To better understand import dependence and industrial safety on Chinese vegetable oils, two oilseeds （soybean and rapeseed） and 5 vegetable oils （soybean oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and palm oil） were used as examples, to measure safety evaluation indexes, and to analyze the reliability and industrial safety status. Results showed that both soybean and rapeseed import concentrations are decreasing, dependence on single country became lower, thus the import reliability became higher. But the industrial safety index of both was higher than 80, still at a crisis state in 2020. In terms of main vegetable oils, the concentration of three oils (soybean oil, peanut oil and rapeseed oil） was decreasing, with low dependence on a single country with high import reliability, while sunflower oil and palm oil were relatively concentrated, with high dependence on single country in low import reliability. In 2020, the industrial safety index of soybean oil and peanut oil were 60 and 68 respectively, which were in an unsafe state. The industrial safety index of rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and palm oil were all greater than 80, which were all in crisis states. The safety problems of plant oilseed and oil industry are severe in China. We suggested that moderately expanding the cultivated area of oilseeds, cultivating high quality germplasm resources, improving mechanization level and domestic oil supply chain system, using the geopolitical advantage to establish good partnership, deepening the international trade cooperation, and encouraging competent agricultural enterprises to expand international raw material base and supply chain.

Heilongjiang Province is an important grain production region in China. Fertilizer and forage dual-purpose rape could compensate the lack of forage grass in this area. As a green manure crop, forage rape plays an essential role in improving soil structure and increasing soil organic matter content. The development of forage rape in Heilongjiang was reviewed in this paper, the introduction and selection of forage rape varieties, planting patterns, cultivation techniques, silage processing and utilization methods were summarized. Existing problems in the cultivation, processing and utilization of forage rape in cold regions of north China were also summarized, and the research and development of forage rape in cold area were prospected.

Rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） is the largest oil crop in China, and the mechanized production is the inevitable trend of rapeseed industry. But the long flowering period and inconsistencies of silique mature caused by indeterminate inflorescence in rapeseed are key links affecting mechanized harvest. Therefore, gene mapping, candidate gene prediction and cloning of the determinate inflorescence trait are of great significance for the genetic improvement of rapeseed, the cultivation of new varieties suitable for mechanized harvest and the breaking of the bottleneck of rapeseed mechanized production. A natural and novel rapeseed mutant with determinate inflorescence was identified in this study. The F₂ isolated population was constructed by crossing with Zhongshuang 11（ZS11）.Two pools with 20 determinate and indeterminate inflorescence F₂ lines were used for gene mapping of determinate inflorescence, 20× and 10× depth of whole genome re-sequencing were conducted for the two pools and parental lines, respectively. A total of 277 679 SNP and 302 625 InDel polymorphic sites were identified for whole genome mapping of determinate inflorescence traits. Using the △ SNP-index method for association analysis, a total of 892 polymorphic marker loci were screened, containing 683 genes, which were mapped on six significantly associated interval of chromosome A09, A10 and C09, of which, the locus on chromosome C09 exhibited the highest peak. By A. thaliana genome homologous sequence alignment, combined with gene functional annotation and sequence difference analysis, genes of BnaA09g34410D, BnaA09g37880D, BnaA09g38520D, BnaC09g40470D, BnaC09g40480D and BnaC09g49710D were predicted as potential candidate genes of determinate inflorescence within the association interval on chromosomes A09 and C09. The genes of BnaA09g34410D, BnaA09g37880D and BnaC09g49710D were involved in the control of flower development and flowering time, and the three genes located within associated interval of chromosome C09 with the highest peak having sequence differences of allelic genes, were predicted as the main genes controlling this determinate inflorescence trait. The results establish the theoretical foundation for the cloning and function identification of the determinate inflorescence genes in rape.

