For constructing mutant library and enriching genetic resource of Brassica napus, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was applied on seeds of double low B. napus cultivar Zheyou 18. Mutants with abnormal appearance of leaf color, leaf shape, stem color, petal color, petal shape, petal number, male sterility, and booming date were observed in M2 population. 28 large-seed mutants and 9 high-oil mutants were determined for thousand-seed weight (TSW) and oil content in M3 seeds. The greatest TSW was 7.32g, and the highest oil content was 52.80%. Phenotypic variation of M2 plants showed that the mutation frequencies under 0.6% EMS was higher than those under 0.3% EMS. Average M3 TSW and oil content were highly significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of wild type under 0.6% EMS treatment.
Maturity group (MG) is a main method for the classification of soybean varieties based on characteristic of growth period. 47 of the major local and new soybean varieties of Huang-Huai region were identified and classified with 13 MG standard varieties from the USA. Three simple sequences repeat (SSR) markers Satt431, Satt215 and Satt557, associated with soybean MG, were used in this study. The results showed that 31 soybean varieties belonged to MGIV, accounted for 65.95%; 6 and 10 soybean varieties were classified into MGIII and MGV, accounted for 12.77% and 21.28% respectively. 13 varieties including Meng1157-1, Meng1158-1 and Xu9302-204 etc. could be classified into the same MGs in 2013, 2014 and 2015, accounted for 27.66%. The variation of climatic factors had less effect on soybean growth period for these varieties. 47 varieties were identified with SSR markers Satt431, Satt215 and Satt557, and the accurate rate of markers assisted selection for MGIII and MGV were 83.33% and 90.00% respectively. In addition, the genotypes of soybean varieties belonged to MGIV were more complicated than those of other MGs. The number of growing days of the tested varieties were between 96 and 104, their plant height were between 46.22 and 85.90 cm，their nodes of main stem were between 12.20 and 19.04. The plant height and nodes number of main stem of tested varieties had the smallest coefficient of variance in 2014. Their average plant height and their nodes number of main stem showed positive correlation with MGII-MGIV, but negative with MGV. The results of this experiment could provide a foundation for soybean growth period classification based on the genotypes of MGs.
To provide valuable tools and materials for sesame genetic improvement on oil and protein, 290 sesame accessions were selected from worldwide core collections. Model of sesame oil and protein contents was established by detecting oil and protein contents of the accessions using NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy). Chemical methods were used for comparison. Relative coefficients of these 2 methods were 0.970 2 and 0.975 6 respectively. The oil and protein content of 700 sesame core collections in 4 environments were detected by the established NIRS model, and variation of the contents were analyzed. Result showed that both contents were affected by environment. Oil contents of materials from north to south were gradually decreased, and protein contents in northern region were lower than those from the southern. Coefficient of variation of sesame oil and protein content were 4.92% and 6.25% respectively, and diversity indexs were 1.98 and 2.08 respectively. Among the tested materials, 15 high oil (more than 58%) accessions and 20 high protein (more than 24%) accessions were identified. We also found that oil and protein contents were related to seed coat color.
For more knowledge on genetic diversity flax germplasm, 11 quantitative traits of 341 flax germplasm resources were investigated by multiple statistics analysis. Results showed that genetic diversity index ranged from 2.000 to 2.069. Diversity of different traits varied. The variation coefficient of stems per plant was the highest (42.51%), and that of mature days was the lowest (4.18%). Among the paired traits, 19 had highly significantly positive correlation, 16 had highly significantly negative correlation, 3 had positive correlation and 2 had negative correlation. Results showed that the 11 characteristics could be simply clarified into 4 independent principal components, including thousand-seed weight, effective fruits per plant, flowering days and main stem branching factors providing 76.48% of all information. By using these 4 principal component factors of system clustering, 341 flax germplasm were divided into 5 groups. Among them the group Ⅰ and Ⅲ had better synthetical properties, with more stems per plant, more branches per main stem, more fruits per plant, more seeds per fruit and greater grain weight per plant.
