Halogeton glomeratus is an extreme halophyte widely distributed in arid regions of Northwestern China. The purpose of this study was to analyze the seed nutrition of H. glomeratus to evaluate its edible oil and fod? der. The results showed that seed of H. glomeratus could be used as a good source of protein forage because its high crude protein content of 50.20% with abundant amino acids and mineral elements. Furthermore, the oil content of seed was 19.37%, and its unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 91.80%, especially was rich in linoleic acid and lino? lenic acid, up to 50.6% and 18.0% respectively. The seed of H. glomeratus also could be used as health edible oil resource. Use of salinization land to grow H. glomeratus, as a new oil and forage crop, exploiting its seed value as high quality edible oil and protein forage, have great economic and ecological benefits.

The objective of this study was to explore the photosynthetic physiological responses of Cyperus esculentus seedlings under different concentrations of saline-alkali stress, and to reveal the salt tolerance mechanism and salt-alkali resistance ability, it was expected to provide a theoretical basis for large-scale cultivation and reasonable planting areas division of C. esculentus in Xinjiang. Two kinds of neutral salts (NaCl and Na₂SO₄) and two alkaline salts (NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃) were used to prepare the corresponding solution at the ratio of 2:1 for stress treatment. The low, medium and high concentrations were 80, 160, 320 mmol·L^-1 and 40, 80, 120 mmol·L^-1, respectively for salt and alkaline stress treatments. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence parameters were measured after 15 days of seedling emergence. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll (Chl T), carotenoid content (Car), net photosynthesis (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) were decreased, while the maximum fluorescence (F_m), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ) , maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were inhibited, and non regulatory energy dissipation (Y(NO)) was increased with the stress degree increasing. We observed that P_n positively correlated with G_s, T_r, Chl a (P<0.01), and with Car， Chl T， F_m， ΦPSⅡ， qP at 0.05 level， but negatively correlated with Y(NO). These results suggested that the main reason of the decrease of photosynthetic rate under saline-alkali stress is related to the decrease of G_s, T_r and Chl a. Moreover, the dynamic balance of water supply and photosynthetic system could be maintained by reducing G_s, T_r, leaf water content (WC), increasing water use efficiency (WUE) and initiating heat. There was higher inhibition degree of alkaline stress than that of salt stress at the same concentration.

In order to improve salt?alkali tolerance for sunflower at seedling stage, cultivar SH361 was used as material to study the effect of spermidine on growth and physiological characteristics of sunflower seedlings under saline?alkali stress by spraying different concentrations of spermidine (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol·L^-1). Results showed that salt?alkali stress significantly inhibited seedling growth. Malondialdehyde content increased 77.8% and relative conductivity increased 2.6 times. Sunflower seedlings adapted to salt?alkali stress by increasing osmotic regulatory substances and antioxidant enzyme activities. Spraying spermidine significantly improved seedlings tolerance to saline?alkali. 1.0 mmol·L^-1 spermidine had the most obvious effect. Plant growth index and biomass increased remarkable. It increased content of osmotic regulation substances and reduced damage of lipid membrane by more than 30%. Furthermore, activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased 1.7, 1.4 and 1.3 times respectively. It indicated that appropriate concentration of spermidine promoted salt?alkali tolerance of sunflower seedlings at physiological level, which effectively alleviated inhibition by salt?alkali stress on sunflower seedling.

 Plasma membrane H+-ATPase plays a crucial role in the transmembrane transport system. As the
only proton pump which mediates ATP-dependent H+ extrusion to the extracellular space, thus generates electro⁃
chemical proton gradients across the plant plasma membrane. It provides driving force for a large set of secondary
transporters. In this study, a salt-induced plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene AhHA1 was identified. Homologous
gene analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis, subcellular localization analysis and tissue specific analysis were carried
brane H+-ATPase family, and provided candidate gene for improving the salt-tolerance ability of peanut.
out. Blast analysis showed that the cultivar peanut genome encoded 24 AhHA1 homologs. The phylogenetic tree anal⁃
ysis showed that the 24 AhHA1 homologs were divided into 5 subfamilies, and the highest homology was between
peanut AhHA1 and Arabidopsis thaliana AHA4 and AHA11. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AhHA1 lo⁃
cated on the plasma membrane (PM). Tissue specific expression pattern analysis showed that AhHA1 was highly ex⁃
pressed in roots. To further understand the function of AhHA1 in salt resistance, AhHA1 gene was transformed into
Arabidopsis thaliana, and its expression increased the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis lines both in germina⁃
tion stage and post-germination stage. The transgenic Arabidopsis lines also showed greater biomass than wild-type
plants under salt stress condition. The results showed that AhHA1 could increase salt-tolerance ability of transgenic
plants. This study increased our knowledge about the peanut salt-tolerance mechanism and peanut plasma mem⁃

