As rapeseed is the largest oil crop in China, rapeseed industry and its development are very impor? tant to secure Chinese oil supply. Although the industry had great achievements in recent years, comparative bene? fits declining and rapeseed import still led to seriously strokes. Rapeseed industry in China is facing a challenge as the major edible oil supplier for domestic market. Based on an extensive research on market and production of oil crop experts in 2018, we have been systematically figured the development status of China′s rapeseed industry by collecting first-hand data from both domestic and international situations. We also discussed the problems and sug? gested on promoting the industry to increase the edible oil security in China.
In order to provide a foundation base for conservation, selection, heterosis and hybridization as well as for utilizing germplasm,118 Brassica napus of Polima CMS restorer lines were studied and sequenced through spe? cific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). By developing SNP markers and analyzing genetic relation?ships, core collections were conducted. A number of 2516 effective SNP loci were developed. 118 Brassica napus L. restorer lines were used to construct core collection and their genetics were analyzed, based on these effective SNP markers. Results showed that the average Nei’s genetic distance between these restorer lines was 0.319, different genetic components of restore lines had a large genetic distance. 118 restorer lines were clustered into five catego? ries, most of the materials with the same origins were classified into the same category. The core collection of Brassi? ca napus had two types of qualified varieties, containing 34 and 46 lines respectively, which named C30 and C40. By evaluating these two core collections, the allelic coverage of these two subsets was more than 99.8% and the MR (Rogers distance) and CE (Cavali-Edward distance) genetic distance indices were similar, while the polymorphic
content reached 0.28. The core germplasm of the constructed Brassica napus L. restorer lines met the requirement of core collection, and could represent the original species.
COR413 (cold- regulated 413) is an important gene family involved in response to cold stress. In this study, COR413 family genes of Brassica napus, B. oleracea and B. rapa were investigated. Among them, 11 genes were identified in B. napus, 6 genes were found in B. oleracea and 6 in B. rapa. Most of them were located on plasma membrane and chloroplast membrane. COR413 proteins were highly conserved and were hydrophobic and stable with no signal peptides, containing tryptophan which was special in COR family. Tissue specific expression analysis on Arabidopsis, B. oleracea and B. rapa showed that most COR413 genes in subfamily I were highly ex? pressed in roots and leaves, and genes in subfamily II were highly expressed in stems and leaves.
To explore the promoter function of GmWRI1a gene, a sequence of 1669 bp was cloned from the up? stream of GmWRI1a gene from soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) cv Dongnong 50. GUS reporter gene showed the active promoter sequence by visible GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis. According to the predicted locations of cis-acting elements of the promoter, 4 promoter 5’-deletion-fragments were amplified and tested. In transformed Arabidopsis, all 4 fragments exhibited GUS blue. Moreover, by GUS enzyme activity tests, the promoters contained ethylene, jasmonic acid and gibberellin hormone response elements. The cis-acting element of ethylene located be? tween -1138 and -1087 bp, the cis-acting element of jasmonic acid located between -1087 bp and -690 bp, and the cis-acting response of gibberellinla located between -690 bp and -437 bp.
The WRKY transcription factor is an important transcription factor found in plants in recent years, it plays an important role in the process of plant stress resistance. In order to analyze the mechanism of GsWRKY57 transcription factors in the process of resistance response, a full –length CDS of GsWRKY57 gene was cloned by an? alyzing wild soybean leaf transcriptome data. Sequence analysis showed that GsWRKY57 cDNA contained 903bp ORF encoding a protein of 300 amino acids residues with molecular mass of 34.23 kD and theoretical pI of 5.88. Gs? WRKY57 protein contained a WRKY conservative domain structure, belonging to the class III WRKY transcription factors. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated GsWRKY57 shared the highest homology with Glycine max, fol?
lowed by Vigna angularis, Cajanus cajan. The promoter analyses identified the putative cis-acing regulatory ele? ments of GsWRKY57. Tissue specific expression analysis indicated GsWRKY57 was ubiquitously expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, pods and roots, with the highest level in leaves and the lowest in root. Its expression was sig? nificantly induced by jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and drought. Over-expression of GsWRKY57 increased drought stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis lines.
