To understand the molecular regulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 (CUC2) genes on shoot apical meristem growth, both genes were cloned from winter Brassica rapa by RT-PCR. CDS sequence of STM gene was obtained to be of 1 554 bp in length, encoding 517 amino acids, which was highly evolutionally conserved and belonged to PLN03226 superfamily. CUC2 open reading frame was 1 104 bp long, encoding 367 amino acids, belonging to NAM superfamily. CUC2 was predicted to be a hydrophilic protein mainly composed of irregular curly and extended chains. Fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that under the same temperature, the relative expression of STM gene in winter B. rapa (cvs Longyou 6 and Longyou 7 with strong cold resistances, which had recessed growth cones) were lower than that with raised cone in Tianyou 4 and Lenox. But the relative expression of CUC2 gene was the opposite. After 72 h of cold (0oC, 4 oC and -4 oC)) treatment, STM and CUC2 genes in the growth cones were up-regulated, indicating that both genes were involved in cold response in the growth cone to low temperature.
in this study, we analyzed the differential proteome of winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa), the Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technology combined with the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) technology to detect the changes of differential proteome in DR-5 (drought-resistant Winter Rapeseed line) under drought stress, cloned the heat shock cognate protein 70 gene (HSC70-1) and analyzed the expression of this gene under drought stress. In order to provide a theoretical base for drought resistance breeding of winter rapeseed, the effect of moderate drought stress on winter rapeseed was studied. We obtained the coding region sequence of HSC70-1 in winter rapeseed by homologous cloning, and analysed the physicochemical properties, secondary structure, tertiary structure, signal peptide, transmembrane structure, conserved region, active pocket and phylogenetic conservatism of this gene encoding protein HSC70 by bioinformatics analysis methods. The Real-time fluorescence quantitative and semi-quantitative analysis found the changes of HSC70-1 gene expression levels under drought stress. There were 23 differentially expressed proteins successfully identified by Mass spectrometry, which were involved in stimulation response (5), glucose/energy metabolism (6), lipid metabolism (2), signal transduction (1), amino acid/protein metabolism (2), nucleic acid metabolism (1), cytoskeleton (1), photosynthesis (2) and chaperone protein (3). We obtained the 1 911 bp complete open reading frame of HSC70-1 gene via cloning, which encoded 637 amino acid sequences. HSC70 is a stable hydrophobic protein, and it contains the unique nucleic acid and substrate binding functional area of HSP protein family, it have four active pockets. The amino acid sequence was highly similar to HSC70 in Brassica rape, and the similarity was 98%, which is highly conserved. The expression of HSC70-1 in winter rapeseed leaves was up-regulated under drought stress, which improved the tolerance of drought stress in winter rapeseed.
In order to explore the reasons for low erucic acid content in peanut seeds, FAE1 cDNA and its promoter sequence were isolated and their functionality were analyzed. Results showed that a full-length cDNA sequence and its promoter were isolated. Sequence analysis showed that cDNA fragment length was 2202 bp containing 5'-untranslated region of 441 bp, and 3'-untranslated region of 201 bp, encoding a protein of 517 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 58.17 Da and theoretical pI of 9.15. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that AhFAE1 shared closer genetic relationship with homologues from Jatropha curcas (ALB76796.1), Corchorus capsularis (OMO87584.1) and Arabidopsis (AtKCS4). Subcellular localization assays showed that AhFAE1 protein was located in Endoplasmic Reticulum. qRT-PCR revealed that AhFAE1 transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues and displayed a bell-shaped pattern throughout seed development with expression peaking at 60 DAF. To study the function of this promoter, we constructed a binary plant vector pBI-PAhFAE1, which was introduced into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical staining analysis indicated that no GUS activity was detected in any tissue. AhFAE1 was potentially involved in very long chain fatty acid synthesization. Low transcriptional activity of AhFAE1 promoter could have caused the low content of erucic acid in peanut.
