Among the main oil crops, peanut has the highest oil yield per unit area, so developing peanut indus?try plays an increasingly important role in guaranteeing the safety of edible oils and fats in China. This paper sum?marized the development of peanut industry in the United States and China, and compared the differences of peanut production cost and planting income between China and USA. It also analysed the main reasons for the high cost, low income and the lack of international competitiveness of peanut planting in China. In view of the whole industrial chain including sowing, management, harvesting, processing and other links, we put forward several new ways in re? ducing cost, improving quality and increasing efficiency of peanut in China, which provided theoretical basis for re? ducing production cost, improving yield and quality, enhancing production and processing capacity of peanut. It had great significance in enhancing market competitiveness of peanut industry, achieving agricultural efficiency and in? creasing the income of farmers.
The situation of food security and oil security in our country is becoming more severe. In response to the situation, our government successively issued“No.1 Central Document”(2007 to the present) to make a compre? hensive and scientific adjustment of agricultural planting system. For example, grain production is the emphasis for agriculture and the oil crop mainly focuses on the development of rape and peanuts. Soybeans grain and forage crops will be planted in more area in the Northeast region, and a reasonable rotation system should be constructed. Pea? nuts, soybeans and forage crops will be planted in more area in Huang-Huai-Hai area. As main planting region, the north modern agricultural planting system with leguminous crops has great social meaning to guarantee the safety of grains and oil production, the supply of forage grass and the higher farmers income. The northern region, including northeast, northwest and Huang-Huai-Hai river region, has been the main producing area for peanut, soybean, mis? cellaneous bean and forage crop alfalfa, among which the area and production of soybean accounted for 68% and 66% of the country respectively, the area and production of peanut accounted for about 63% and 70% of the coun? try, respectively. The ecological benefits of leguminous crops achieved the combination of land use and rearing, made full use of ecological niche advantages and improved high resource utilization. The North modern agricultural
High seed vigor is the basis for plant establishment and determines high yield of crops in later stag?es. To better understand the genetic mechanism of seed vigor in rapeseed, a doubled haploid (DH) population con? sisting of 280 DH lines derived from cultivar Zhongshuang11 and a line R11 with contrasting germination potential was phenotyped using a seed germination vigor detection system. Four effective indicators of seed vigor, including the area under the germination curve (AUC), the mean germination time (MGT), the time taken for 50% seeds to ger? minate (T50), and the time between 16% to 84% germination (U8416), were assessed. The inheritance was analyzed by the Mixed Major Gene plus Polygene Inheritance model. The skewness and kurtosis analysis were also carried out. The results showed that AUC was controlled by 3 major genes and 9 minor polygenes, with overlapping effects. The heritability of the major genes was 74.88%, indicating the trait was less influenced by the environment. MGT and T50 were controlled by 2 major genes, and the number of polygenes with minor effects was 13 and 14, and the heritability of major genes was 64.20% and 64.53% respectively, indicating that they were easily influenced by the
environment. U8416 was controlled by 4 major genes and 8 minor polygenes. All 4 major genes had positive addi? tive effect on the trait with complementary effect, indicating that additive effect of genes could be enhanced when these genes coexisted. The heritability of the main genes was as high as 87.57%, indicating that the genetic effect of the major genes was significant and the trait was less influenced by the environment. The germination traits that de?
termine the level of seed vigor were regulated by the major gene + polygenes, and the genes of each germination trait showed an interactive effect. In order to provide more recombination opportunities among the interacting genes, the selection intensity in the early generation should not be high.