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most serious diseases to soybean yield and quality in Chi?na. In this study, the soybean resistant (R) cultivar Wandou 33 was crossed respectively with a susceptible (S) culti?var (Nannong 1138-2 or Williams 82) or a resistant cultivar (Kefeng 1, Dabaima or Qihuang 1) to determine the in?heritance of Wandou 33 and test the allelism of the resistance genes when inoculated with the SMV prevalent strain SC3. The results showed that all F1 plants were resistant to SC3, the F2 plants and F2:3 progenies derived from the crosses (Williams 82×Wandou 33 and Wandou 33×Nannong 1138-2) segregated in a 3∶1(R∶S) and 1∶2∶1 ratio re? spectively when inoculated with SC3. This suggested that the resistance of Wandou 33 was controlled by a dominant resistance gene (named as RSC3(w)). The test of the allelism (Kefeng 1, Qihuang 1 and Dabaima×Wandou 33) of the re? sistance genes to SC3 indicated that the resistance genes between Kefeng 1 and Wandou 33 were alleles at a com? mon locus or very closely linked. The resistance genes between Qihuang 1 and Wandou 33，between Dabaima and Wandou 33 were at different locus for SC3. The resistance gene RSC3(w) was located betweenBARCSOYSSR_02_0610 and ZL-52 SSR markers on chromosome 2 by using 392 F2 individuals of Wandou 33×Nannong 1138-2, with
a physical distance of about 175 kb. This study broadened the resources of SMV resistance genes and laid the foun? dation for resistance breeding.
To summarize and to improve the summer soybean breeding, 12 years of the National Summer Soy? bean Regional Trials in Huang-Huai-Hai Region in 2006-2017 were analyzed especially on yield and agronomic traits changes. Results showed that yield level was improved obviously. Plant height, effective branches per plant, ef? fective pods per plant, seeds per plant, seed weight and 100-seed weight were all increased. Moreover, the overall trend of growth duration was decreasing. Bottom pod height decreased slightly. Crude protein increased slightly, crude fat decreased. A total of 20 lines reached the high crude protein standard, and 80 reached the high crude fat standard. The resistance level to SMV (soybean mosaic virus) was improved continuously, but the resistance level to SCN (soybean cyst nematode) was decreased obviously. It indicated complex correlations among the above traits, for example, yield had highly significant positive correlation with seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight, and had highly significant negative correlation with disease index to nematode SC7. Results of multiple regression, partial correlation and path analysis showed that the seed weight per plant had positive effect on yield, the number of nodes on main stem had negative effect on yield. In summary, it revealed that the seed weight per plant was the key factor on yield improvement in Huang-Huai-Hai region. It was recommended that parent with moderate nodes on main stem and higher seed weight per plant was required, and soybean quality and multi-biotic resistance were also im? portant.
In order to provide useful reference for the selection and breeding of soybean parents, pedigrees of 84 released soybean varieties in Shanxi Province from 1973 to 2017 were analyzed and the ancestors and backbone parents of soybean varieties were summarized. The results revealed that: these 84 soybean varieties mainly originat? ed from 3 major families, namely Jindou 1, Jindou 19 and Xudou 1. The gene pool of 84 soybean varieties originated from 110 ancestral parents, 110 nuclear ancestors, and 39 cytoplasmic ancestors. The ancestors with a high rate of nuclear genetic contribution include 16 germplasm such as Dabaima, Binhaidabaihua, Tongshantianedan, and Mamatan. The largest cytoplasmic genetic contribution rate is Dabaima, followed by Dan 66-12 and Jingguyu. Among the 84 soybean varieties in Shanxi Province, the genealogical varieties accounted for 80.95 % of the total. Jindou 1 was bred into 36 soybean varieties as a parent, accounting for 42.9 % of the total number of cultivars, and made great contributions to soybean breeding in Shanxi Province.