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Chemical hybridization agent is used to induce male sterility which is one of the effective ways to utilize rapeseed heterosis. To select better herbicide as chemical hybridizing agent in fields, 5 herbicides were studied which inhibited rapeseed acetolactate synthase (ALS). 5 herbicides including tribenuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, oxasulfuron, bispyribac-sodium, and flumetsulam, were sprayed on Brassica napus inbred lines 740C and Q8C at bolting stage. Each herbicide was tested in 4 concentrations: 1/200, 1/100, 3/200 and 1/50 of the benchmark concentrations respectively. In vivo enzyme activities of ALS were assayed from leaves and buds collected during 1-4 d after spray. Pollen viability was tested. Results showed that bispyribac and flumetsulam inhibited ALS activity without gametocidal effect. ALS enzyme activities of treated plants under different herbicide concentrations decreased with concentrations. 740C was more sensitive than Q8C. The decrease of ALS activity was more prominent. ALS activities decreased gradually in old leaves, young leaves and flower buds, which indicated the increase of sensitivity. Halosulfuron and oxasulfuron could be used as potential chemical hybridizing agents on rapeseed under 1.3 to 2.6mg/L and 1.5 to 3.0mg/L respectively.
Shelling percentage is an important factor influencing the peanut yield. In order to dissect the genetic basis of shelling percentage, a RIL population was used from the cross of Zhonghua 5 and ICGV 86699, both of which have high and low shelling percentage respectively. By combining the phenotypic data with the first SNP-based high density genetic map in cultivated peanut, we identified 28 QTLs in the conditions of 3 single-environments and joint cross environments using the CIM (composite interval mapping) method of Windows QTL Cartographer V. 2.5. The QTLs individually explained 3.98–13.77% of the phenotypic variation with LOD value of 2.59-7.36. Six QTLs which explained more than 10.0% phenotypic variation were considered as major loci. Through meta-QTL analysis，we identified seven consensus QTLs which were stable in multivariate conditions. Consensus QTL of cqSPA4b was found occurring in four conditions, and consensus QTL of cqSPB6a was detectable in three conditions with the average explained phenotypic variation of 11.86%. To compare with former research results, cqSPA5b was also found to be identical to similar QTL region on A5 chromosome in other two different populations. The results of this study contributed to QTL fine mapping and marker assisted breeding of shelling percentage.
Insect-resistant gene cry1Iem was transformed into nine soybean genotypes of northeastern China and Williams 82 by Agrobacterium-mediated of cotyledonary nodes. 84 putative transgenic soybean plants were obtained and 61 positive transgenic soybean plants were identified by coating with leaves herbicide, bar protein quick dip stick and PCR analysis. Southern blot analysis revealed that cry1Iem gene had been integrated into the genomes of T1 transgenic soybean lines. The T1 lines with single-copy cry1Iem gene accounted for 22% of the total. In addition, the resistance of two transgenic soybean lines to soybean pod borer was significantly higher than that of the control.?
In this study, double mutant lines were acquired from a cross between null mutant of lipoxygenase SI0162 as ovule parent and null mutant of 7s globulin subunits 1003-44 as pollen parent. Double null mutant lines were characterized to investigate any effects of double mutations on traits of seed quality and plant growth in comparison with the control variety (Heihe 38, main cultivated variety in Heilongjiang Province). The results showed that the protein content of the tested material was 39.89%, approximately equivalent to that of Heihe 38, and the content of oil was 18.73%, about 1.79% lower than that in Heihe 38. Interestingly sulfur amino acid content was 1.45%, higher than that of the control variety. Among different fatty acids, oleic acid content was 13.3%, higher than the control variety. These results suggested that the double null mutations did not affect basic biological traits. Some seed compositions beneficial to human health, such as sulfur amino acid and oleic acid, were elevated, which could provide good genetic resource for breeding of new soybean varieties specialised for food processing.
To better understand the relationship between fatty acid desaturation enzyme gene expression and fatty acid composition of leaves and capsule balls, 3 varieties of oil flax was investigated as materials. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to investigate relative expression of these 4 genes (phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase 1 gene PDCT1, phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase 2 gene PDCT2, fatty acid desaturases 2a gene FAD2a, and fatty acid desaturases 3a gene FAD3a). The relationship between relative expression and fatty acid composition was discussed. Results showed that these 4 genes expression patterns followed the normal distribution in leaves and capsule balls during development. At linseed forming period, these 4 genes were the major genes at high expression levels. Expression quantity was significantly correlated among genes (correlation coefficiency r ranged from 0.989 to 0.643, P＜0.01). At linseed mature stage, gene expressions were significantly correlated with fatty acid composition. The significant positive correlation coefficiency were 0.548 to 0.405 with stearic acid, and 0.494 to 0.304 with linolenic acid. The significant negative correlation coefficiency was -0.299 to -0.497 with linoleic acid. The expression of PDCTs, FAD2a and FAD3a genes changed fatty acid compositions and led to oil quality change in oil flax.