As nutritions for human health, anthocyanins and other flavonoids are important molecules that mediate plant adaptation to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to investigate oxidation resistance and salt tolerance of 3 peanut cultivars with pink (YZ9102), red (JHR1), and black (JHB1) testa colors. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions. 7-day old seedlings were subjected to Hoagland solution (CK) and 150 mmol/L NaCl (SS) for 10 days. The changes in growth, flavonoid content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. Results showed that salt stress caused a decrease in plant height, leaves area and biomass in the 3 cultivars. JHR1 and JHB1 exhibited higher salt tolerance than YZ9102. The antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of JHR1 and JHB1 were markedly increased by salt stress compared to YZ9102. The flavonoid contents exhibited the same trends in the 3 cultivars under salt stress. The relative malonaldehyde (MDA) content was lower in JHR1 and JHB1 than in YZ9102. Correlation analysis showed that the relative flavonoid content and MDA content were significantly (P< 0.05) related to salt tolerance. The flavonoid content was highly correlated (P< 0.01) with the SOD activity, MDA content, plant height and leaf area. In conclusion, the roots of JHR1 and JHB1 accumulated more flavonoids than YZ9102 under salt stress and showed higher antioxidant capacity and less inhibition of growth under salt stress. The results might provide information for screening salt resistant peanut cultivars.

With the continuous expansion of saline alkali land area, saline-alkali stress has become one of the important factors affecting peanut germination. In order to explore the characteristics of salt and alkali tolerance of peanut varieties, salt and alkali tolerant peanut varieties were screened. Taking germination rate, germination potential, germination index and salt damage rate as indicators, Yihua 1, Huayu 25, Huayu 39, Fenhua 1 and Yuhua 37 were used as experimental materials. The effects of three saline alkali types of NaCl, NaHCO₃ and NaCl + NaHCO₃ (1∶1) and four stress concentrations (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2%) on peanut seed germination were analyzed. The differences among various indexes were compared and analyzed, and the saline alkali tolerance was evaluated. Results showed that, saline-alkali stress inhibited seed germination. With the increase of saline alkali solution concentration, the germination rate, germination potential and germination index showed a downward trend, indicating the increase of salt damage rate. The stress degree of NaCl + NaHCO₃ (1∶1) was greater than that of NaCl and NaHCO₃. The seeds did not germinate at the concentrations of 0.9% and 1.2%. The results of salt damage classification and comprehensive evaluation of membership function demonstrated that Yihua 1 processed a highest level of salt and alkali tolerance under three salt and alkali stresses, while Huayu 39 showed the worst salt and alkali tolerance under each salt and alkali stress. Yihua 1 is the dominant variety under saline-alkali stress. The types of saline alkali soil in Xinjiang are mainly mixed saline alkali. Totally the concentration of 0.6% can be used as the critical concentration of salt and alkali tolerance for each variety.

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salt and cold may affect a series of growth processes such as germi? nation, flowering, dry matter accumulation and fruiting, and ultimately affect yield and quality of peanut. When crops are subjected to abiotic stress, the regulation of downstream functional genes by transcription factors is an im? portant regulation mode for plants to cope with stress. The research progress of the structure, function and stress re? sistance responses of abiotic stress-related transcription factors NAC, AP2/ERF, bZIP, MYB were reviewed.

To explore the correlation between peanut seed biochemical quality and stress resistance under germination stress, seed samples of 90 peanut genotypes were subjected to different types of stress including salt (0.12 mol/L NaCl), alkali (0.1 mol/L NaHCO₃, pH 8.3), drought (15% PEG 6000), and low temperature (2°C soaking for 72 h). Germination indicators and peanut seed biochemical quality were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. It was discovered that, oleic acid was positively correlated with vigor index under salt stress, while oleic acid was negatively correlated with germination percentage under low temperature stress. Oleic acid was beneficial to peanut seed germination under salt stress, but not conducive to germination under low temperature stress. There was a positive correlation between palmitic acid and germination index under drought stress, and palmitic acid was beneficial to peanut seed germination under drought stress. Vitamin E was beneficial to seed germination under alkali stress. The above results were expected to be helpful for exploring the mechanism of stress resistance during peanut germination, and also for peanut stress-resistant breeding.