To select peanut cultivars with high and stable yields as well as broad adaptability, shelling percentage (SP) and hundred pod weights (HPW) were evaluated using 60 peanut cultivars grown in four ecological areas for two consecutive years. Results showed that there were highly significant differences in shell percentages and hundred pod weights among different cultivars, years and areas. In different environments, cultivars with high and stable shelling percentage had relatively low hundred pod weights. Further analysis indicated that there were highly significant negative correlations between hundred pod weights and shelling percentages in all tested ecological locations tested. A total of five elite peanut cultivars （Zhonghua 5, Zhonghua 16, Yuhua 7, Zhonghua 10 and Wanhua 8）were selected with high and stable shelling percentages and high pod weights through the evaluation of four areas for two years. Combined with the results of SSR diversity, the five peanut cultivars belong to different groups, showing considerable large genetic variations. These results of the present study are useful for high-yield peanut cultivars improvement.
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is a naturally occurring compound in plants. To reveal the effects of 5-HT on rape (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under drought, effect of exogenous 5-HT on rape (Brassica napus L.) growth under PEG stress were investigated. The traits of seedling growth, active oxygen metabolism and osmotic adjustment substance were evaluated. Results showed that the simulative drought inhibited seedling growth, resulted in H2O2 and malonadialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, increased proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) content, and significantly enhanced the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Under the simulative drought condition, exogenous 5-HT alleviated the inhibition on seedling growth. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and APX) was improved significantly by exogenous 5-HT, and the content of H2O2 and MDA was decreased. Results also showed that solute accumulation under the stress was significantly enhanced with exogenous 5-HT by increasing the content of Pro and SS. This study indicated that exogenous 5-HT couldan improve H2O2-scavenging capacity of rape seedlings by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and also alleviate osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances. Ultimately, exogenous 5-HT improved the biomass of rape seedlings under drought stress, therebyand effectively alleviateding drought stress in rape seedlings.
For longer flowering duration and to provide reasonableappropriate fertilization basis and tohe promoteion of oilseed rape flower economy, field experiment was conducted to explore the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) effects on flowering, including flowering phase, flower number, flower size, and single flower duration with different N application rates (0, 75, 150, 225 kg/hm2) and P application rate (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/hm2) . Results showed that N application could increase the early flowering phase of oilseed rape and prolong the terminal flowering stage. Flowering period was extended by 23.2%-31.8% with the increase of N application rate. N application increased the number of flowers of the whole plant in the whole life by 131.6-276.4%. Petal length increased by 9.53-15.96%, and single flower weight by 1.07-5.87%. Single flowering duration increased by 1.96-4.79%. Total flowers number reached the peak at 225 kg/hm2 N level. While other traits above were the besat under 150 kg/hm2 N level. MoreHigher P application led to earlier flowering and prolonged the flowering duration over 27.8-50.4%. The flowers amountquantity increased by 377.4-736.7%, with petal length by 8.01-17.05%, and single flower weight by 11.15-31.82%, flowering duration by 0.2-2.2%. The longest flowering period was achieved at 120 kg/hm2 P level. Other traits were the best under 90 kg/hm2 P level. In summary,, under the present condition, 150 kg/hm2 N level and 90kg /hm2 P level were the most appropriate application rates for more flower and longer flowering periods.
In order to explore the effect of exogenous calcium on the development of peanut pods in the saline-alkali soil, Huayu 25 was selected as a test material and potted plant method was used to study the pod development, kernel quality and yield of peanuts in the saline-alkali soil after applying exogenous calcium fertilizer. In this experiment, four levels of CaO treatments in saline-alkali soil have been used, which were 0 kg/hm2 (Dck), 52.2 kg/hm2 (DCa1), 104.55 kg/hm2 (DCa2), 156.6 kg/hm2 (DCa3), and a normal soil treatment (Lck) was also included. The results showed that saline-alkali soil could inhibit the growth of peanut pods, and the application of exogenous calcium could promote the growth and development of peanut pods and kernels in saline-alkali soil and advance the development time of kernels. DCa3 treatment was the best way to increase the dry weight and volume of pods by 24.1% and 15.5%, and the dry weight of kernels by 20.36%. The content of protein and linoleic acid in peanut kernel in saline-alkali soil were decreased by applying exogenous calcium; and the ratio of soluble sugar, fat and oleic acid to oleic acid (O/L) in peanut kernel was increased. The application of exogenous calcium increased the weight of a hundred peanuts, the weight of hundred groundnut kernels, and the ratio of peanuts to kernels in the saline-alkali soil, and the effect of 43% increase was the best when the dosage of DCa3 was 156.6 kg/hm2.