Mining of novel alleles carrying varieties of agronomic and quality traits of Heilongjiang cultivated soybean can provide genetic information and breeding materials for cultivating high-quality soybean varieties. The genotypic data of 187 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers on 200 commercial soybean varieties in Heilongjiang Province were used and analyzed for association with three agronomic traits, protein content and oil content under TASSEL GLM (general linearmodel) program based on the population structure analysis. The results showed that 10 SSR loci were associated with 100-seed weight, Sat-149-192 had the highest positive phenotypic effect, and the loci carrying variety was Dongnong 57. Eight SSR loci were associated with plant height, Satt413-206 had the high? est positive phenotypic effect, and the loci carrying variety was Chidou 1. Thirteen SSR loci were associated with growth period, Satt631-180 had the highest positive phenotypic effect, and the loci carrying variety was Heinong 61. Five SSR loci were associated with oil content, Satt234-138 had the highest positive phenotypic effect, and the loci carrying variety was Hefeng 55; Nine SSR loci were associated with protein content, Satt632-293 had the high? est positive phenotypic effect, and the loci carrying variety was Dongnong 43. The information of multiple alleles of QTL on entire genome could be used in cross design for pyramiding novel alleles and marker-assisted selection in breeding for soybean.
The outcrossing rate of sterile lines plays an important role in hybrid seed production. In this study, two soybean cytoplasmic male sterile lines with significant difference in outcrossing rate were studied, and their ma? ture flower buds at full bloom stage were tested. Transcriptome sequencing was performed. After comparative analy? sis, 1925 differential genes were screened out. Based on GO classification, 1361 differential genes were annotated into the 30 branches of the biological processes, cell components and molecular functions, main biological process? es, catalytic activities, oxidoreductase activities, redox process and carbohydrate metabolism process. 864 differen? tial genes were annotated into 114 metabolic pathways by KEGG classification, including metabolic pathway path? ways, biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites, and phytohormone signal transduction pathways, including 13 secondary metabolic pathways, main phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. According to sig? nificant value of gene difference and the number of enriched genes, the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis were ana? lyzed, gene FLS was screened as the key to flower color. Previous report showed the flower color affected induce? ment insect to transfer pollen, which further influenced outcrossing rate. This study was to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways affecting soybean outcrossing rate and clarify the molecular mechanism of soybean outcrossing rate.
GmAAP gene was cloned by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) from soybean Williams 82 in this study. Sequence analysis showed that the fragment length was 1440 bp encoding a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 479 amino acid residues. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the molecular mass of GmAAP protein was 53.286 kD, the theoretical isoelectric point was 8.93, and the instability index was 34.04. It was a stable protein. The α-helix, extended strand, β-turn, and random coil in the secondary structure account for 47.18%, 15.66%, 2.71%, and 34.45% respectively. The transmembrane region and hydrophobicity analysis showed that it contained 10 transmembrane regions, and the amino acids constituting the transmembrane region were mostly hydrophobic amino acids. GmAAP is most closely related to wild soybean GsAAP6 , and the consistency of sequence alignment is 100%, which might be the soybean AAP6 gene. In order to investigate the subcellular localization of GmAAP, fu? sion expression vector was constructed and then transformed into Arabidopsis protoplasts by method of PEG-Ca2+ mediated transformation. The results showed that GmAAP was localized on plasma membrane. AAP could increase the absorption and utilization of exogenous nitrogen in legumes, which further increased the storage protein content in seeds and improved soybean quality. The results might lay a foundation for further research on the function of GmAAP. Meanwhile, it provided candidate genes for the efficient use of nitrogen.
