regulation from the aerial part. Thus the increase of root vitality and lateral root quantity proved a well condition for the seedling to overcome the chilling.
Effect of root cutting levels on leave nitrogen (N) metabolism and peanut yield were investigated in filed and box culture in 2012-2013. Results showed that, N content, N accumulation, soluble protein content and nitrate reductase activity of leaves decreased early after root cutting. The decrease was accelerated by root cutting depths. After 10d to 15d, the above index began to increase gradually especially in the level of 15cm, although they were still lower than that of control. Moderate root-cutting (10-15cm) resulted in significantly higher biological and pod yield, as well as significantly higher valid pods and 100-pod weight. It indicated that root-cutting affected N metabolism only in a short period of time, and delayed its declining during late growth stages. This research suggested the moderate depth of root-cutting between 10 cm to 15 cm.
For high yield and quality of peanut, field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to study the effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and seaweed fertilizer (SM6) on peanut. 3 cultivars KB008 (high protein), Hua 17 (high oil), and Nongda 818 (high O/L) were used as materials. Results showed that PBZ treatment significantly increased pod yield by improving pod number and pod weight per plant. But PBZ reduced kernel rate and protein content, and decreased O/L of Hua17 and Nongda 818. SM6 treatment had little effect on pod yield of Hua17 and Nongda 818, but significantly improved pod number and pod yield of KB008. SM6 significantly improved kernel rate, protein content, oil content and O/L of the 3 cultivars. PBZ and SM6 combined application could significantly improve pod yield and kernel quality of 3 different types of peanut.
Leaf area index (LAI) model of oilseed flax was constructed by data collected under different densities in Dingxi experiment site with different nitrogen and phosphorus contents in Yuzhong in 2012-2013. Environment effect and genetic characteristics of flax were considered for accurate LAI model of oilseed flax. Potential LAI was conducted using potential leave number, leaf size, plant density and water stress factor for leaf expansion. Actual LAI was conducted under water restriction and nitrogen assimilation. Senescence LAI was calculated by using maximum ageing, light competition and water stress. These 3 LAI models were constructed based on APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulator) model. Models were validated by data from Dingxi station and Yuzhong site in 2014. Validation results showed that the minimum value of RMSE was 0.043, the maximum value RMSE was 0.672, and the coefficient of determination R2 was between 0.56 and 0.98, which indicated that these models could accurately simulate LAI of oilseed flax. Results also showed that the rational planting density was 7.5×105 plant per hectare in Dingxi with the optimum LAI of 3.92, the optimum 75kg•hm-2 N and 75kg•hm-2 P2O5 in Yuzhong with the optimum LAI of 4.486 (during flowering stage).
Direct-sowing rapeseed was especially sensitive to deficiency of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) due to its small individuals and poor disease resistance. To improve fertilization management on winter oilseed rape, K application rate impact was studied on absorption and accumulation of K, Ca and Mg of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Field experiment was conducted in Qichun, Hubei during 2011-2012. Results showed that K application significantly improved rapeseed yield, organ (root, stem and leaf) biomass, and K content and accumulation. However, no significant difference was found between K120 (120kg/hm2 K2O) and K160 (160kg/hm2 K2O) treatments. K application reduced Ca and Mg contents in stem and leaf, but did not affect Ca content in root and Ca and Mg. K application significantly increased total accumulations of K, Ca and Mg in whole plant. K application, especially with the high application rate, could increase the proportion of K accumulation but decrease the proportions of Ca and Mg accumulations during the overwintering period. In order to achieve nutrient balance of K, Ca and Mg, application rate of 120 kg/hm2 was suggested under the current planting condition.