To select high-efficient lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), PUEg (phosphorus grain production efficiency) was measured. 73 varieties (in 2006-2007) and 98 varieties (in 2007-2008) were used as materials. Two nitrogen levels were set as 150kg/hm2 N and no N. Field experiments were conducted to determine the agronomic traits, dry weight and phosphorus content of different organs. The above varieties were classified into 5 types (A, B, C, D and E) based on PUEg by by using MinSSw method. Agronomic characteristics, phosphorus accumulation and distribution of different types were studied. Results showed that: (1) PUEg was not significantly correlated with stem and shell weight, but was significantly correlated with grain weight. PUEg had negative correlation with the distribution rate of stem-and-branch weight to whole plant dry weight, and had positive correlation with the distribution rate of grain weight to whole plant dry weight. (2) PUEg had strong correlation with primary branch number and pod number. The latter two traits could be used as a preliminary screening for high PUEg rapeseed lines. (3) Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the positive effect of grain weight on PUEg was the greatest. Stem-and-branch weight indirectly affected PUEg. Pod number, seed per pod and grain weight positively affected PUEg. Among them, Pod number had the greatest impact on PUEg.
The accumulation and distribution characteristics of phosphorus (P) and dry matter for various peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties were investigated to provide a base for peanut variety breeding with high yield and high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). Changes in yields and PUE of 34 varieties were determined in 2 typical peanut producing field sites of Laixi and Zhaoyuan, Shandong province. Four major types of these peanut varieties containing high yield and high P efficiency type (HYHPT), high yield and low P efficiency type (HYLPT), low yield and high P efficiency type (LYHPT) and low yield and low P efficiency type (LYLPT) were classified according to the differences in yields and PUE by calculating the mean values of both sites. Results showed that: (1) variations of yields and PUE were generally stable, 27 varieties had the same trends in yields and PUE between the two sites, which accounted for 79.4% of the total 34 testing varieties; (2) For the same high yield or low yield peanut types, the PUE was mainly decided by plant P concentration and P accumulation. The preferable plant P concentration was 0.49%~0.55%, whereas higher plant P concentration and accumulation resulted in low PUE. No significant correlation existed between dry matter production efficiency and yields in 4 peanut types. The P harvest index of LYLPT was lower than that of LYHPT. And the redundant P of LYLPT was accumulated into the stem, leaf and peg without economic value, which made almost no contributions to the yield formation; (3) High yield peanut types had the remarkable characteristics with higher P accumulation in reproductive organs and whole plant, and also had the higher dry matter producing ability compared with the low yield types. However, P concentration and P harvest index exerted little positive effects on peanut yield. In conclusion, high dry matter producing efficiency and ability, low plant P concentration and moderate P accumulation were beneficial to produce the peanut with high yield and high PUE.
To better understand the response of photosynthetic apparatus in rapeseed to drought stress, 2 different drought resistance rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars Qinyou 8 (drought sensitive) and Q2 (drought tolerant) were planted in pots under movable rain-shelter with different drought treatments (well-watered and drought stress). Drought effects on agronomic traits, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll ultrastructure and rubisco activity were studied. Results showed that relative growth rate, total biomass, leaf area and leaf relative water content decreased under drought in both genotypes. Root shoot ratio was increased. Among the parameters, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration decreased, but stomatal limitation was increased. Variable and maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII, photochemical quenching coefficient and electron transport rate decreased under drought, but non-photochemical quenching increased. Chlorophyll ultrastructures of both cultivars were damaged. Their chlorophyll content and rubisco activity decreased, but proline and soluble sugar contents increased. Drought damage on Qinyou 8 was worse than that on Q2.