To make a systematic evaluation on drought resistance at seedling stage of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), and to select reasonable drought-tolerant parameters for regional rapeseed cultivation, 10 rapeseed varieties were evaluated under well-watered and 15-day drought stressed treatments. Yield and a total of 34physiology and biochemistry indicators and root morphological indicators were assessed for the effects of drought on growth and yield. Methods of comprehensive drought resistance coefficient (CDC), factor analysis and subordinate function coef? ficients were combined to evaluate drought resistance comprehensively. The results showed that CDC value and weighted drought resistance coefficient value (WDC) were significantly correlated with relative yield. According to CDC value, the tested materials could be ranked in 145027 > Mianyou 11 > Wanyou 27 > Yuyou 28 > Hanyou 8 > Zhongshuang 11 > Dezayou 5 > Wanyou 25 > GH06 > GH04/GH02. According to the clustering analysis based on CDC value, the 10 materials were clustered into 3 groups. Among them, 145027 was clustered into class Ⅰ; Miany? ou 11, Wanyou 27, Yuyou 28, Hanyou 8 and Zhongshuang 11 were clustered into class Ⅱ; and Dezayou 5, Wanyou
25, GH06 and GH04/GH02 were clustered into class Ⅲ. Grey relational analysis showed that rapeseed drought re? sistance was closely correlated to photosynthetic parameter, water content, plant growth development indicators and root morphological indicators respectively.
To establish evaluation method for low temperature tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) at ger? mination stage, 66 rapeseed lines were investigated under the conditions of 22°C and 9°C. The parameters including germination potential, germination rate, germination index and mean germination time were investigated. After eval? uation, materials were categorized by cluster analysis into different low temperature tolerance grades. The results showed that 9°C (low temperature) decreased germination potential, germination rate and germination index, it also prolonged germination time. The materials’temperature tolerances were obvious among types: materials from mid? land were more tolerant than those from north, semi-winter-type lines were more tolerant than spring- and wintertype materials, conventional varieties were more tolerant than hybrids. The evaluation results from single indicators were consistent with those from comprehensive membership values. Among the 66 materials, H5 (hybrid of Qinyou 8 × e6013) was the extremely low-temperature-resistant variety, and S10 (Huifeng 1) was the sensitive one.
Shattering resistance of rapeseed (Brassica napus) fruit seriously affects yield and harvest by ma? chine. To study the physiological and biochemical features on silique shattering resistance, 2 resistant varieties (Qin? gyou 1 and its parent 0911) and 2 easy-crack materials were tested by measuring their water content, ethylene syn? thesis rate, endocellulase activity and IAA content. The results showed that synthesis rate of ethylene was similar to maturing siliques from all materials. 55 days after flowering, contents of water and IAA in silique of the shatter-re? sistant materials were significantly higher, while the peak of cellulase activity in siliques was significantly lower in resistant varieties. And the IAA content was higher in the resistant ones. It was suggested that characteristics above
were closely related to silique shattering. In the process of silique maturing and dehydration, materials with slower rate of dehydration might have stronger silique-shattering resistance. Thus the dehydration rate of maturing silique could be used as an important indicator for silique-shattering resistant rapeseed.
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of exogenous EA (prohexadione-calcium) on soy? bean seedlings under saline-alkali stress and to determine the optimum concentration of EA to improve soybean salt-tolerance. Soybean varieties Hefeng 50 and Kenfeng 16 were used as experimental materials, and cultured un? der combined saline-alkali stress of 110 mmol·L-1 for 15 days. Effect of photosynthetic characteristics and protect? ing enzyme activity of soybean were studied by spraying different concentrations of EA in V3 foliar application. Re? sults showed that compared with the control, EA increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chloro? phyll content, and decreased chl a/b ratio in leaves of two soybean varieties under saline-alkali stress; increased Pn, Gs, Tr, Ls, WUE and AMC reduced Ci in soybean leaves; significantly increased activity SOD, POD and CAT in soy? bean leaves but the increase of MAD content was inhibited. Comprehensive analysis showed that the best effect was observed when the concentration was 100 mg·L-1, chlorophyll index, net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activity increased initially and then decreased with EA concentration, the maximum value appeared at 100 mg·L-1. It was concluded that under saline-alkali stress, exogenous EA could enhance the stability of cell structure, prevent the decline of photosynthetic rate by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and chlorophyll content of plants and de? creasing MDA content, promote seedling growth and result in becter the tolerance of soybean seedlings to saline-al?
kali stress with the best effect at 100 mg·L-1.