Brassica juncea exhibites relatively tolerance to heavy metal cations. Because of NRAMP （natural resistance associated macrophage protein） is mainly involved in absorption and transport of metal cations, we used NRAMP homologous genes of Arabidopsis thaliana as reference, to better understand the NRAMPs in B. juncea. Thus 18 BjNRAMP memmbers in B. juncea were identified on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BjNRAMPs were clustered into 2 clades. Their expansionswere possibly caused by B.juncea genome triplication after the divergence of Arabidopsis and Brassica. Transcriptome sequencing data from roots and leaves under different concentration of cadmium （Cd） treatments indicated that expressions of BjNRAMPs were tissue-specific, in which BjNRAMP1.4 expression in root was increased under 30 mg/kg of Cd treatment. BjNRAMP2.2 expression in leaf was induced by 10 mg/kg of Cd treatment, but decreased in roots. After transformed into yeast, overexpression of BjNRAMP1.4 in Cd-sensitive yeast mutants significantly improved its tolerance to Cd. Promotion function of BjNRAMP2.2 played a limited role, not as good as BjNRAMP1.4.

Virgin coconut oil is a valuable source of medium chain fatty acids, with lauric acid comprising 44%-54% of the total fatty acids. With the deepening of research, virgin coconut oil has attracted growing attention in the field of food and medicine. Besides, its market scale is also expanding year by year. In this article, the nutrient components and physicochemical properties of VCO were introduced, and the health effects of VCO on antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and cardiovascular disease prevention and their potential mechanisms were reviewed. It was aimed to provide theoretical reference for the further development and popularization of virgin coconut oil.

To study the function of VDAC1 gene in Brassica napus under low temperature stress, CDS region of BnVDAC1 gene was cloned using cDNAs as templates from both Tianyou 2288 (weak cold resistance) and 16NTS309 (strong cold resistance). Bioinformatics analysis found that their BnVDAC1 genes encoded 276 amino acids. The isoelectric points were 7.28 and 8.46 respectively. The proteins were stable (< 40). The secondary structures were mainly random coil, and the tertiary structures were composed of 2 β-barrels surrounded by β-sheets. Through pBI121-BnVDAC1-GFP fusion expression vector, tobacco leaf subcellular localization showed thatBnVDAC1 was mainly located in mitochondria or plasma membrane. The quantitative results showed that the relative conductivity, relative water content, H₂O₂ and O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{?-} content of the leaves of the 2 varieties were different under low temperature treatment. The expression level of BnVDAC1 was correlated with relative conductivity, relative water content and ROS changes. The differences in relative conductivity, relative water content, H₂O₂ and O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{?-} content of leaves between the 2 varieties under low temperature treatment were analyzed and compared. The quantitative results showed that the expression level of BnVDAC1 was correlated with relative conductivity, relative water content of leaves and ROS changes. The gene had obvious variety specificity and tissue expression specificity.

Implementation of the novel grand-food security strategy based on the principles of all-encompassing approach to food is highly crucial for diversifying sources, increasing supply amount, improving nutritional quality, enhancing market competitiveness, protecting eco-systems, ensuring self-coordination, promoting healthy consumption, and elevating comprehensive management of various foods in China under the New Era. Since the opening police starting in 1978, historical changes have occurred in production, trade and consumption of major agricultural products including the oilseeds, and food consumption and nutrition levels in the whole country have been significantly improved. However, the unbalanced production and consumption of certain agro-products have also led to serious problems such as an increase in chronic diseases, environmental pollution and risks within food supply chains, among which, the short domestic production and over-consumption of oilseeds and edible vegetable oils have been in a dilemma for more than ten years. Based on China’s natural resources and social-economic circumstances, the general road-map including enlarging production of rapeseed and peanut, promoting production of other special minor oilseeds and intensifying healthy consumption should be well followed in order to ensure the supply of oilseed products. It is proposed to increase the domestic vegetable oil production up to 20 million tons in the next decade, which would be the basic supply bottom line for domestic consumption. Meanwhile, further efforts should be made on improving the quality, production efficiency and market competitiveness and promoting healthy consumption of oilseed products.