The objective of this study was to screen suitable evaluation indexes indicating the stress and recovery degree after in shade environment, which would provide a theoretical basis for breeding soybean varieties and developing reasonable cultivation measures in intercropping system. Using two soybeans as material（C103, Gongxuan 1） and setting the natural light（CK）and shade + light recovery treats by pot experiment, 14 stress related physiological indexes of soybean such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content were measured on 0, 2, 4, 7, 10 days after light recovery and evaluated by gray relational grade analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicated that each of the 14 traits, had significant difference between different soybean varieties or at different recovery stages after in shade stress, and the correlation of different indicators and soybean recovery level also had significant difference（0.150 9-0.963 1）. The traits with higher correlation degree to recovery index were Pn (0.9073) and MDA (0.832 7), which presented lower variation than others. They were ranked the first category according to hierarchical cluster analysis and could be used as key physiological indexes in evaluating the stress and recovery degree after light recovery
The article systematically studied the effects of irrigation with low temperature water (4℃ - 16℃) on soil temperature, soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient of peanut rhizosphere at early podding stage under the condition of automatically rainproof shed and cement pool. Result showed that low temperature water irrigation could significantly decrease the temperature of soil layer between 0-30cm, differences among treatments reduced gradually until 72h as the time went on. Irrigation significantly reduced the activity of catalase (CAT), urease (URE), invertase (INV), phosphatase (ACP) of peanut rhizosphere, increased the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and hardly influenced the soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and soil pH. The effects on soil temperature, soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient became more obvious with the decrease of water temperature. This research provided a better understanding of the effect of low temperature irrigation on production reduction.
Effects of different nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer allocation strategies on crops yield, N and K uptake in plant, fertilizer use efficiency, soil NK balance and economic benefit were studied by using a 6 –season-four-year (2010-2013) located experiment in peanut-rapeseed cropping system. Six treatments were set as no fertilizer control (CK), farmer’s practice (FP), balanced fertilizer (BF with N, P2O5 and K2O rates of 90, 90, 120kg/hm2 in peanut, and 180, 90, 120kg/hm2 in rapeseed respectively), postponing N (PN with N, P2O5 and K2O rates of 45, 90, 120kg/hm2 in peanut, and 225, 90, 120kg/hm2 in rapeseed respectively), beforehand K (BK with N, P2O5 and K2O rates of 90, 90, 180kg/hm2 in peanut, and 180, 90, 60kg/hm2 in rapeseed respectively) and postponing K (PK wth N, P2O5 and K2O rates of 90, 90, 60kg/hm2 in peanut, and 180, 90, 180kg/hm2 in rapeseed respectively). The results showed that: (1) compared with the control, all treatments with NPK fertilizer increased the yields of peanut, rapeseed and annual by 10.9%, 118.0% and 32.1% respectively. Among these treatments, the highest yield of peanut was obtained by BK treatment, and the highest yield of rapeseed was obtained by PN treatment respectively. (2) appling NPK fertilizer could significantly increase crop N and K uptakes. Compared to BF treatment, the highest N partial factor productivity and N-uptake efficiency of peanut were obtained by PN treatment, the highest K partial factor productivity and K-uptake efficiency of rapeseed were obtained by BK treatment respectively. (3) the apparent N balance and the apparent K balance in the soil-crop system were negative in CK and FP treatments after the four-year peanut-rapeseed cropping, while positive balance were obtained in the other 4 treatments (36.1 kg/hm2 N and 24.0kg/hm2 K2O). (4) the economic return index indicating by ratios of income to input of NPK fertilizer was the highest in BK treatment with the value of 2.12 for peanut, 3.13 for rapeseed and 2.59 for the whole year． The overall results suggested that the appropriate N application rates were 90kg/hm2 in peanut and 180kg/hm2 in rapeseed respectively. And under the condition of K fertilizer shortage, K fertilizer was preferred to applying in peanut season to improve fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits in this peanut-rapeseed cropping system.