The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of sowing date on yield of summer soybean. Tak? ing Qihuang 34 was used as experimental materials, the differences of yield and yield components were compared under 7 sowing dates, and the relationship between rainfall, temperature factors and development process, photosyn? thetic characteristics, yield and yield components of summer soybean were analyzed. The results showed that rain? fall and temperature factors after flowering were the key factors on affecting summer soybean yield. Compared to sowing late, sowing early at suitable time would prolong growth period, increase the accumulated temperature and cumulative temperature diurnal range, and obtain abundant rainfall after flowering, and then the senescence of plant would be delayed and photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and harvest index all would be increased. The influence of rainfall and temperature on yield was mainly caused by the changes of pods number per plant, seeds weight per plant, seeds number per plant and100-seed weight. Along with the delayed sowing date, the yield firstly increased and then decreased gradually, sowing early at suitable time had great advantages in increasing mat? ter production for summer soybean. This study will provided references for scientifically choosing the sowing date and the high yield cultivation of summer soybean in Huang-Huai-Hai region.
In order to determine the contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in the soil and harvested peanut pods, we collected the soil samples and peanut pods from main peanut production areas of Shandong Prov? ince as following: Yantai, Qingdao, Linyi, Taian, Zaozhuang and Heze. The A. flavus contamination sample percent? ages of the soil, peanut pod and peanut seed were calculated and the content of aflatoxin in peanut seeds was quanti? fied. The results illustrated that 3.33-33.33% soil samples from different area were contaminated by A. flavus while 10.89-27.78%, 3.11-11.56% of the peanut pods and peanut seeds were contaminated, respectively. The content of aflatoxin in peanut seeds was 5.01-26.80 μg/kg. According to the data analyzed by SPSS, we found that there was strong correlation (r = 0.896) between aflatoxin content from peanut seeds and percentages of A. flavus from soil sam? ples while medium strong correlation (r =0.575; r = 0.427) existed between aflatoxin content in peanut seeds and in? fection percentages of A. flavus from peanut pods and seeds samples, respectively. Our research will provide a base
To investigate the distribution, toxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in pea?nut at post-harvest in southwest region in China, a total of 206 A. flavus strains were isolated from 177 peanut and soil samples from Guangnan in Yunnan Province (YNGN), Chayu in Tibet (XZCY), Peng’an in Sichuan Province (SCPA). Among them, 71 post-harvest peanut samples in these regions were evaluated on their aflatoxin levels. Re? sults showed that detection rate (50%) and colony number (212.0 CFU/g) in SCPA samples were both the highest, while those in XZCY (18.1%, 52.8 CFU/g respectively) were the lowest. Among the strains, 88.6% were toxigenic.They mainly produced B group aflatoxins, especially AFB1 which was in 0-8500 μg/L. Their capability order was in
YNGN > XZCY > SCPA. The 11.4% A. flavus strains were atoxigenic, which were all from XZCY. The level of afla? toxin contamination in peanut at post-harvest in southwest region was low, only 5 of 71 (7.0%) samples were posi?tive with AFB1 content of 0-7.2 μg/kg (0-7.2 μg/kg from SCPA samples, 0-2.1 μg/kg from YNGN samples, and ze?ro from XZCY samples. Threfore, aflatoxin contamination of peanut in southwest China might had close relation? ships with the detection rate, colony number of A. flavus. Thus the higher the detection rate and the colony number, the more serious of the aflatoxin contamination in peanuts.
Twenty-eight peanut accessions were assessed for resistance to Sclerotium stem rot in two environ?ments, and 11 accessions among them were further evaluated against Sclerotium rolfsii in greenhouse. The results showed that there were significant differences in disease incidence of some accessions (P<0.05).Five accessions re?corded a mortality of less than 30% in two locations, which were categorized as moderate resistant. Two accessions were moderately resistant under greenhouse condition. Zhoanghua 212 and Mayangxiaozi were both moderate resis? tant in the field and under greenhouse conditions, which were first reported in China, and Zhonghua212 was also highly resistant to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum.