Soybean pod shattering is one of the important factors influencing soybean yield loss. In this study, gene distribution of pdh1 in 105 varieties from multiple variety tests in Yangtze River regions was studied. Results showed that 56 of all tested varieties contained pdh1 gene, and pdh1 was concentrated in summer type soybean. The number of varieties containing pdh1 accounted for 91.4% of the total summer soybeans. Its distribution has obvious regional characteristics. About 82.3% soybean varieties with pdh1 were bred from Huang-Huai-Hai regions and Northeast China （including Liaoning, Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong）, while only 11.6% varieties containing pdh1 were from South China （including Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang）. Thus the pdh1 gene had been effectively used in breeding for Northeast China and Huang-Huai-Hai regions, and also could be a marker for pod-shattering resistance selection. But it were poorly used in South China due to the high temperature and humidity in fields. It was suggested that molecular marker assisted selection might be helpful to improve the breeding efficiency regionally on pod shattering resistance.

To achieve stable high yield and suitable mechanized cultivar for rapeseed(Brassica napus L.), QTLs on developmental plant height were studied using an population named AH, which composed of 189 recombined inbred members. Net increase in plant height of 5 growth stages and final plant height at maturity were investigated in Guiyang in 2020, and phenotypic variation and their correlations were analyzed. Based on previous constructed high-density molecular marker genetic linkage map, QTL mapping was performed to identify the stage-specific expression QTLs regulating plant height development on a genome-wide scale. Results showed great variations in plant height during the 5 growth stages after budding. Plant height changed the most in the 1st week, and the increase gradually slowed down over time. Net height growth at each stage was positively correlated with the previous stage. A total of 60 QTLs were detected in the 5 stages, including 4 major QTLs, 8 QTLs stably expressed in 2 different stages, and the others (specifically expressed in at least one stage). 6 QTLs were identified at maturity, including one major QTL. Comparative analysis showed that 6 QTLs at maturity stage were not detected at 5 developmental stages. Totally 5 major QTLs identified in this study have not been reported yet, thus can be used as new loci for developmental plant height breeding in B. napus. Combined with gene function annotation, 15 candidate genes related to plant height were preliminarily screened. It was expected to deepen the understanding of genetic regulation on rapeseed plant height, and provide new resources for semi-dwarf breeding.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) exhibits different degrees of secondary dormancy, which, if strong, can easily lead to the occurrence of volunteer plants in field and affect the quality and safety of seed production. In this study, we used Huaiyou-WSD-H2 (weak secondary dormancy) and Huaiyou-SSD-V1 (strong secondary dormancy) lines, which are derived from two breeding lines, to induce secondary dormancy using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to simulate drought, and conducted high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Totally 17 706 highly expressed genes (FPKM> 5) from the high-throughput transcriptome sequencing were divided into 17 co-expression modules using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Combined with GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and differential expression analysis, 3 genes related to tryptophan metabolism (BnaC08g25400D, BnaC09g31260D and BnaC09g49740D) were screened in the yellow module, which was highly significantly and positively correlated with secondary dormancy, and were differentially expressed between strong and weak secondary dormant materials after induction. Validation by qRT-PCR and preliminary analysis of the regulatory network of candidate genes were performed to provide a theoretical basis for resolving the genetic basis of tryptophan-dependent growth hormone biosynthesis pathway to regulate secondary seed dormancy in rapeseed.

Soybean can symbiosis with rhizobia to produce nodule, through which symbiosis nitrogen fixation can provide essential nitrogen source for soybean growth and development. Rhizobia type III effectors are important signal molecules regulating symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which is very important for the establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In this study, NopAA mutants of rhizobia HH103 type III effecting factor were constructed and identified by bioinformatics analysis, three-parent hybridization and Southern blot were used to construct the mutant. Expression analysis showed that NopAA mutation significantly reduced the expression of soybean immune-related gene PR1. Through NopAA expression detection during nodule formation, it was found that NopAA could still be expressed by rhizobia after nodule maturity. Finally, NopAA mutation can significantly inhibit the production of nodule through nodule formation ability identification. This study laid a foundation for revealing the mechanism of the type III effector NopAA and provided a theoretical basis for the utilization of co-organic nitrogen fixation in soybean agricultural production.