To improve the yield of rapeseed under different sowing dates by direct sowing, the effects of hydro? gen peroxide (H2O2) seed soaking were studied especially on late-direct seeding. In 2017, an open-air experiment was carried out using rapeseed cultivar Nannongyou 4. Seeds soaked with H2O2 (0.05%) was sown in 2 sowing dates (early sowing on October 5, 2017, late sowing on October 25, 2017 ) to observe the photosynthetic characteristics and the growth and development dynamics of rapeseed during the wintering period. The results showed that: (1) late sowing prolonged the seedling stage and shortened the bud-bolting stage, reduced the available accumulated tem? perature before flowering from 1349.5°C·d to 1095.5°C·d, and reduced the accumulation of dry matter during vege? tative growth period of rape; late sowing increased the accumulated temperature of reproductive growth period, which was 1119.5 d higher than that of early sowing at 1042.5°C·d. As the growth period of late sowing was short? ened, the accumulated temperature of activity was reduced, and the accumulation of dry matter was reduced, result? ing in a significant yield reduction of 8.3%. (2) Soaking with H2O2 had no significant effect on germinating seedlings and aboveground biomass of early-sowing rapeseed, but significantly inhibited underground biomass and photosyn? thetic capacity, reduced dry matter accumulation during overwintering period, and then affected yield formation in later period, resulting in significant yield reduction of rapeseed, with a decrease of 10.9%. (3) Soaking with H2O2 promoted the germination of late-sown rapeseed seedlings, increased leaf area, and promoted the accumulation of
dry matter in rapeseed, which increased the yield by 15.7%. Therefore, under the condition of late direct seeding,the yield of rapeseed could be increased by soaking seeds with H2O2.
To reduce cadmium (Cd) pollution in paddy fields in Xiangjiang River Basin in Hunan Province, peanut was planted as expected replacing crop in Cd polluted paddy fields in Changsha and Xiangyin City. 5 largeseed peanut varieties were selected and 2 different cultivation methods (open field and plastic film cultivation) were tested. By investigating peanut Cd uptake, enrichment and transport, the Cd concentration and translocation in pad? dy fields were studied. Results showed that Cd contents in vegetative peanut organs (roots, stems and leaves) were higher than in reproductive ones (shells and seeds). Cd contents were significant different among varieties. Stem had the highest (5.413-8.859 mg·kg-1) content, shells and seeds had the least (0.523-1.326 mg·kg-1). Among them, the Cd content in seeds exceeded the standard of NY/T 1067-2006, which suggested certain risk of seed food. Under film mulching cultivation, Cd contents in some organs (including stems, leaves, pegs, shells and seeds) were re? duced, although the accumulation of both plant dry matter and plant total Cd accumulation were increased. Under film mulching, Cd concentration coefficient of vegetative organs (root, stem and leaf) was above 2.5, which was high?er than those of reproductive organs (shells and seeds). Cd transfer coefficients were in the order as: root to stem> stem to leaf > shell to seed> peg to shell> stem to peg. Cd content of peanut oil ranged from 0.012 to 0.074 mg·kg-1, which indicated safe oil on Cd fields according to the standard. In summary, dry matter accumulation and Cd con? tent of aboveground could be used as indicators for high Cd accumulation. Among the 5 genotypes, 09-3106 was the highest individual Cd accumulation variety. And the peanut film mulching cultivation was recommended for Cd re? duction of paddy fields.
To investigate the regulatory role of DDTC (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate) in antioxidant system of waterlogging stressed soybean, 2 Glycine max varieties Xudou 18 (sensitive) and Nannong 1138-2 (tolerant) were used. By the mode of 1 d after spraying DDTC at flowering stage followed by 8 d waterlogging, antiosidation system changes were investigated in roots at flowering stage with pot experiments. Results showed that under the stress, Nannong 1138-2 had decreased less in root dry mass, less membrane lipid peroxidation damage, and lower ROS (re?active oxygen species) levels, but more active on APX (ascorbate peroxdidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and DHAR (dehydroascorbate reductase), and its contents of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glultathione (GSH) were in? creased. It indicated that Nannong 1138-2 had stronger antioxidant capacity under waterlogging. The result showed that DDTC could further increase the activities of POD (peroxidase), APX, DHAR and GR. It led to increasing AsA content and AsA/DHA ratio in roots, and to significantly reducing root ROS levels and membrane lipid peroxidation damage. It suggested that DDTC increased the ROS-scavenging activity in roots by
To better understand the climate impact on camellia (Camellia oleifera L., oil-tea camellia) seed oil, data of 120 items on fresh fruit oil content of camellia and the adjacent meteorological observation data were collect? ed and analyzed from 2009 to 2017 in Hunan Province. Correlation between climatic factors and fresh fruit oil con? tent in each stage of camellia were obtained by correlation analysis and stepwise regression method. Results showed that the highest correlation coefficient between climatic factors with the oil-content rate at each stage included an? nual extreme maximum temperature, daily maximum temperature above 37°C in the peak period of fruit enlarge? ment, days of daily precipitation above 1 mm in the post-harvest treatment period, the longest continuous no rain
days at fruit ripening period, the extreme maximum temperature during the peak period of fat conversion and accu? mulation stage, and the average minimum relative humidity of the first expansion period of the fruit respectively. Based on 420 climatic factors, the model of camellia fruit oil content had high precision. According to comprehen? sive analysis, the most important phenological period affecting the fruit oil was the peak of oil conversion and accu? mulation. And the key climatic factors were extreme maximum temperature, accumulated temperature of daily aver? age temperature ≥20℃, the longest continuous day without sunshine, and the longest continuous number of days without rain.