For high yield of autumn sesame under high density in red soil in Jiangxi Province, black sesame cv Jinhuangma was used to study the effect of 2 nitrogen rates (N1 105 kg/hm2 and N2 75 kg/hm2) and 5 basal dressing ratios [Z1 (7:3), Z2 (6:4), Z3 (5:5), Z4 (4:6) and Z5 (3:7)] on yield and canopy structure in 2016-2017. Results showed that under N1 condition, capsule numbers per plant of Z3 increased 25.36% (P<0.05) compared with that of Z2 in 2016. Seeds per capsule of Z4 and 1 000-grain weight of Z2 increased 19.96% (P<0.05) and 13.62% (P<0.05) compared with those of Z1 respectively, but capsule numbers per plant of Z2 increased 22.84% (P<0.05) compared with that of Z3 in 2017, which had no significant effect on capsule numbers and 1 000-grain weight. Under N2 condition, 1 000-grain weight of Z3 increased 6.42% (P<0.05) compared with that of Z4 in 2016. There were no significant differences in the capsule numbers, seeds per capsule and 1 000-grain weight of the other treatments. In 2016, the yield of N2 (879.0 kg/hm2) increased 22.3% (P<0.05) higer than that of N1 (718.5 kg/hm2). However, the yield of N1(1 080.7 kg/hm2) increased 8.1% (P>0.05) higher than that of N2 in 2017. The two years’ results showed that yield of Z2 was the highest. The interception rate and leaf area index of N1 in different periods were significantly higher than those of N2. The interception rate and leaf area index of sesame canopy at different locations had significant difference, and decreased with increasing location. It suggested that N 75kg/hm2 with basal dressing ratio of 6:4 could maintain high yield and ideal canopy structure for high density autumn sesame.
To explore the responses of different soybean genotypes to high and low phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), for recommending application of P and Mg fertilizers to improve soybean yield, pot experiment was conducted to analyze soybean growth with P-Mg interaction by investigating the changes of root morphological traits, and the absorption of P, Mg, potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) was determined by plants using P-efficient soybean genotype HN89 and P-inefficient soybean genotype HN112 under high and low P (500 μmol/L and 25 μmol/L KH2PO4 respectively), and high and low Mg (1000 μmol/L and 0 μmol/L MgSO4·7H2O respectively) conditions. The results showed that P was the main limiting factor for soybean growth. Phosphorus application improved soybean growth and increased plant biomass. Phosphorus treatment significantly affected shoot Mg content, and K and Ca contents, while Mg treatment significantly affected absorption of Mg and Ca by soybean plants, but had no effect on K uptake. Meanwhile, P and Mg treatments had a significant interactive effect on Mg absorption. Phosphorus application could significantly increase Mg content only in P-efficient soybean genotype under low Mg conditions, but, in both P-efficient and P-inefficient soybean genotypes under high Mg conditions. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Mg content and P content only in the shoots of P-inefficient soybean HN112, indicating that P could promote Mg absorption, and there was an interaction between P and Mg. Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations between Mg and K contents, and Mg and Ca contents in the shoots of P-inefficient soybean HN112. These results indicated that the interactions between Mg, and P, K, Ca were affected by soybean genotypes. Therefore, selection of suitable soybean varieties, and rationally combined application of P and Mg fertilizers will be more beneficial to cultivation of soybean with high yield and high efficiency in agricultural production.