To understand the salt tolerance of different Brassica juncea germplasm resources, this study used NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0, 150 mmol/L, 200 mmol/L, and 250 mmol/L to treat 479 B. juncea germplasm resources from different countries under salt stress, and measured germination rate, root length, bud length, and fresh weight; Comprehensive evaluation of the salt tolerance of the test materials was conducted using principal component analysis, membership function, multiple linear regression analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that under the treatment of 200 mmol/L NaCl solution, 479 materials could be effectively classified into 4 categories: (1) 12 salt tolerant varieties; (2) 75 moderate salt tolerant varieties; (3) 313 salt tolerant varieties; and (4) 79 salt sensitive varieties. A multiple linear regression equation was established for the identification of salt tolerance in B. juncea, y=0.537x1+0.310x2+0.089x3+0.064x4. The selected salt tolerant materials lay the foundation for cultivating new salt tolerant B. juncea.

Lectin receptor like protein kinases belong to the receptor like protein kinases （RLKs） family, which play an important role in plant disease resistance and defense response, growth and development, intracellular signal transduction and abiotic stress response. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on soybean GmNFYB1, and the differentially expressed gene GmLecRlk （Glyma.07G005700） was obtained. Its length of open reading frame was 546 bp, encoding 181 amino acids. Protein domain analysis showed that GmLecRlk contained two serine/threonine kinase domains. It belongs to a G type lectin receptor protein kinase. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that GmLecRlk gene was expressed in root, stem, leaf and pod of soybean, and the highest expression level was found in root. Under 200 mmol/L NaCl treatment, the mRNA abundance of GmLecRlk decreased first and then increased, and reached the maximum value at 12 h, indicating that the gene was involved in the response of soybean to salt stress. Agrobacterium tumefaciens K599 was used to obtain GmLecRlk overexpressed transgenic hair-root complex plants. Under salt stress, the survival rate of overexpressed soybean hair-root complex plants was higher than that of control plants. GmLecRlk gene was heterologous expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the germination rate, greening rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress were higher than those of wild-type Arabidopsis. In conclusion, GmLecRlk is involved in the response of soybean to salt stress, and the overexpression of GmLecRlk gene can improve the salt tolerance of soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana, providing a new approach and theoretical guidance for breeding and improving salt-resistant soybean varieties.

Ubiquitination system is involved in many biological processes, including cell differentiation, hormone response, biological and abiotic stress response, by mediating the post-translational modification of proteins.The ubiquitination ligase containing U-box gene is one of the important enzymes in the Ubiquitination system. In this study, soybean U-box family gene Glyma. 13G115900 (GmPUB32) was cloned from soybean variety Kengfeng 16. Sequence analysis showed that GmPUB32 gene has an open reading frame with a length of 513 bp, encoding 170 amino acid with a RING/ U-box conserved domain between its 83-131 amino acids. The results of subcellular localization analysis showed that GmPUB32 protein was located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. The expression of GmPUB32 gene in soybean root, stem, leaf and pod was detected on different levels, and it is the highest in root. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of GmPUB32 was significantly down-regulated under salt stress. Salt stress tolerance of T3 generation of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing GmPUB32 were analyzed, and the results showed that the germination rate, cotyledon afforestation rate and survival rate were significantly lower than that of the wild type under salt stress, in addition, growth rate of transgenic hairy root overexpressing GmPUB32 also significantly was suppressed compared with the wild type. Therefore, GmPUB32 may play a role in response to salt stress process as a negative regulatory factors.