Potassium is one of essential macronutrient that influence plant growth and development. Soybean is an important grain and oil cash crop. Potassium underpins soybean yield production, quality determination and stress tolerance. Actually, though potassium in soil is abundant, plants usually live under a potassium-deficiency conditions due to chemical state of potassium in soil that is hardly up-taken directly by plant root system. Therefore, potassium fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture to meet the potassium requirement, but excessive use of fertilizers has led to serious environmental pollution. Improving soybean potassium use efficiency is a better way to resolve the dilemma. Therefore, understanding how soybean sense potassium deficiency and activate its potassium uptake system is a prerequisite for improving potassium use efficiency of soybean. The objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, to provide a comprehensive review of the patterns governing potassium uptake, accumulation, redistribution; secondly, to focus on research progress in molecular and genetic mechanisms of potassium use efficiency. Finally, some unsolved issues and key questions were discussed.

To evaluate the productivity, adaptability and stability of lignans content of black sesame cultivars under different ecological conditions, a multi-site multi-year experiment was conducted on 42 black sesame cultivars in 3 pilot sites with different soil fertility in Jiangxi Province. The content of sesamin and sesamolin in different black sesame cultivars was systematically analyzed by combined analysis variance and GGE （genotype + genotypes and environment interactions） biplot and other methods. The results showed that the average content of sesamin was the highest at Poyang site （1.92 mg/g） and the lowest at Jinxian site （1.73 mg/g）. The average content of sesamolin at Agricultural University （Nongda） site was the highest （2.88 mg/g）, while the average content of sesamolin in Jinxian was the lowest （1.86 mg/g）.The results of combined variance analysis showed that the contents of sesamin and sesamolin in different black sesame cultivars were significantly different, and were significantly affected by the environment （E） and the interaction between genotype and environment （G×E）. The results of GGE biplot analysis showed that G1 and G15 were stable cultivars with high sesamin content, and G10 had the highest sesamin content in multiple environments, showing strong adaptability and high promotion value. G2, G3 and G40 are stable cultivars with high sesamolin content. G2 sesamolin content had the best adaptability at Poyang and Agricultural University, and the best adaptability at Jinxian was G11. Compared with low sesamin and sesamolin, the oil content of high sesamin and sesamolin types increased significantly, and showed a very significant positive correlation with oil content, so that the synchronous improvement of sesamin, sesamolin and oil content could be achieved.

The limiting factors of summer soybean yield in Anhui Province were elucidated to provide a theoretical reference for increasing soybean yield in this area. The summer soybean yield and the effects of climate and disease on yield formation were studied by analyzing the disease occurrence and the data of yield and meteorology of the variety comparative tests of summer soybean in Anhui Province from 2016 to 2021. The results showed that the average annual yields of the tests were between 2180.6-2826.4 kg/hm², which were higher than the average yields of soybean production in Anhui Province in recent years （1500 kg/hm²）. The average temperatures for late July （flowering period） in high-yield years were lower than that in low-yield years, and there was no high-temperature weather with the daily maximum temperature exceeding 35℃, nor daily average temperature exceeding 30℃. The average rainfall in mid-July and late July in high-yield years were more than that in low-yield years, and the probabilities of autumn drought were early September > late August > mid-August. Due to the influences of climate, diseases and pests, 11.1% of the tests did not obtain valid data, and the yield of the lowest yield experimental sites in different years decreased by 13.6%-36.3% compared with the average annual test yield. Changeable transitional climate and high disease frequency are the main reasons affecting soybean yield in Anhui Province. The high temperature in late July and the autumn drought in early September are important limiting factors for soybean yield. The high temperature during the flowering period of soybean may be one of the inducing factors for the occurrence of "Zhengqing" of soybean in this area. In order to increase soybean yield in Anhui Province, comprehensive consideration should be given to improving the stress tolerance of varieties, optimizing planting techniques and improving water conservancy facilities.