For high yield nutrition of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), effects of magnesium (Mg) on nutrient accumulation was investigated using culitvar Zhongzhi 13. Aquaculture was carried out with 5 Mg concentrations treatments, including 0, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 500 μmol/L, and 1 000 μmol/L. Sesame plant biomass, root morphological parameters and the content of macronutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were measured after 30 days of different Mg treatments. Results showed that different Mg concentrations had different effects on sesame growth. The plants exhibited typical symptoms of Mg deficiency under 100 μmol/L. They had short stature with chlorotic and yellowish old leaves, and their roots were slowed down. Biomass of sesame plants increased with the Mg concentration, but root growth was particularly sensitive to the change of Mg concentration. Magnesium deficiency inhibited root growth and development. Compared with 1 000 μmol/L, root growth were dramatically suppressed by 97.83%, 93.88% and 86.65% in root dry weight under 0 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L Mg respectively. Lateral root length, lateral root number, root surface area, root volume and the average diameter of roots were also significantly reduced under 3 Mg-deficiency treatments. For other nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulations in leaves and roots were dramatically enhanced with the increase of Mg. It indicated that the optimal Mg concentration is beneficial to other nutrients of sesame plants. Furthermore, compared with 500 μmol/L, the accumulations of calcium (Ca) in leaves and roots were significantly decreased under 1 000 μmol/L, illustrating an antagonistic effect between Ca and Mg absorption in sesame plants.
To use the filter-type multi-spectral camera mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to dynamically monitor the nitrogen (N) nutrition of winter rapeseed, field experiment was conducted under 9 N application rates. The multi-spectral images of winter rapeseed canopy were obtained. Meanwhile, the conventional N monitoring parameters of aboveground biomass, leaf N concentration and N accumulation at 8-leaf period, 10-leaf period, 12-leaf period and bud period were taken. Based on the correlation between wide-band vegetation indices and nitrogen nutrition indices, the optimal vegetation indices were determined by sensitivity analysis. The models of nitrogen nutrition indices were calibrated and tested respectively, using training and test dataset. Results showed that broad-band vegetation indices had a significant correlation with N nutrition indices at each growth stage. Among them, normalized redness intensity (NRI1) and normalized blueness intensity (NBI) had the best correlation with N nutrition indices in bud stage. Small and stable noise equivalent (NE) values indicated the best vegetation indices for dynamic diagnosis of N nutrition in this crop. Further studies showed that the N concentration of leaves, aboveground biomass and nitrogen accumulation at bud stage could be estimated by quadratic model established by NRI1 and NBI with high accuracy. The study demonstrated multi-spectral remote sensing of UAV, which was flexible and promising in N nutrition monitoring of winter rapeseed.
To study the occurence and distribution of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus in soils, samples from the typical peanut areas in Hubei Province were collected. In total, 40 soil samples from Luotian, Hongan, Zhongxiang and Xiangyang were collected for A. flavus isolation, identification and aflatoxin detection. Results showed that 51 strains were isolated from the 4 areas. The population density of A. flavus was 127.5cfu/g in one gram soil. But the population of A. flavus in soils of different peanut areas were significantly different. The highest populations of A. flavus colonies were found in Zhongxiang, and those from Luotian were the lowest. Among the strains, aflatoxigenic strains accounted for 96%, with AFT content of 0-227.81 μg/L, and atoxigenic strains was 4%. There were 4 types of aflatoxigenic strains, which were strains only producing AFB1, strains producing AFB1 and AFB2, strains producing AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1, and strains producing AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. Among them, strains producing AFB1 and AFB2 accounted for the highest proportion, reaching 65%. Studies on aflatoxin production in different planting areas found that the highest amount of AFB1 contamination per gram of soil was in Zhongxiang, reaching 11 679.70μg/L. This study provided a theoretical base for predicting and controlling aflatoxin contamination in typical peanut planting areas in Hubei Province.
To provide reference for pest control in soybean fields, species and population dynamics of Thrips flavus were investigated in Changchun in 2017. Investigation found that 6 species which belonged to 1 suborder, 2 family and 5 genus as Aeolothrips fasciatus, Thrips flavus, Mycterothrips glycines, Hydatothrips dentatus, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella intonsa. The key to identification was listed based on morphological characteristics of their adults. Blossom thrips (T. flavus) is the dominant species in this region. The peak period of T. flavus was from the flowering period to the beginning of pod-filling period. The vertical distribution of T. flavus on soybean plants was preliminarily defined, distributed mainly in the upper leaves of the soybean plants on the first to the fifth leaf position of plant and on the dorsal sides of the leaves. The relationship between the number of adults and nymphs and the leaf position in each phenophase was better fitted by logistic model. The investigation and study of thrips species and population dynamics were to provide reference to the future pest management.