High oleate peanut is more and more popular in food, oil processing, seed industry and so on be⁃
cause of its high quality of oil components. However, the varieties with high oleate cultivated at recent years have
narrow genetic diversity. It is necessary to develop novel molecular markers and breed high oleate varieties (lines)
with excellent characteristics and wide adaptability, and to broad the genetic background resources of domestic pea⁃
nut. In this study, with respect to the high oleic acid mutant with F458 background, resulting from the MITE inser⁃
tion into peanut AhFAD2B gene, a MITE molecular marker was developed for assisted-selecting of F1 hybrids and
the single plant in the offspring generation.This marker and detection method could distinguish three types of geno⁃
types through 1 round of conventional PCR reaction and common agarose gel electrophoresis. It has the advantages
of easy operation, low cost and good stability, and significantly improved the efficiency of target trait selection. In or⁃
der to breed new germplasm of high oleate peanut, the hybrid combination was made with Yuhua 2 (YH2), a peanut
cultivar with strong salt tolerance and edible oil as the female parent, and Weihua25(WH25), a high oleic acid pea⁃
nut as the male parent. Finally, six (5 with semi-erect type and 1 with erect type) new high oleate lines were ob⁃
tained through screening agronomic traits by pedigree method, and the genotype identification of F1 true hybrids and
erance of the main seeds of these lines were investigated and analyzed.

The increasing problem of soil salinization has seriously threatened global agricultural development.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important oil crop. At present, a series of progress has been achieved in QTL re⁃
search on salt tolerance related traits of rapeseed. In this article, progress on damage and mitigation mechanism of
salt stress to rapeseed growth were reviewed, effects of salt stress on rapeseed at different development stages was re⁃
viewed, and QTL researches on salt-tolerant related traits were summarized. Also, breeding achievement of salt-tol⁃
erant rapeseed varieties in China was prospected. It was expected to provide reference for further research on salt
tolerance mechanism in rapeseed and breeding new salt-tolerant varieties.

In order to explore the effect of exogenous calcium on the development of peanut pods in the saline-alkali soil, Huayu 25 was selected as a test material and potted plant method was used to study the pod development, kernel quality and yield of peanuts in the saline-alkali soil after applying exogenous calcium fertilizer. In this experiment, four levels of CaO treatments in saline-alkali soil have been used, which were 0 kg/hm2 (Dck), 52.2 kg/hm2 (DCa1), 104.55 kg/hm2 (DCa2), 156.6 kg/hm2 (DCa3), and a normal soil treatment (Lck) was also included. The results showed that saline-alkali soil could inhibit the growth of peanut pods, and the application of exogenous calcium could promote the growth and development of peanut pods and kernels in saline-alkali soil and advance the development time of kernels. DCa3 treatment was the best way to increase the dry weight and volume of pods by 24.1% and 15.5%, and the dry weight of kernels by 20.36%. The content of protein and linoleic acid in peanut kernel in saline-alkali soil were decreased by applying exogenous calcium; and the ratio of soluble sugar, fat and oleic acid to oleic acid (O/L) in peanut kernel was increased. The application of exogenous calcium increased the weight of a hundred peanuts, the weight of hundred groundnut kernels, and the ratio of peanuts to kernels in the saline-alkali soil, and the effect of 43% increase was the best when the dosage of DCa3 was 156.6 kg/hm2. 

Brassica napus is a dominant field crop for repairing and utilizing saline-alkali land. In order to dissect the genetic basis of salt tolerance during germination and obtain germplasm resources in Brassica napus, different concentrations of NaCl solution (200, 250 and 300 mmol/L) were used to seeds of a previously constructed recombinant inbred line population (RIL), and the germination rates on the 3rd day and 7th day were counted for QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis. The results showed that the germination rate of RIL population showed continuous distribution under different salt concentrations. A total of 17 QTLs were detected under 6 treatments in this study, with the phenotypic variation range from 3.75% to 17.57% explained by a single QTL. Among them, 4 QTLs (cqST.C3-1, cqST.C3-2, cqST.C3-3 and cqST.C3-4) on chromosome C3, which explained more than 10% phenotypic variation in single or multiple treatments, were considered as the main QTLs. Combined with the re-sequencing results of the two parents and the functional annotation of Arabidopsis homologous genes, 5 candidate genes related to salt tolerance were identified under the 4 major QTLs confidence intervals, which could be stably expressed under different treatment conditions. In addition, according to the above results, it was considered that the germination rate under 250 mmol/L NaCl solution on the 7th day could be used as an index for the identification of salt tolerance at germination stage, and 5 excellent salt-tolerant germplasm with a germination rate of 82.22%-100% were obtained using this method.