To improve production of rapeseed and development of scenic spots in Jiangxi Province, distribution of rape clubroot (by Plasmodiophora brassicae) and its pathogenic differentiation had been investigated from 2011 to 2016. Results showed that the disease was mainly distributed in the local area of northeast Jiangxi. Race 4 and 9 of P. brassicae in the clubroot rape were collected in different years. Identification showed that Race 4 was only found in the northeast of Jiangxi. More than 200 rape cultivars and lines were artificial inoculated in fields of disease nurs? eries. Results showed that all materials were resistant to Race 9, but 94.74% were susceptible to Race 4. Only 12 varieties, including Luobozihua and 59-013, showed medium resistance to Race 4. These results supplied race-spe? cific resistant resources for breeding.
To clarify the effect of nitrogen (N) application on peanut yield, N uptake and N use efficiency under water stress at later growth stage (pod filling stage), peanut cv Huayu25 was planted in soil column which was pro? tected from rainfall by a mobile shelter. Soil water condition at pod filling stage and N application rate were used as 2 factors for experimental design. The soil water condition was performed in 3 levels: well-watered conditions (W0), mild drought (W1) and medium drought (W2) (the corresponding soil water contents were respectively 70%-75%, 55%-60% and 45%-50% of field moisture capacity). N application rates were set in 5 levels: 0 (N0), 45 kg·hm-2 (N1), 90 kg·hm-2 (N2), 135 kg·hm-2 (N3) and 180 kg·hm-2 (N4). Result showed that peanut economic yield, plant
biomass, and N accumulation in seed and total plant were the highest under W1N2 treatment. Compared with other N application rates, yield and harvest index were increased in N2 treatment under the same water treatment. The Ndff (percentage of N derived from15N fertilizer) in peanut organs were significantly increased with the increasing of N application rate, while the increasing range was different. The N use efficiency of peanut were increased initially and then decreased with the N application under well-water condition and mild drought stress. The N use efficiency decreased with the increase of N application under moderate drought stress. It was concluded that peanut dry matter and N accumulation under W1N2 treatment were optimal, and N distribution in reproductive organs and N use effi? ciency were the highest. The effect of water deficiency at pod filling stage on peanut yield could be compensated by
applying 90 kg·hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer (N2).
For high yield peanut, phosphorus (P) fertilizer effects on root morphology characteristics were inves? tigated on 2 peanut varieties in 2015 and 2016. Field experiments with no-bottom barrels were carried out with 5 P2O5 levels: 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg/hm2. The results showed that P application had significant effects on root total length. Among 0 to 135 kg/hm2, root total length increased with the increased P level. Root total length did not in? crease or slight increasedat 180 kg/hm2. Root surface area increased 20% than that of control (CK). Root total vol? umes also increased. Considering the diameter of root, P applicationsignificantly improved the length, surface area and volume of thin roots, but had less or negative increment in medium and thick roots. Considering the yield relat? ed traits, main stem height, lateral branch length, branch numbers, single plant pods and weight per 100 pods of the 2 varieties increased 1.3% to 20.6%. The promoting effect of phosphorus on agronomic traits was much lower than that on roots. Between application of 0 to 90 kg/hm2, yield increased significantly with P-level, but increased few or decreased when application greater than 90 kg/hm2. The yield of small-seed variety was more sensitive to phosphate than that of large-seed variety. Peanut yield showed significant or highly significantmost cases. The different varieties showed different correlations between yield and root surface area / root volume. In summary, studies in root diameters and their morphology characteristics could be more beneficial to high-yield peanut cultivation.