To evaluate control effects and safety of peanut seed-coating of 4 new neonicotinoid insecticides on Holotrichia parallela, the effects of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, nitenpyram and fipronil (the control fungicide) on peanut emergency and seedling growth under 20℃ and 25℃ were studied using sand culture. Safe insecticides were selected by field trials. Results showed that except nitenpyram, the other 3 neonicotinoids seed-coating did not affect emergence. 4 neonicotinoid insecticides did not significantly promote seedling growth. The fipronil seed-coating had no significant effect on emergence and seedling growth. Control effectiveness and pod protection efficiency of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin had no significant difference. Control effectiveness and pod protection efficiency of clothianidin was the highest, with values from 67.42% to 72.50% in 2 field experiments. Control effectiveness and pod efficiency of fipronil was significantly lower than that of imidacloprid and clothianidin. Seed-coating with imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin and fipronil significantly increased pod yield. The most effective and the safest coating concentration was 140g active ingredient/100kg seed for imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin against the white grubs of H. parallela.
Abstract: Trichoderma is an important soil ecosystem microbial population. In order to clarify the population diversity of Trichoderma in soybean fields in Northeast China, 147 soil samples were collected from soybean fields of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces from 2012 to 2014. A total of 237 strains of Trichoderma were isolated using dilution plate method and soil particles isolation and culture. These strains were identified and grouped into 15 species. The dominant species included Trichoderma harzianum (77 strains, accounting for 32.49% of isolations). Another dominant species was Trichoderma atroviride (49 strains, accounting for 20.68% of isolations). The numbers of Trichoderma in Liaoning and Jilin were more than that of Heilongjiang Province. T. citrinoviride and T. spirale had been found in Liaoning and Heilongjiang Provinces. T. feritile, T. erinaceum, T. parceramosum, T. asperellum and T. strigosum were only found in Liaoning Province. 2 Trichoderma strains, sneft-s57 (1) and sneft-l50(2), had higher efficiency in killing nematodes, and stronger antagonism to Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani.
For rapid and accurate ELISA detection of ethofenprox residue in rapeseed stalks (vegetable), polyclonal antibody was obtained from rabbits with ethofenprox-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate (ethofenprox-BSA). Based on the antibody, an indirect competitive ELISA was developed with ethofenprox-OVA as the envelope antigen. Assays were performed in the ethofenprox-BSA (0.25μg/mL) coated ELISA format in which the antibody was 1:32 000 diluted. The optimized physicochemical factors (pH, ionic strength and blocking solution) in the performance were obtained: blocking reagent was skim milk powder, pH6.0, and ionic strength was 0.16 mol/L. Calibration curve was established under the optimal conditions, from which the sensitivity (IC50) was 0.28 μg/mL of antibody and the linear working range were IC20-IC80 of 0.079 8-3.578 μg/mL. Ethofenprox pesticides residue in rapeseed stalks collected from markets were screened by the developed ELISA with average recovery of 79.59-97.56%. The correlation coefficient of results obtained by both indirect competitive ELISA and GC/MS method was 0.995. It concluded a practical ELISA method, and the validation of ethofenprox detection by ELISA and GC-MS in rapeseed stalks was proven.
Rapeseed meal is one of the most important sources of plant proteins, but the antinutritional factors limit its application in feed industry. Sinapine is the major antinutritional factor. In order to remove sinapine efficiently and safely, laccase was chosen as catalyst. By employing real-time UV-vis spectrometry, kinetic data of the enzymatic degradation was obtained. The kinetic behavior was highly consistent with enzymatic reaction and Michaelis-Menten equation was deduced. By employing TLC analysis and HPLC, purified degradation products were obtained and characterized by 1HNMR and 13CNMR. Based on the results of kinetic data and product information, suggested possible mechanism could be the free radical pathways.
To understand 5 fatty acids and 2 globulin (11S and 7S) contents in soybean from different nodes, cultivars Jilin 38 and Jinong 19 were used, and palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were determined. Results showed that 5 fatty acids and 2 globulin contents varied on different nodes of 2 cultivars. In higher nodes, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids increased, stearic and oleic acids decreased. 11S globulin on the middle nodes (4-9) was lower than on other nodes, and were the highest on the upper nodes (13-17). Correlation analysis showed that 11S and 7S globulin of 2 cultivars had negative correlation. The 11S/7S ratio had negative correlation to palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids, and had positive correlation to stearic and oleic acids.