Dof transcription factors are involved in plant response to abiotic stresses. In this research, GmDof2.2 was cloned for salt tolerance identification. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that GmDof2.2 could respond to abiotic stresse in soybean seedlings. Theopen reading frame of GmDof2.2 was 867 bp, which encodes a protein of 288 amino acids. The molecular weight of GmDof2.2protein was 31.4 kDa, and isoelectric point was 10.23. The GmDof2.2protein sequence contains a conserved Dof domain. The promoter region of GmDof2.2 contains three types of stress-related cis-elements （ARE, MBS and WUN-motif） and three types of hormone-related cis-elements （ABRE, P-box and TCA-element）. GmDof2.2 was constructed into a plant expression vector and transformed into tobacco. Four GmDof2.2 transgenic tobacco lines （OE1-OE4） were obtained. The expression level of GmDof2.2 in OE1 was the highest, followed by OE2. After salt stress treatment, the wilting degree of transgenic tobacco was higher than that of wild tobacco, the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and proline in transgenic tobacco leaves were significantly lower than that of wild tobacco, while the content of malondialdehyde was higher than that of wild tobacco. These results showed that GmDof2.2 heterologous expression increased the sensitivity to salt stress in transgenic tobacco. This study provided theoretical basis for the research and application of soybean Dof transcription factor resistance mechanism.

Brassica napus L. is one of the important oil crops in the world. However soil salt stress severely inhibited its growth and development. Previous studies have shown that under salt stress, plants increase their own salt stress resistance by expressing some miRNAs and regulating the expression of their target genes. In this study, rapeseed was cultured under 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment and control, and took the shoot and root to construct 12 small RNA libraries for high-throughput sequencing. Through the differential expression analysis of miRNAs in the whole genome, a total of 26 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and 171 corresponding target genes were predicted. Combining the differential expression of genes in the early transcriptome and the results of the differential expression of miRNAs in this study, it is speculated that miRNA156-SPL15-WRKY, miRNA397-LAC12-xylogen, miR169-NFYA5 and miR399-UBC29-ubiquitination pathways might be involved in the regulation of salt stress resistance in B. napus.

Saline-alkali stress always exists in all stages of crop, and it is of great significance to screen saline-alkali tolerant soybean resources in the whole growth period. The salt species, salt content and pH value of saline-alkali soil in Daqing area were firstly measured, then the salt species and concentration of salt for screening were determined. In culture dish, germination bag and pot screening experiment, the saline-alkali tolerance of soybean was evaluated by the germination rate, the amount of matter at seedling stage and the dry matter weight at maturity stage. The results showed that the soil in Daqing area was sulfate soda saline-alkali soil, and the saline alkali solution is the mixed saline alkali solution of NaCl, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃ and Na₂SO₄ （molar ratio is 1:1:9:9）, and the total salt concentration calculated by Na ion content is 80 mmol · L^-1, and the pH value of the solution is 8.9. Therefore, the salt content and pH value of soil in pot experiment were 3.3 ‰ and 8.9, respectively. Among the 887 soybean cultivars identified, the seed coat colors were black, brown, red, green, yellow and double color, and the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between salt tolerance and seed coat color of soybean. 296 tolerance soybean cultivars were selected from 887 soybean resources in germination stage, and 123 cultivars among 296 cultivars were identified as high resistance in germination and seedling stage, furthermore 7 resistant soybeans, including 5 from South China, 2 from Huanghuai, and 62 tolerant soybeans were obtained in the whole growth stage, and the proportion of pot screening was 56.10%. This study established a stepwise screening method from germination stage, seedling stage to the whole growth stage, and 69 salt and alkali resistant resources were selected from 887 soybean germplasm resources, which provided material basis for salt tolerance breeding and utilization of salt tolerant gene resources.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill] is important source of plant protein and oil. Salt stress causes
yield loss which is a major abiotic stress to soybean. Identification of salt tolerant genes is important for breeding
salt tolerant soybean varieties. This paper summarized salt-tolerance related quantitative trait loci and genes ob⁃
tained through forward genetics, including GmCDF1 (Glyma. 08G102000, a major gene identified at germination
stage), 2 QTLs identified at emergence stage (located on chromosome 6 and chromosome 14 respectively), major
gene GmSALT3 (Glyma03g32900) and the QTL in G-linked group at seedling stage. Thus it was believed that no di⁃
rect correlation between salt tolerances to soybean at different growth stages. The paper also summarized research
progress of improving salt tolerance of soybean by reverse genetics, such as ion transport, transcriptional regulation
and the development of improving salt-tolerance by transferring exogenous genes. It is expected to provide referenc⁃
es for analyzing molecular mechanism of salt tolerance and for soybean breeding.