Seedling stage is the most sensitive period of plant growth, having an important impact on seed yield and quality. In order to explore the performance and heterosis, 6 self-incompatible lines, 6 restorer lines and 36 F₁ from NCII (incomplete diallel cross) design were used. Number of root hairs, number of leaf, shoot length, root length, shoot weight, root weight and root?shoot ratio were measured after cultured in nutrient solutions for 10 d (stage I), 20 d (stage II), and 30 d (stage III), respectively. Results showed that both parents and F₁ in stage II had the largest number of traits at significant levels. The most obviously different traits were shoot weight and root weight. Number of root hairs, number of leaf, root weight and root?shoot ratio were mainly affected by additive effects. Shoot length and shoot weight were controlled by additive and non-additive effects. The female P13, P14 and the male P16 had positive GCA (general combining ability) of each trait. 6 traits of the 5 hybrids (P14×P17, P13×P18, P15×P19, P11×P20 and P11×P21) had positive SCA (special combining ability). The average MPH (mid-parent heterosis) for 6 traits were all positive, and the traits showing higher than 10% increase were the number of root hairs (14.46%), weight of shoot (14.42%) and weight of root (13.92%). Correlation analysis between MPH (mid-parent heterosis) and GCA/SCA showed that GCA combined with SCA could predict the heterosis of number of leaf and length of shoot; SCA alone could predict the heterosis of number of root hairs, shoot weight and root weight. In this study, stage II had the most significant differences in seedling traits between the parents and F₁, the most obviously different traits included length of shoot, shoot weight and root weight. These findings might provide theoretical guidance for rapeseed breeding.

As nutritions for human health, anthocyanins and other flavonoids are important molecules that mediate plant adaptation to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to investigate oxidation resistance and salt tolerance of 3 peanut cultivars with pink (YZ9102), red (JHR1), and black (JHB1) testa colors. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions. 7-day old seedlings were subjected to Hoagland solution (CK) and 150 mmol/L NaCl (SS) for 10 days. The changes in growth, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. Results showed that salt stress caused a decrease in plant height, leaves area and biomass in the 3 cultivars. JHR1 and JHB1 exhibited higher salt tolerance than YZ9102. The antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of JHR1 and JHB1 were markedly increased by salt stress compared to YZ9102. The flavonoid contents exhibited the same trends in the 3 cultivars under salt stress. The relative malonaldehyde (MDA) content was lower in JHR1 and JHB1 than in YZ9102. Correlation analysis showed that the relative flavonoid content and MDA content were significantly (P< 0.05) related to salt tolerance. The flavonoid content was highly correlated (P< 0.01) with the SOD activity, MDA content, plant height and leaf area. In conclusion, the roots of JHR1 and JHB1 accumulated more flavonoids than YZ9102 under salt stress and showed higher antioxidant capacity and less inhibition of growth under salt stress. The results might provide information for screening salt resistant peanut cultivars.

Rice-rape rotation system is the most representative cultivation system in central China, but clearing and returning of straw after rice harvest affect the subsequent sowing and harvesting of rapeseed. Microbial degradation of straw represents an effective ways to solve this problem. Our previous study found that rice straw could be degraded by inoculated with Neurospora crassis, and the obvious degradation was observed after 48 h culture. Therefore, in this study, N. crassa NC-3 was used as the research material, and the samples under different culture conditions and different culture time period （24 h and 48 h） were selected to carry out the transcriptome study. The results showed that there were 3329 differentially expressed genes in N. crassa grown on straw for 48 h compared with that grown on PDA medium. Through GO （gene ontology） enrichment analysis of these genes, it is found that they are mainly enriched in the classification of biological processes, and the genes with great differences mainly exist in nucleotide metabolism, protein metabolism and intimal system. KEGG （Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes） pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the functions of these differentially expressed genes mainly involve galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and ribosomes. The enzymes related to straw degradation were found in these metabolic pathways, and the most of these enzymes was up-regulated. In these metabolic pathways, it is speculated that N. crassa degraded rice straw mainly through galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism. The above study provides a new theoretical basis for the more efficient use of N. crassa for straw degradation, and can be applied to straw return under the tillage system-rice and rape rotation.