To develop SSR markers of Puccinia helianthi in large scale, microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in Puccinia helianthi. Schw. were characterized based on transcriptome data using MISA software (2010) of Perl platform in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS system. A total of 20 861 simple SSRs were discovered from 15 946 sequences. SSRs appeared in 3.97 kB interval on average. Among all 244 SSR motifs, the most frequent motifs were (A/T)n, which accounted for 88.24%. 18 100 SSRs occurred in 14 069 unigenes from a total of 42 610, which were annotated via BLAST querying against current database. Only 1 057 SSRs occurred in open reading frame of these sequences. The average SSRs density of non-coding regions was 0.300 1 SSRs per 1kb, compared to 0.382 2 SSRs per 1kb in coding regions. The average SSR density was 1 SSR per 3.97kb of unigene sequences. The mono-nucleotide repeat motifs of SSRs were the most common in open reading frame regions (19 046, 59.5%), followed by tri-nucleotide repeats (804, 3.86%). SSRs length below 20bp had the highest proportion (92.63%). Results showed that SSRs and the expression level of genes was related. Genes expression level containing SSRs was lower than those not containing microsatellites. Only 5 863 of 15 946 unigenes containing SSRs were annotated to biological process, molecular function and cellular component with GO classification. Large amount of SSR markers found from transcriptome data could be used for subsequent genetic diversity research of sunflower rust pathogen. Moreover, it would promote SSR marker development in other species and non-model organisms．
ChinaAbstract: The effects of three solvents and different concentrations of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) on the behavior of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines)second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were determined through micro-well bioassays. The results showed that responses varied with the test materials and concentrations. Behavioral bioassay scoring by visual assessment assay (VAA) was performed with different solvents and different dosages of BITC. The nematode was sensitive to ethanol and methanol 1h after exposure, and the J2 VAA scores after 3% and 5% ethanol treatments significantly decreased comparing with the control. Both 3% and 5% methanol treatments significantly inhibited J2 movement 1h after exposure, but no significant difference was observed between 1% methanol and the control (water). Both 2% and 4% dimethylsulfoxide (DSMO) significantly decreased comparing with the control. Meanwhile, 0.02 and 0.03 mmol/L BITC significantly decreased J2 activity immediately; J2 lost its activity 2h after exposure to 0.03 mmol/L and 4h after exposure to 0.02 mmol/L. J2 locomotor behavior could not be recovered with water 2h and 3h after exposure to different BITC concentrations. Moreover, 0.03 mmol/L BITC affected the hatching of fresh eggs, showing a significantly lower hatching rate than those of control and other treatments 6d after incubation in BITC solution (P< 0.05). Hatching rate of eggs from the cysts exposed for 48 h to different BITC concentrations had no significant difference from that exposed to water control. These results suggested J2 showed obvious difference in sensitivity after exposure in different solvents, and 0.02 mmol/L and 0.03 mmol/L BITC significantly reduced J2 activity, free eggs and cyst eggs had higher resistance to BITC than those of J2. Our finding could be useful for selecting solvents of screening nematicide and toxic mechanism of BITC to J2 of Heterodera glycines.
Fields experiments were carried out to evaluate the trapping effects of traps color, trapping heights and orientations on thrips from June to September in 2015. The results showed that the three-day averaged number of three thrips, Thrips tabaci, T. nigropilosus, Frankliniella intonsa, trapped by yellow sticky cards was significantly higher than that by blue and green sticky cards. The number of thrips trapped by sticky cards hung above the plants within the range of 0.2m - 0.4 m was higher than those of other three heights. In addition, the number of thrips trapped by south-facing cards was significantly higher than those in other orientations. The thrips were more active in a time interval of 6:00 ~ 10:00. The ratio of beneficial insect to pest trapped were 1:89.4, 1:74.3 and 1:62.7 in yellow, blue and green cards respectively. The Yellow and blue sticky cards could be used to monitor and control trips in soybean fields.
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑16PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MSD) in 7 kinds edible vegetable oil samples from Beijing supermarkets. The results showed that PAHs pollution was more common in 7 kinds of edible vegetable oil samples. The detection rate of fluorene, phenanthrene and chrysene was the highest in ∑16PAHs. According to the average content of ∑16PAHs the descending order of different kinds of edible vegetable was: sesame oil > peanut oil > sunflower oil> blend oil > olive oil> soybean oil > corn oil. The ratio of the ∑8PAHs/∑16PAHs was 0.08–0.32. PAHs potential cancer risk in 7 kinds edible vegetable order was: peanut oil> sunflower oil> blend oil > sesame oil > corn oil> soybean oil> olive oil. The health risk assessment of PAHs showed that the edible vegetable oil intake risk of PAHs by adult in Beijing was within the acceptable range.
This papers reviewed major research on health benefit of double-low (low erucic acid and low glucosinolate) rapeseed oil, including more balanced fatty acid compositions, low saturated fatty acid and right amount of oleic acid, linolic acid and linolenic acid, high vitamin E and plant sterol content, all of which are beneficial to the health of human body. There are shortage of α-linolenic acids in diets of Chinese people. The storage period is short and consumption cycle for edible vegetable oil is rapid in China. We proposed that around 9% linolenic acids content in rapeseed should be maintained and which could be improved appropriately to meet the nutritional demand of linolenic acid. The high oil rapeseed breeding and extended mechanization could also offer higher economic benefits for farmers and associated business.