To investigate the protective effect of oleic acid on liver injury induced by aflatoxin B1, the in vitro cultured hepatocytes (L-02) were used and divided into 3 groups: control group, AFB1 group and oleic acid group (AFB1 and oleic acid co-treatment). After 24 hours of drug treatment, cell morphology was observed by microscope, cell viability was detected by CCK-8，ROS was detected by fluorescent probe, cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, expression of HO-1, Caspase-3 and Survivin proteins were detected by Western blot. Results showed that AFB1 exposure significantly inhibited cell viability (P < 0.05), promoted cell apoptosis (P < 0.001) and ROS level (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. Compared with AFB1 group, cell activity significantly increased after oleic acid treatment(P <0.01), cell apoptosis(P <0.01) and ROS level were decreased （P <0.001）. The results also suggested that oleic acid significantly increased the expression of HO-1 (P < 0.05) and survivin (P < 0.05), and decreased the expression of caspase-3 (P <0.01). In summary, the results indicated that oleic acid had protective effect on AFB1-induced hepatocyte injury via alleviation of oxidative stress level and cell apoptosis by promoting antioxidant protein HO-1 expression.
To evaluate perilla seeds oil and its nutrtion for exploring the products from different regions in China, physieochemieal of perilla oils from 19 regions were tested on fatty acid compositions, tocopherols, phytosterols, etc. Results showed that fatty acid in perilla oils included palmitic acid，stearic acid，oleic acid，linoleic acid，linolenic acid as the main constituent. Their linolenic acid content ranged from 58.8% to 70.9% and unsaturated fatty acid content varied between 91.1% and 93.8%; phytosterol compositions of perilla seed oils mainly consisted of Δ-5avenasterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol and 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol with the total phytosterols content in the range of 67.0 to 94.4 mg/100g. α-, β-, γ-tocopherol were found in the oils with γ-tocopherol accounting for about 95% of total tocopherol from 63.4 to 99.4 mg/100g. Three main components in perilla seed oils could be extracted through principal component analysis. α-linolenic acid, γ-tocopherol, rapeseed sterol as the characteristic active ingredients in perilla oils had greater influence on the difference among oils from different origins. By clustering analysis based on various nutrients, the 19 origins of perilla oils were divided into 6 types.
Key words: perilla seed oil; α-linolenic acid; phytosterol; tocopherols; principal component analysis
The flowering stage of rapeseed affects the maturity and yield of rapeseed, which is an important agronomic trait. Scientists around world have been researching the flowering stage of rapeseed. This paper mainly described the research progress from flowering regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana, types of QTL mapping populations of flowering time traits, QTL mapping and cloning of rape flowering time gene, and pointed out the existing problems and prospects for studying early maturing traits of rapeseed. It provided a theoretical base for further QTL fine mapping, gene cloning and molecular marker-assisted selection.
Solar radiation is very important in crop photosynthesis and grain yield formation. As the adjustments of planting plan, crop intercropping in the traditional farming system had been popularized and applied in some suitable areas, which enhanced farmland productivity. However, in the intercropping system, the lower crops were grown in a shaded environment created by higher crops, with deficient light interception in some growing stages. Shade stress inhibited the potential of lower crops and decreased their grain yield greatly. This paper presented the source and sink relations of soybean as an example based on shade stress condition in the intercropping system. At first, the research progress on organ growth and development of source /sink under the shade stress was reviewed. Secondly, the relationship of source-sink coordination and crop yield was summarized. Finally, the perspective researches on the relationship between crop yield and source-sink relation in intercropping system were analyzed.
Nitrogen is an important factor affecting yield and quality of crops. This paper summarized the development process of crop nitrogen diagnosis, traditional diagnosis methods of soil and plant, and advanced non-destructive diagnosis measurement. It also reviewed the application status, advantages and disadvantages, and development prospect of different nitrogen diagnosis. The application necessity and significance of nitrogen diagnosis in winter rapeseed were analyzed, and its application development was summarized, followed by some suggestions and prospects on nitrogen diagnosis.