To explore the effects of lime application on peanut soil enzyme activity of red soil barren desert soil, and optimize the growth conditions of peanut, three peanut varieties representing different grain types （large-grain variety Xianghua 2008, medium-grain variety Xianghua 55 and small-grain variety Lanshan-Xiaozi） were used as experimental materials in soil column cultivation experiment, and two treatments were set up: calcium coated （lime） and calcium free （control）. Five soil enzyme activities were measured and analyzed in 0-20 cm surface and rhizosphere soil of peanut during the main growth period. The results showed that, with the development of peanut growth period, soil enzyme activity increased first and then decreased gradually, and the peak value appeared in the vigorous growth period, that is, flowering-pegging stage or pod-bearing stage; The application of lime had significant effects on the enzyme activities of topsoil and rhizosphere soil during the whole growth period of different peanut varieties, and the variation range of enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil was greater than that in topsoil soil; The catalase activity of topsoil and rhizosphere soil of different peanut varieties increased after calcium application, indicating that calcium application could enhance the antioxidant capacity of peanut; For large and medium grain peanut varieties, calcium application increased the activities of soil protease and soil urease, but decreased the activities of soil sucrase and soil acid phosphatase; Meanwhile, the activities of soil sucrase and soil acid phosphatase increased significantly after calcium fertilizer was applied to small grain peanut, although the average increase of protease and urease activities was lower than that of the control group, the activities of protease and urease in the later growth stage were higher than these of the control and large and medium peanut varieties; Calcium application could promote the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth of peanut plant, reduce the height of main stem and lateral branch length, and increase the number of well-filled pods, well-filled pods weight and productivity per plant of each grain type. With the same amount of calcium application, the productivity of large and medium seeded peanuts increased less, indicating that large and medium seeded peanuts need more calcium than small seeded peanuts. Therefore, the application of lime calcium fertilizer to peanut in red soil dryland of South China has a great regulation effect on different soil enzyme activities and yield of peanut, which might lay a foundation for high-yield cultivation, variety breeding and planting layout of peanut.

For high effeciency rapessed breeding, multiple rapeseed hybrids were selected by using chemical hybridizing agent SX-1 and polygamy (multiple-female-and-one-male). In our strategy, high-generation homozygous inbred lines with multiple excellent agronomic characteristics were screened as parents, elite inbred lines induced by chemical hybridizing agent were produced as female parents, and hybridization was completed in isolated area, followed by strict pollination for hybrid seeds. From 2007 to 2015, totally 248 cross combinations were generated by this strategy, and 7 high-quality hybrid varieties were suscessfully cultivated in different ecological regions. All hybrid had comprehensive resistance, high yield and quality, with suitable growth period and mechanized harvesting features. Compared with CMS breeding, CIMS (chemical induced male sterility) could produce more hybrids simultaneously with high oil content and high yield. Among the 7 varieties bred by CIMS, the average oil content was 47.70%, the average hybrid seed yield was 2385.00 kg/hm². On the contrary, in the only variety bred by CMS, its oil content was 45.80%, with average hybrid seed yield of 1503.00 kg/hm². In summary, SX-1 induced CIMS was efficient on hybrid breeding for its wide ranges of parents, more cross combinations at one season, time- and labor-saving, which can provide hybrids in spring and supply in autum (or winter).

An accurate and efficient identification system of salinity and alkali resistance is very important for the evaluation of salinity and alkali resistance of rapeseed germplasm resources.In order to establish an evaluation system for salinity and alkali tolerance of rapeseed and screen the tolerant germplasm, 87 rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） varieties/lines （inbred lines） from major rapeseed producing areas in China were used as test materials, and a hydroponic system was used to simulate stress. The results showed that the number of fully expanded green leaves of rapeseed plants under saline-alkali stress could be used as a reliable indicator for effectively distinguishing different types of rapeseeds, while the fresh weight of aboveground parts could be used as auxiliary indicators. By grading the number of fully expanded green leaves, the 87 rapeseed resources measured were divided into 4 salt-and-alkali-tolerant grades from 0 to III. Among them, 7 salt-alkali-tolerant rapeseed resources with resistance grade III were obtained. The results provided methods and resources for salinity-tolerant breeding of rapeseed.