Development and utilization of endophytic bacteria have been the focus of green agriculture, isola?tion and identification of endogenous bacteria in soybean root in saline-alkali soil has rarely been reported. In this study, soybean endogenous bacteria were isolated and purified from the soybean root in Daqing saline alkali field by root surface sterilization and grinding. Plate confrontation and colorimetric method were used to measure the ability of bacteriostasis and secreting IAA for selecting strains with wide antimicrobial spectrum and secreting more IAA. Morphological identification, physiological and biochemical analysis, phylogenetic analysis of structural genes and functional genes were used to identify the taxonomic position of isolated bacteria. The results showed that a DCX strain was isolated from soybean roots in Daqing saline alkali field. The strain DCX had the antimicrobial ability to 10 plant pathogenic fungi. The bacteriostasis rates of strain DCX for Curvularia crescent, Sclerotinia Sclerotinia (Lib.) de Bary, Magnaporthe grisea, and Fusarium graminearum Schw were 50.00%, 78.12%, 56.25% and 43.75% respectively, their ability to secrete IAA was 2.56 ± 0.41 μg·mL-1 (n=6). DCX strain was identified as Bacillus amy? loliquefaciens, and the strain grew well in NA medium under pH11 and salt concentration 10% condition. Their re? sults provided resource for prevention and controlling crop disease in saline-alkali soil.
Schizochytrium sp. is an important strain for commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Improving DHA production by physicochemicalmutagenesis is an important link in the development of microbial fermentation DHA industry. In order to establish a rapid optimal Nile red fluorescence staining method for determin?ing the lipid content in Schizochytrium sp., we systematically examined the effect of excitation wavelength, emission wavelength and explored the condition of cells without phosphate buffer solution washing. We also optimized the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Nile red, staining time and cell density. The results showed that the culturing medium did not interfere with the determination of fluorescence intensity. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between the florescence intensity of Nile red staining and gas chromatographic method. The lipid content was positively correlated to the fluorescence intensity, when the cell density was within a certain range. We con? clude that lipid content of Schizochytrium sp. can be effectively determined by fluorescence intensity. The optimal conditions for determining of lipid content in Schizochytrium sp were obtained as follows : cell density was 0.7<OD600 <1.3, the concentration of Nile red was 1μg/mL, DSMO concentration was 20% (v/v), staining time was 20 min, and the excitation and emission wavelengths was 515 nm and 570 nm. The optimized Nile red fluorescence staining
The staygreen syndrome in soybean has become a major issue to be solved in Huang-Huai-Hai riv?er basin. According to recent researches, the soybean stink bug (Riptortus pedestris) was closely related to the stay? green syndrome due to its severely damage on soybean. R. pedestris is a widely distributed polyphagous pest with sucking mouth parts. In recent years, this pest continued to occur and tends to spread, which posed a serious threat to soybean production in China. This paper emphatically introduced the distribution and host, damage characteris? tics, biological characteristics, environmental factors and integrated control methods. It could provide information for further research staygreen syndrome in soybean, and research on integrated management of the soybean bug and formulation of relevant policies.
For pronounced functional efficiency for human, α -linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-6 PUFAs linoleic acid have been widely applied in foods and drugs. But their applications are limited owing to oxidation and strong hydrophobicity nature. Thus the lipid carriers as emul? sion delivery system has been used to develop PUFA productions with highly bioavailability. Lipid concomitant is natural phytochemical extracted from oilseeds or oil, including polyphenols, phytosterols, phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins, etc. A number of publications reported the stability of O/W (oil in water) emulsion system affected by lipid concomitant. In this paper, we reviewed recent advances of the effects of hydrophilic polyphenols, amphiphilic phy? tosterols and phospholipids, lipophilic vitamins on emulsion stability and on their potential mechanism. We also dis? cussed scientific problems on research and potential application of lipid concomitant.
