
初榨椰子油的营养组分和功效作用研究进展
Research progress on nutrient components and bioactivities of virgin coconut oil
初榨椰子油(virgin coconut oil,VCO)是中链脂肪酸的主要来源之一,其中月桂酸的含量达到总脂肪酸的44%~54%。随着研究的不断深入,VCO越来越受到食品及医药领域的关注,其市场规模也在逐年扩大。本文介绍了VCO的营养组分和理化性质,对其所发挥的抗氧化、抗病毒、抗菌和预防心血管疾病等健康功效及其潜在机制进行了综述,为VCO的进一步开发与推广提供理论参考。
Virgin coconut oil is a valuable source of medium chain fatty acids, with lauric acid comprising 44%-54% of the total fatty acids. With the deepening of research, virgin coconut oil has attracted growing attention in the field of food and medicine. Besides, its market scale is also expanding year by year. In this article, the nutrient components and physicochemical properties of VCO were introduced, and the health effects of VCO on antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and cardiovascular disease prevention and their potential mechanisms were reviewed. It was aimed to provide theoretical reference for the further development and popularization of virgin coconut oil.
初榨椰子油 / 营养组分 / 理化性质 / 健康功效 / 活性机制 {{custom_keyword}} /
virgin coconut oil / nutrient component / physicochemical property / health benefit / bioactive mechanism {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 不同提取方法制备的VCO脂肪酸组成及含量[14-17]Table 1 Composition and content of VCO fatty acids obtained by different extraction methods |
脂肪酸 Fatty acid /% | 湿磨法 Wet milling | 干榨法 Expression | 热处理法 Heat treatment | 冷处理法 Cold treatment | 酶法 Enzyme treatment | 发酵法 Fermentation | 冻融法 Chilling and thawing | 精炼椰子油 Refined coconut oil | APCC标准 APCC standard | CAC标准 CAC standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
辛酸 Caprylic acid | 5.60±0.70b | 4.30±2.40a | 6.80±0.10c | 7.10±1.01c | 6.60±0.10c | 7.64±0.01d | 7.50±0.02d | 6.30±0.10c | 5.00-10.00 | 4.60-10.00 |
癸酸 Decylic acid | 5.00±1.00a | 5.10±0.10a | 5.80±0.30a | 5.55±0.82a | 5.90±0.20a | 6.18±0.01a | 6.01±0.01a | 5.50±0.20a | 4.50-8.00 | 5.00-8.00 |
月桂酸 Lauric acid | 44.40±4.50a | 44.70±0.60a | 47.90±1.70a | 50.00±0.11a | 47.90±1.50a | 47.95±0.01a | 48.24±0.01a | 47.10±1.10a | 43.00-53.00 | 45.10-53.20 |
肉豆蔻酸 Myristic acid | 21.20±4.20c | 18.20±0.30a | 19.30±1.50b | 18.01±0.93a | 20.40±0.50c | 18.58±0.01a | 18.85±0.01a | 19.70±0.30b | 16.00-21.00 | 16.80-21.00 |
棕榈酸 Palmitic acid | 14.20±0.50e | 12.30±0.50d | 9.80±0.90b | 7.05±0.81a | 10.80±0.50c | 9.04±0.00b | 8.99±0.00b | 10.20±0.30c | 7.50-10.00 | 7.50-10.20 |
硬脂酸 Stearic acid | 3.60±0.20b | 3.10±0.10b | 3.30±0.00b | 2.42±0.01a | 3.60±0.20b | 3.16±0.20b | 3.10±0.00b | 3.20±0.20b | 2.00-4.00 | 2.00-4.00 |
油酸 Oleic acid | 6.10±1.10c | 9.30±0.20e | 5.70±0.40b | 7.26±1.02d | 4.00±0.10a | 6.07±0.00c | 6.08±0.01c | 6.50±0.40c | 5.00-10.00 | 5.00-10.00 |
亚油酸 Linoleic acid | 1.70±0.10a | 2.40±0.40a | 1.60±0.20a | 1.66±0.31a | 1.40±0.70a | 1.38±0.00a | 1.23±0.00a | 1.50±0.20a | 1.00-2.50 | 1.00-2.50 |
饱和脂肪酸 Saturated fatty acid | 94.00±2.50a | 87.90±1.00a | 92.70±0.20a | - | 95.10±3.30a | - | - | 92.00±0.60a | - | - |
不饱和脂肪酸 Unsaturated fatty acid | 7.90±1.00a | 11.60±0.30b | 7.30±0.20a | - | - | - | - | 8.00±0.60a | - | - |
表2 不同提取方法制备的VCO中其他活性物质的含量[14,22,23]Table 2 Content of other bioactive compositions present in VCO obtained by different extraction methods |
营养组分 Nutrient component | 热处理法 Heat treatment | 冷处理法 Cold treatment | 精炼椰子油 Refined coconut oil |
---|---|---|---|
总酚 Total phenols /(μg/g) | 650.35±25.11a | 401.23±20.11b | 182.82±15.24c |
没食子酸 Gallic acid | 25.29±1.11a | 18.01±1.16b | 1.06±0.05c |
阿魏酸 Ferulic acid | 12.83±0.94a | 2.36±0.32b | ND |
儿茶酸 Catechin | 18.15±0.93a | 12.35±1.03b | 0.21±0.02c |
绿原酸 Chlorogenic acid | 1.55±0.11 | ND | ND |
表儿茶酸 Epicatechin | 2.62±0.24 | ND | ND |
咖啡酸 Caffeic acid | 1.59±0.12 | ND | ND |
香草酸 Vanillic acid | 1.80±0.09a | 1.03±0.06b | ND |
对香豆酸 p-Coumaric acid | 0.53±0.06 | ND | ND |
芥子酸 Sinapic acid | 3.35±0.13a | 1.89±0.14b | ND |
槲皮素 Quercetin | 1.62±0.09 | ND | ND |
生育酚 Tocopherol /(μg/g) | 17.87±2.11a | 27.65±3.09b | 3.72±1.02c |
植物甾醇 Phytosterol /(mg/100 g) | 99.24±0.00b | 102.79±0.00a | 81.4±1.8c |
表3 不同提取方法制备的VCO的理化指标[17]Table 3 Physical and chemical indexes of VCO prepared by different extraction methods |
指标 Index | 发酵法 Fermentation | 酶法 Enzyme treatment | 冻融法 Chilling and thawing | 干榨法 Expression | 精炼椰子油 Refined coconut oil | CAC限量 CAC limit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
折光指数 Refractive index /25℃ | 1.45±0.04a | 1.45±0.05a | 1.45±0.04a | 1.45±0.05a | 1.45±0.02a | - |
酸价 Acid value /(mg KOH/g) | 0.40±0.00b | 0.40±0.01b | 0.38±0.02b | 0.32±1.03a | 0.34±0.04a | ≤0.20 |
碘价 Iodine value /(g I2/100 g) | 6.05±0.03c | 4.33±0.03b | 7.13±0.01d | 4.17±0.07a | 5.70±0.05c | 4.10-11.00 |
过氧化值 Peroxide value /(meq O2/kg) | 2.59±0.00b | 2.34±0.00c | 2.19±0.00e | 1.47±0.00a | 2.18±0.00d | ≤3.00 |
皂化值 Saponification value /(mg KOH/g) | 262.55±0.07c | 259.55±0.12d | 254.10±0.01e | 264.04±0.02b | 264.38±0.06a | 250.00-260.00 |
水分含量 Moisture content /% | 0.15±0.02c | 0.15±0.05c | 0.14±0.03b | 0.12±0.02a | 0.17±0.00d | - |
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