To effectively decay crop straw and rapeseed pathogen (sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), 2 fungi (Aspergillus aculeatus, Trichoderma harzianum ) and 1 bacteria （Bacillus subtilis）were used in pot experiments. A. aculeatus strain Asp-3 and T. harzianum strain Tri-5 were made into conidium suspension (compound liquid inoculants, CLI) to study their decomposing effects. T. harzianum strain Tri-5 and B. subtilis strain Tu-100 with decomposed rape seeds meal and straw were used as compound bio-fertilizer (CBF). Results showed that compared to the matrix control, after CLI spray, rape straw decomposition rate increased 17.44%, and sclerotia germination rate decreased 20.98%. After using CBF, rice straw decomposition rate increased 8.66%, and sclerotia germination rate decreased 12.28%. Soil acid phosphatase and urease activities increased and sclerotia germination rate decreased significantly after using CBF. Rapeseed yield also significantly increased after using CBF with rice straw, with the yield 9.61% higher that that of blank control.
To clarify the causal agent of rape black spot disease in Linzhi area, rape plant with black spot symptom was collected in field. An Alternaria isolate (XZ-S1) was obtained, and its pathogenicity on leaf was investigated by Koch′s postulates. Strain XZ-S1 was identified using rDNA-ITS (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) sequences. Result showed that XZ-S1 clustered with Alternaria brassicae at 98% bootstrap levels in phylogenetic tree. The optimum growth condition for the pathogen was PSA (potato sugar agar medium) with starch (carbon source), peptone (nitrogen source), at 25℃ under pH6.5-7.5. The highest spore yield was obtained on PCA (potato carrot agar) medium.
Luteolin is a kind of natural flavonoids extracted from plants. It has multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer, antipathogen and other physiological effects. Peanut shell is an ideal resource of luteolin with high content of flavonoid. As a renewable resource, peanut shell has wide application prospects in luteolin, if this compound could be extracted and purified efficiently. This paper reviewed physiological properties, bio-activities, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of luteolin from peanut and other plants for further research of luteolin in peanut and other plants.
Soybean is an important source of vegetable protein. Soybean molecular genetic advances on seed protein were reviewed in this paper. The results on soybean protein were affected by genetic and environmental factors, and varied widely. According to phenotypic data, significant additive effects were found with heritability from 31% to 99% among different materials. A total of 298 QTLs related to protein content were on each of the 20 chromosomes. Some QTLs were repeatedly detected on Chro. 20 (I linkage group), Chro. 15 (E linkage group) and other chromosomes. The 298 QTLs explained 0.002% to 80% of phenotypic variance. Linkage and association analysis showed that Chro. 20 (I linkage group) had the highest frequency QTLs. From which, some candidate genes were predicted and further verified. On this linkage group, QTL A688-Satt239 was detected in multiple environments and populations, and it had great potential in protein molecular marker assisted breeding.
To provide valuable clues for sesame breeding, pedigree of sesame cultivars released during 1960-2013 in China were analyzed. Totally 145 cultivars were bred in the past 60 years, of which 136 were conventional cultivars and 9 were F1 hybrids. Since the first hybrid released in 1993, the number of hybrid cultivars had increased steadily, which indicating sesame prevalence of heterosis utilization. Of the 145 cultivars, 121 were classified as white seed-coat color, 17 black, and 7 yellow or brown, exhibiting the diversification of cultivar type in term of seed-coat color. 134 cultivars with known pedigree showed that they were derived from 98 parental lines which could be further traced back to 45 Chinese landraces and 9 alien accessions. They suggested that Chinese landraces had large contribution to breeding, and that the alien gene pool had yet to be fully exploited. Yuzhi 4, Ezhi 1 (old) and Yiyangbai were the most important parents used for sesame breeding in China, with 29, 18 and 10 derived cultivars respectively. Pedigree analysis revealed that the best way to breed an outstanding sesame cultivar was to cross the elite parents from different geographical region and/or bearing distinct but complementary botanical traits.
